Chapter nine microbiology

Environmental, development

In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response to __ stimuli such as nutrition and toxin levels, and also during growth and ____.

3'

Nucleotides can only be added to the __ end of a growing chain

Excision

Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed__ repair enzymes.

conjugation

R factors are specifically associated with which mechanism of recombination?

Regulatory

RNA may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

DNA, RNA

The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with__ which encodes ___ which encodes protein,

ribosome

Two subunits of the ___ comprise the site of protein synthesis.

Adenine

Uracil, the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules, pair with the nitrogenous base___.

Terminator

What region of DNA signals the end of a RNA transcript?

Introns

Which DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene?

Initiation, elongation, termination

Which is the correct order of events when a protein is made in the process of translation?

tRNA

Which of the following types of RNA delivers the amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation?

Spontaneous

___ mutation in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by mutagenic agent.

Pilus

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex__ during conjugation.

Replication

During semiconservative __ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.

Conjugation

During which method of gene transfer are bacterial cells in direct contact?

Semiconservative

During__ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand.

Nucleotide

The basic unit of DNA structure is a

Genome

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the ____.

III, I

The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase__ and DNA polymerase__ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases.

RNA polymerase

The large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is which of the following?

Fork

The replication__ is the Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where the DNA polymerase is synthesizing new strands of DNA.

Triplet

The term__ or codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid.

Ribosomal, Messenger, Transfer

The three types of RNA are __RNA ___RNA and ___RNA

vanA, transposon

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) arise when, through genetic transfer, a MRSA strain acquires the ___ operon located within a ___.

corerepressor

What binds with an inactive repressor to make an active repressor?

To determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical

What is the purpose of the Ames test?

Replication

What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(S).

Structural genes Operator

Which are the components of an operon in a sequence of DNA

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell

carbons in the deoxyribose sugar

Which component of DNA determines the 3' and 5' ends of the strands

Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

Which is true regarding DNA replication?

Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?

Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

Which of the following are parts of a nucleotide in DNA.

single or double stranded DNA or RNA

Which of the following is the genetic pattern of viral genomes?

photoactivation

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?

recombination

Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms?

Genome

Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell?

Spontaneous mutation

Which type of mutation is due to random mistakes in replication?

Trasnposons

__ are able to shit from one part of the genome to another.

introns

___ are DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.

Phosphate, deoxyribose, N base

A DNA nucleotide is composed of a ___ a__ sugar and a __ base.

co-repressor

A __ binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.

Plasmid

A __ is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.

Uracil

In RNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine?

2

In a chromosome, the DNA is composed of __ strands.

point

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion, or substitution of no more than a few bases are referred to as __ mutation.

F

Conjugation is gram-negative cells is directed by a plasmid called the __ factor

Deoxyribose carbon

A nucleotide is oriented 5' or 3' depending on the location of the __ on the strand of DNA.

Mutation

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(N).

Mutation

A small number of __ are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.

polymerase

An enzyme that is named for its ability to build strands of DNA and DNA__

Base

Any nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous___.

Building the DNA chain

DNA polymerase III is responsible for

three

DNA polymerase__ is the enzyme responsible for building the DNA strand

Building the DNA chain Proofreading/repair

DNA polymerases are responsible for

Heredity

Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term?

A transport containing the vanA operon

Genetic transfer of __ to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain produces vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE).

AAC

If a condon of mRNA reads 5'UUG 3' the tRNA that delivers the amino acid to this location during translation will have an anticodon of 3' ___- 5'

Transposons

Jumping genes are known as____.

double

The DNA of a chromosome is ___ stranded.

polymerase

The Enzymes responsible for building DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strand and removing RNA primer are DNA___ I and III.

Messenger

The RNA form that contains the transcribed code for a protein from the original DNA strand is __ RNA.

T

The RNA type that transfers amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation is ___ RNA

Anticodon Codon

The __ of a tRNA is complementary to a __ of mRNA.

Anticondon, condon

The __ of a tRNA is complementary to a __ of mRNA.

Repressor

The __ protein is capable of repressing an operon.

Ames

The __ test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.

Nitrogen

The ___ bases are either purines or pyrimidines.

Redundancy

The ___ of the genetic code results in several condons encoding the same amino acid.

oncogenic

The mechanism of ____ transformation involve genes that can regulate cellular genomes and control the onset of cell division

Uracil

The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while __ is only found in RNA.

Ribose

The pentose sugar found in RNA is ___.

origin of replication

The place where DNA replication is initiated is called the__

Termination

The region of DNA that signals the end of an RNA transcript is the __ sequence.

orgin

The site on a chromosome where DNA replication begins is called the__ of replication

conjugation

in bacteria refer to horizontal gene transmission via pili

Recombination

refers to the transfer of gene from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.