Chapter one: A&P
Describe the anatomical position
Body erect; feet flat, facing forward; eyes facing forward; arms to the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing out.
Digestion
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
Atoms
Building blocks of matter.
For true growth to occur
Constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones.
Responsiveness is also known as
Excitability
Anatomy & Physiology are inseparable because
Function always reflects structure.
Metabolism is regulated largely by _________ secreted by endocrine system glands.
Hormones.
Auscultation
Listening with a stethoscope.
Axial Part
Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.
Our body need these Survival Needs
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temp., Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure.
The Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints
Movement also occurs when
Substances such as blood, foodstuffs, & urine are propelled through internal organs of the Cardiovascular, Digestive, & Urinary Systems.
Metabolism depends on
The Digestive & Respiratory Systems.
What are the three components that work together to regulate the variable?
The Receptor, The Control Center, & The Effector.
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.
In single-celled organisms, the external boundary is
a limiting membrane that encloses its contents & lets in needed substances while restricting entry of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances.
Each organ of the body has specialized functional center responsible for
a necessary activity that no other organ can perform.
Sagittal Plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.
Contractility
ability to move by shortening.
Growth
an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole.
Chemical level of structural organization
atoms combine to form molecules.
Part of the extracellular fluid (blood plasma) is enclosed in
blood vessels.
Systematic Anatomy
body structure is studied system by system.
In Cellular Respiration, the product ___________ is carried in the blood to the lungs, where it leaves the body in _______ air.
carbon dioxide, exhaled
The nutrient-rich Blood is distributed to all body cells by the
cardiovascular system.
Effector
carries out the control center's response to the stimulus.
Reproduction occurs at the
cellular & the organismal level.
Renal Physiology
concerns kidney function and urine production.
Appendicular Part
consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis.
The Integumentary System ( Skin )
covers and waterproofs the body, cushions and protects the deeper tissues, excretes salts and urea in perspiration and helps regulate body temp., and contains temp., pressure and pain receptors.
Microscopic Anatomy
deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Control Center
determines the set point at which the variable is maintained.
Non useful substances are produced during
digestion & metabolism.
In the Multicellular human body the ________ system performs this function for the entire body.
digestive
Physiology reveals the body's ______ & ______ workings.
dynamic, animated
females produce
eggs (ova)
Nerve cells are highly excitable & communicate rapidly with each other through
electrical impulses.
Cardiovascular Physiology
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.
Directional Terms allow us to
explain where one body structure is in relation to another.
Neurophysiology
explains the workings of the nervous system.
The Reproductive systems function is
exquisitely regulated by hormones of the endocrine system.
Tissue level of structural organization
groups of similar cells.
Cellular level of structural organization
includes cells, the smallest living units in the body.
Usually growth is accomplished by
increasing the number of cells.
The Digestive System rids the body of
indigestible food residues in feces.
Efferent
information exists from the control center.
Afferent
information traveling along this pathway approaches the control center.
All body cells are
interdependent
The plasma membrane separates
intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid.
The process of Catabolism is
is the breaking down of substances into simpler building blocks.
The body is in homeostasis when
its needs are met & it is functioning smoothly.
Frontal Planes
lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Gross anatomy is also known as
macroscopic anatomy
Organ level of structural organization
made up of different types of tissues.
ATP
main energy source that cells use for most of their work.
The Urinary System disposes of
nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes, such as urea, in urine.
The Digestive & Respiratory Systems make
nutrients & oxygen available to the blood, & on the cardiovascular system to distribute them throughout the body.
What a structure can do depends
on its specific form.
Organ system level of organization
organs working closely together for a common purpose.
Homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Excretion is
process of removing waste products from the body.
The Reproductive system is responsible for
producing offspring.
Receptor
protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response.
All body cells are surrounded by a
selectively permeable plasma membrane.
Movements
specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments used to accomplish action goals.
Males produce
sperm
Anatomical Reference Point
standard body position called the anatomical position.
Anatomy provides us with a _____image of the body's _____.
static, architecture
Radiographic Anatomy
studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures.
Anatomy
studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.
Cytology
study of cells
Embryology
study of embryos and their development.
Pathological Anatomy
study of structural changes caused by disease.
Physiology
study of the function of body parts.
Histology
study of tissues
Connective Tissue
supports & protects body organs.
The interstitial fluid _________ & ______ all of our cells.
surrounds, bathes
Every living organism must maintain its boundaries so
that its internal environment (Its inside) remains distinct from the external environment (Its outside).
Communication is accomplished by
the Nervous & Endocrine systems.
Responsiveness is
the ability to sense changes in the environment & then respond to them.
Reproduction is
the basis of all animal & human production
variable
the factor or event being regulated.
Surface Anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
Gross anatomy is
the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.
Organismal level of organization
the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
The process of Anabolism is
the synthesizing of more complex substances from simpler building blocks.
Palpation
to examine by touch.
The ultimate goal of all body systems is
to maintain life
Developmental Anatomy
traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.
Metabolism is also known as
"a state of change".
In a One-celled Organism the cell itself is the
"digestion factory".
Anatomy's greek meaning is
"to cut apart"
Humans & Animal Basic Functions are
-Maintain their boundaries. -Move. -Respond to environmental changes. -Take in & digest nutrients. -Carry out metabolism. -Dispose of wastes. -Reproduce themselves. -Grow.
The female's reproductive structure provides
-The site for fertilization of eggs by sperm. -Protection. -Nurture for the developing fetus until birth.
Organ
A body structure that is composed of different kinds of tissues that work together.
Nervous Tissue
A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.
Muscle Tissue
A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
Reginal Anatomy
All the structures in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time.
Name an example of a one-celled organism
Amoeba