Chapter 9

A _________________ groups the study populations by exposure versus non exposure to a certain risk factor to see if either group develops the outcome in question.

Cross-sectional study

What items are functions of public health? Coordinate drug clinical trials Evaluate effectiveness of medical services Link people to personal health services Develop therapies for diseases Develop policies for community health Regulate medical insurance companies Identify and solve community health problems Enforce laws that protect health and safety Provide information on health issues Test drug safety

Evaluate effectiveness of medical services Link people to personal health services Develop policies for community health Identify and solve community health problems Enforce laws that protect health and safety Provide information on health issues

In developed nations, which of the following are considered endemic diseases, and which are considered sporadic diseases? Influenza Tetanus Plague Common Cold Streptococcal pharyngitis Botulism Pneumonia

Influenza: endemic Tetanus: sporadic Plague: sporadic Common Cold: endemic Streptococcal pharyngitis: endemic Botulism: sporadic Pneumonia: endemic

What type of mortality rate is applicable: 300 patients had disease X last year, 10 died.

case fatality rate

What type of mortality rate is applicable: out of 3000 people in a given population, 100 died of pneumonia

cause-specific mortality rate

What type of mortality rate is applicable: of the 120,000 live births in a particular community, 15 of the babies died before their first birthday.

infant mortality rate

Pandemic:

worldwide epidemic

Chronic:

A disease that has a slow progression and a slow onset

Endemic:

A disease with a common occurrence within a population

Acute:

A disease with rapid onset and rapid progression

Emerging :

A new disease in a population

True Pathogen:

A pathogen that causes disease in a normally healthy host

Opportunistic Pathogen

A pathogen that usually only causes disease in a compromised host

Indicate the true statement and correct the false statements so that they are true: A. Zoonotic diseases pass from human to animals B. Communicable diseases spread from person to person. C. Noncommunicable diseases are contagious. D. Koch's postulates of disease are mainly used to study noninfectious diseases.

A. False: transmitted from animals to humans B. True C. False: communicable diseases are contagious D. False. Used to study infectious diseases.

Epidemic:

An outbreak of a disease

Label the modes of transmission as direct or indirect. For all indirect also specify which three categories of indirect transmission is involved. Transmission of HIV across placenta

DIRECT

Label the modes of transmission as direct or indirect. For all indirect also specify which three categories of indirect transmission is involved. Transmission of a pathogen through breastmilk

DIRECT

Label the modes of transmission as direct or indirect. For all indirect also specify which three categories of indirect transmission is involved. Transmission of rabies by a dog bite

DIRECT

compare and contrast descriptive and analytical epidemiology:

Descriptive Epidemiology: WHO is infected WHERE cases occur WHEN cases occur Does not reveal the cause of the disease Usually cheaper and less time consuming than other types of studies Analytical Epidemiology: WHAT causes the disease WHY people get the disease HOW to prevent or treat the disease Tend to test hypotheses developed in descriptive epidemiology studies BOTH are epidemiology studies

Select all of the factors that impact prevalence rate: Duration of a disease Type of pathogen responsible (viral or bacterial) Cure rates for a disease Pathogenicity of the microbe that causes the disease Effectiveness of preventive measures Incidence rate of a disease Quality of diagnostic tools Severity of the disease

Duration of a disease Cure rates for a disease Effectiveness of preventive measures Incidence rate of a disease

An epidemiology study design that is commonly used for determining the efficacy of a drug therapy is:

Experimental study

Label the modes of transmission as direct or indirect. For all indirect also specify which three categories of indirect transmission is involved. Transmission of a respiratory pathogen through airborne respiratory droplets

INDIRECT-droplet transmission

Label the modes of transmission as direct or indirect. For all indirect also specify which three categories of indirect transmission is involved. Transmission of malaria by a mosquito to a human host

INDIRECT-vector

Label the modes of transmission as direct or indirect. For all indirect also specify which three categories of indirect transmission is involved. Transmission of a pathogen through contaminated water

INDIRECT-vehicle transmission

Label the modes of transmission as direct or indirect. For all indirect also specify which three categories of indirect transmission is involved. Transmission of a pathogen by a contaminated needle

INDIRECT-vehicle/fomite transmission

Label the modes of transmission as direct or indirect. For all indirect also specify which three categories of indirect transmission is involved. Transmission of a pathogen by touching a doorknob

INDIRECT-vehicle/fomite transmission

Diseases that the CDC collects information on through collaboration with the state and local health authorities are called:

Nationally notifiable diseases

What type of mortality rate is applicable: Out of 6000 live births last week, 10 of the women died.

maternal mortality rate