Chapter One: A New World

Epidemics

Small Pox and diseases caused a extremely large amount of death among the Native Americans

Caravel

Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. _____ could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey.

Ferdinand and Isabella

king of Spain; married Isabella of Castile which united the nation in the late 15th century queen of Spain; married Ferdinand of Aragon which united the nation in the late 15th century

Juan de Onate

led a dust-begrimed expeditionary column, with eighty-three rumbling wagons and hundreds of men. They traversed the bare Sonora Desert from Mexico into the Rio Grande valley in 1598. The Spaniards cruelly abused the pueblo peoples the encountered.

Reconquista

they completed the reconquista—the "reconquest" of Spain from the Moors, African Muslims who had occupied part of the Iberian Peninsula for centuries.

Great League of Peace

Another name for the Iroquois confederacy

"Christian Liberty"

"Christian Liberty," however, had no connection to later ideas of religious toleration, a notion that scarcely existed anywhere on the eve of colonization. Every nation in Europe had an established church that decreed what forms of religious worship and belief were acceptable.

Zheng He

A Chinese Admiral who led seven large naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean. Led 7 large naval expeditions in Indian ocean in order to flaunt China's power (China was the worlds most important trading economy)

Conquistadores

A conqueror, but especially one of the Spanish soldiers that invaded Central and South America in the 16th century and defeated the Incas and Aztecs.

Indentured Servitude

Almost seen as temporary slaves, people were bought and sold and had to do what the people who bought them told them to do. after time (7-10 years) if they did not die, they would be paid their freedom dues, which would have hopefully allowed them to buy farms, however often the money was not enough, or they were dead

Great Plains

Buffalo Hunters

Portuguese

First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa.

How did European and American Indian views of land use differ?

For Indians:village leaders assigned plots of land to individual families to use for a season or more, and tribes claimed specific areas for hunting. Unclaimed land remained free for anyone to use. Families "owned" the right to use land, but they did not own the land itself. Indians saw land as a common resource, not an economic commodity.

Slavery

Forced labor, in 1619 first shipment of these people arrived to Jamestown

Conquest of the Aztecs

Hernan Cortes led the Spanish conquest on behalf of Charles V, king of Castile and Holy Roman Emperor in early 16th century

Aztec

Home of Tenochtitlan, one of worlds largest cities. Indian peoples in Mexico who shaped stunningly sophisticated civilizations with advanced agricultural practices, elaborate cities, far-flung commerce, and human sacrifices; their population reached up to 20 million

How do experts believe the Americas were settled?

In its conquest of the New World, the Spanish subdued and defeated the Inca civilization of Peru, the Aztecs of Central America, and the Maya civilization of the Yucatan.

Mound Builders

Indians of the Ohio River Valley created large earthen burial mounds

Christopher Columbus

Italian seafarer who sailed for Spain; sighted an island in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492 seeking a new water route to the Indies; thought Americas were the Indies

Indian Religion

Many Native Americans, many spirits and rituals,these rituals would be geared to the tribes lifestyle for example hunting tribes focused on Animals, agricultural tribes focused on good harvest. Most Native American groups believed in a single creator God who stood above all the deities, but Native Americans were not considered monotheistic

Settling of the Americas

Many came to search for wealth and religious reasons.

Gender Roles in Indian Society

Many tribes were matrilineal, meaning the children became members of their mothers family. Women were often important Religious leaders while men held ruling positions and came from the same family. Women also often owned dwellings and tools, but not land because that was open for all.

Who were the people of the Americas, and how did geography affect them before European contact?

Native

Adam Smith

Noted that the discovery of America produced both benefits and misfortunes.

Mesitzos

People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. Cortes intermarried with the surviving Indians of the Aztec civilization.

Hernan Cortes

Spaniard who conquered Aztecs in Mexico 1519-1521; had two interpreters with him Hernan Cortes In 1519 Hernan Cortes set sail for Cuba with sixteen fresh horses and several hundred men aboard eleven ships, bound for Mexico. On the Island of Cozumel off the Yucatan Peninsula, he rescued a Spanish castaway who had been enslaved for several years by the Mayan-speaking Indians. He picked an Indian slave named Malinche who knew both Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec empire in central America. In addition to his superior firepower, Cortes now had the advantage, through these two interpreters. With his interpreters he learned that there were problems with the Aztec empire and the people they demanded tribute from. He also heard about gold in Tenochtitlan and he wished to get it. The leader of the Aztecs sent gifts welcoming the Spaniards. The Spaniards then approached the capital city unopposed. Eventually the Spaniards were driven out by the Aztecs in a frantic, bloody retreat. Cortes then laid siege to the city, and it capitulated on August 13, 1521. Spanish ruled for 3 centuries.

Pedro Menedez de Aviles

Spaniard who founded St. Augustine, Florida,

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish missionary who was appalled by the encomienda system in Hispaniola and called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan" He was a reformed Dominican friar who wrote The Destruction of the Indies in 1542 to chronicle the awful fate of the Native Americans and to protest Spanish policies in the New World. quote: "Who of those in future centuries will believe this? I myself who am writing this and saw it and know the most about it can hardly believe that such was possible."

Pueblo

Strongly molded by the growing of corn. The developed an irrigation system to water the corn. They lived in multistoried, terraced buildings. Pueblo=village.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. The Native World had gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, pineapples, tomatoes, beans, vanilla, chocolate and syphilis. The Old World/Europeans had wheat, rice, sugar, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, typhus, diphtheria, and the scarlet fever. This whole exchange of things was initiated by Columbus.

How did Europeans justify empire building and treatment of American Indians?

Their "backwardness" became a central justification for European conquest. Indians lacked the technology that the Europeans had (metal tools, machines, guns, scientific knowledge). Many Europeans developed a belief in white superiority to justify their subjugation of Africans and American Indians, using several different rationales.

St. Augustine, Florida

a Spanish fortress that was erected in 1565; the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the future United States

Encomienda

a Spanish system which allowed the government to "commend" or give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them under which the first settlers had been granted authority over conquered Indian lands with the right to extract forced labor from the native inhab itants.

Cahokia

a city near present-day st. louis that was a fortified community created by "mound builders" which had a population between 10,000 and 30,000 in the year 1200, stood as largest settled community until new york and philly in 1800

Pope Alexander VI

issued the Treaty of Tordesillas; Papal Line of Demarcation;

Missionaries

a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country. In the Spanish Empires missionaries were sent to try to get the Native Americans to convert to Christianity

Iroquois

an alliance of five peoples living in present-day New York and Pennsylvania- the Mohawk, Oneido, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga- which formed a Great League of Peace

Zuni

ancestors engaged in settled village life for over 3,000 years.

Hopi

arid northeastern area of present-day Arizona, these peoples their ancestors engaged in settled village life for over 3,000 years. During the peak of the region's culture, between the years 900 and 1200, these peoples built great planned towns with large multiple-family dwellings in local canyons, constructed dams and canals

Pope

became the main organizer of an uprising that aimed to drive the Spanish from the colony and restore the Indians' traditional autonomy. New Mexico's Indians joined in a coordinated uprising.

Inca

centered in modern-day Peru. Its population of perhaps 12 million was linked by a complex system of roads and bridges that extended 2,000 miles along the Andes mountain chain.

Metis

children of marriages between Indian women and French traders and officials, became guides, traders, and interpreters.

Juan de Sepulveda

defender of Spanish right of conquest Native Americans like children compared to Spanish adults Native Americans barbaric and savage Had an awful view of the Indians, belittled them. He was a Spaniard who studied in cradle of renaissance, became a theologian, philospher, historian, and astronomer. He believed that Indians were animals without souls

Black Legend

the image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer. This image would provide a potent justification for other European powers to challenge Spain's predominance in the New World.

Wampum

the image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer. This image would provide a potent justification for other European powers to challenge Spain's predominance in the New World.

Maize

was one of the most important crops grown by Native American peoples in Mexico and South America. Early Native American people even worshipped a corn god. The growth of corn in the Americas helped shape the shift of people from nomadic hunting bands to settled agricultural villagers. Corn had a huge impact on Pueblo culture as well.

Pueblo Revolt

was the most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans and the only wholesale expulsion of settlers in the history of North America.

Repartimiento System

whereby residents of Indian villages remained legally free and entitled to wages, but were still required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year.