Chapter 9 vocab
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers
Haymarket Riot
1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence
Sherman Antitrust Act
1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce
Homestead Strike
1892 strike against Carnegie's steelworks in Homestead, Pennsylvania 1892 strike against Carnegie's steelworks in Homestead, Pennsylvania
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
new immigrants
Southern and Eastern European immigrants who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1920
Trust
a group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board in order to form a monopoly
Cartel
association of producers of a good or service that prices and controls stocks in order to monopolize the market
Americanization
belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens
cash crop
crop grown for sale
Monopoly
exclusive control by one company over an entire industry
free enterprise
freedom of private business to organize and operate for profit in a competitive system without interference by government beyond regulation necessary to protect public interest and keep the national economy in balance
Nativism
inclination to favor native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants
AFL
labor union that organized skilled workers in a specific trade and made specific demands rather than seeking broad changes
Tenements
multistory buildings divided into apartments to house as many residents as possible
Patent
official rights given by the government to an inventor for the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention for a set period of time
Entrepreneurs
people who build and manage businesses or enterprises in order to make a profit, often risking their own money or livelihoods
rural to urban migrants
people who move from an agricultural area to a city
collective bargaining
process in which employers negotiate with labor unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions
mass production
production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines
mass transit
public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people
conspicuous consumerism
purchasing of goods and services with the purpose of impressing others
Suburbs
residential areas surrounding a city
mass culture
similar cultural patterns throughout a society as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising
melting pot
society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture
Vertical integration
system of consolidating firms involved in all steps of a product's manufacture
Horizontal Integration
system of consolidating many firms in the same business
socialism
system or theory under which the means of production are publicly controlled and regulated rather than owned by individuals
protective tariff
taxes on imported goods making the price high enough to protect domestic goods from foreign competition
Gilded Age
term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era as a facade of prosperity
Social Darwinism
the belief held by some in the late nineteenth century that certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore destined to rule over them