Chapter 9

Emilia is a 6-year-old who uses her grandmother as a base to explore her environment. Whenever her grandmother leaves her to do her daily chores, she shows visible signs of distress. When her grandmother returns, Emilia expresses her joy and feels happy to see her again. This is an example of ________ attachment.

Secure

Early adulthood is a period during which a person either builds a network of social relationships or becomes socially lonely. This developmental dilemma, as described by Erikson, is known as

intimacy versus isolation.

Jeanette is a teenager who is very different from her parents. She follows her own styles and mannerisms that emphasize her uniqueness. According to Erikson, Jeanette is attempting to establish

An identity

Jerome, an infant, hardly uses his mother or his caregivers as a base to explore his surroundings. He hardly notices his mother when she leaves him alone. He also never reacts with rage when his mother returns. In this case, Jerome is displaying the ________ style of attachment.

Avoidant

Who among the following engages in a cognitive process? -Cindy, a 20-year-old student, who imagines herself as the governor of Florida -Amy, a 14-year-old girl, whose height and weight increase during adolescence -Kevin, an infant, who smiles in response to his mother's touch -Jacob, a 22-year-old athlete, who is aggressive while playing any sport

Cindy, a 20-year-old student, who imagines herself as the governor of Florida

Which of the following statements is true about fetuses and birth defects? -Consumption of teratogen agents by mothers reduces birth defects. -Exposure of fetuses to loud music causes preterm births. -Exposure of fetuses to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) enhances the risk of stillbirth. -Consumption of spicy food by mothers increases birth defects.

Exposure of fetuses to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) enhances the risk of stillbirth.

Adolescents are required to take algebra because cognitive development theory indicates that they are ready to learn this subject. Some of Piaget's critics would respond to this statement by pointing out that

Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of adolescents.

Which of the following statements is true of prenatal development in humans? -It includes the embryonic period during which the rate of cell differentiation decreases. -The intestinal tract first appears during the fetal period of prenatal development. -It includes the embryonic period during which the heart begins to beat. -It includes the embryonic period during which the heart begins to beat. -First and second weeks of prenatal development are called the fetal period.

It includes the embryonic period during which the heart begins to beat.

Which of the following best defines teratogen? -It is a drug that enhances the growth of a fetus. -It is any agent that causes a birth defect. -It is a term used to describe all microorganisms that cause fatal diseases. -It is any chemical that contains an alcohol group.

It is any agent that causes a birth defect.

-In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, which of the following is true of the preoperational stage? -It is based on the very limited capacities that an infant has: sensation and movement. -It lasts from birth to about 2 years of age. -It involves using operations and replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations. -It is characterized by egocentric thought in children. -It is characterized by egocentric thought in children.

It is characterized by egocentric thought in children.

In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of the assimilation process? -In this process, a new experience promotes new ways of dealing with experience. -In this process, existing schemas are changed or new schemas are created. -It occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge. -It occurs when individuals adjust their schemas to include new information. -It occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge.

It occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge.

In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, which of the following statements is true of the sensorimotor stage?

Object permanence is perhaps the biggest event of the sensorimotor stage.

Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation test used to measure children's attachment? -The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later. -A stranger takes the infant away from the caregiver and moves to a place where the caregiver cannot be seen. -The caregiver and the infant watch as several strangers enter a room. -The caregiver hides the toy that the infant was playing with under a blanket.

The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later.

Which of the following statements is true of teratogens? -Teratogens include only the chemical substances that are classified as alcohols. -Teratogen refers to the birth defect caused by radiation. -Teratogens enhance the development of a fetus. -The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure.

The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure.

In the context of Erikson's childhood stages of development, which of the following is true of infants in the initiative versus guilt stage? -They gain competence in academic skills and acquire the ability to practice self-discipline. -They turn their energy to learning academic skills. -They experience what it is like to forge their own interests and friendships and to take on responsibilities. -They depend on caregivers to establish a sense that the world is a predictable and friendly place.

They experience what it is like to forge their own interests and friendships and to take on responsibilities.

In the context of Piaget's preoperational stage of development, which of the following is true of preoperational children? -They have the ability to put themselves in someone else's shoes. -They have difficulty understanding that reversing an action may restore the original conditions from which the action began. -They begin to construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions. -They make judgments based on logic rather than gut feelings.

They have difficulty understanding that reversing an action may restore the original conditions from which the action began.

In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of individuals who use the assimilation process in developing their schemas? -They use their existing schemas in a new way. -They adjust their schemas to new information. -They keep changing their schemas from time to time. -They develop news schemas in completing a task.

They use their existing schemas in a new way.

According to developmental psychologists, nurture refers to

an individual's environmental and social experiences.

Denice wants to join a dance class. Her parents insist that she should focus on her studies rather than her dancing. She makes repeated requests, but her parents threaten to ground her if she fails to act as they say. They even verbally abuse and terrorize her to stay indoors. Denice's parents are most likely adopting a(n) ________ parenting style.

authoritarian

Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which type of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?

authoritarian

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. According to Piaget, Bob has reached the ________ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the ________ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

formal operational

According to Erikson, during the later years of life of an adult, evaluating his or her life is characteristic of the ________ stage.

integrity versus despair

Nathan, a 60-year-old, reminisces about his times in Los Angeles. He fondly remembers the times he spent as a teenager selling newspapers and hot dogs for a living. He also reminisces about the numerous encounters he had with some of the great Hollywood stars in the city. According to Erikson, Nathan is most likely at the ________ stage of life.

integrity versus despair

Rafael's parents are unaware of Rafael's ambitions and goals. They never pay attention to his academic inclinations nor express interest in his personal or social life. They constantly try to fulfill their own personal needs. Rafael's parents are most likely

neglectful.

Richie's parents place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. They encourage him to do what he wants. They are exhibiting a(n) ________ parenting style.

permissive

Dan arranges two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that they have the same number of pennies. He spreads out the pennies in the bottom row so that the bottom row is longer than the top one. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in Piaget's ________ stage of development.

preoperational

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

Between ages 7 and 11, children gain the ability to classify things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations. Piaget calls this particular stage

the concrete operational stage.