Chapter one: A&P

Describe the anatomical position

Body erect; feet flat, facing forward; eyes facing forward; arms to the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing out.

Digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

Atoms

Building blocks of matter.

For true growth to occur

Constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones.

Responsiveness is also known as

Excitability

Anatomy & Physiology are inseparable because

Function always reflects structure.

Metabolism is regulated largely by _________ secreted by endocrine system glands.

Hormones.

Auscultation

Listening with a stethoscope.

Axial Part

Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Our body need these Survival Needs

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temp., Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure.

The Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

Movement also occurs when

Substances such as blood, foodstuffs, & urine are propelled through internal organs of the Cardiovascular, Digestive, & Urinary Systems.

Metabolism depends on

The Digestive & Respiratory Systems.

What are the three components that work together to regulate the variable?

The Receptor, The Control Center, & The Effector.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

In single-celled organisms, the external boundary is

a limiting membrane that encloses its contents & lets in needed substances while restricting entry of potentially damaging or unnecessary substances.

Each organ of the body has specialized functional center responsible for

a necessary activity that no other organ can perform.

Sagittal Plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

Contractility

ability to move by shortening.

Growth

an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole.

Chemical level of structural organization

atoms combine to form molecules.

Part of the extracellular fluid (blood plasma) is enclosed in

blood vessels.

Systematic Anatomy

body structure is studied system by system.

In Cellular Respiration, the product ___________ is carried in the blood to the lungs, where it leaves the body in _______ air.

carbon dioxide, exhaled

The nutrient-rich Blood is distributed to all body cells by the

cardiovascular system.

Effector

carries out the control center's response to the stimulus.

Reproduction occurs at the

cellular & the organismal level.

Renal Physiology

concerns kidney function and urine production.

Appendicular Part

consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis.

The Integumentary System ( Skin )

covers and waterproofs the body, cushions and protects the deeper tissues, excretes salts and urea in perspiration and helps regulate body temp., and contains temp., pressure and pain receptors.

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Control Center

determines the set point at which the variable is maintained.

Non useful substances are produced during

digestion & metabolism.

In the Multicellular human body the ________ system performs this function for the entire body.

digestive

Physiology reveals the body's ______ & ______ workings.

dynamic, animated

females produce

eggs (ova)

Nerve cells are highly excitable & communicate rapidly with each other through

electrical impulses.

Cardiovascular Physiology

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.

Directional Terms allow us to

explain where one body structure is in relation to another.

Neurophysiology

explains the workings of the nervous system.

The Reproductive systems function is

exquisitely regulated by hormones of the endocrine system.

Tissue level of structural organization

groups of similar cells.

Cellular level of structural organization

includes cells, the smallest living units in the body.

Usually growth is accomplished by

increasing the number of cells.

The Digestive System rids the body of

indigestible food residues in feces.

Efferent

information exists from the control center.

Afferent

information traveling along this pathway approaches the control center.

All body cells are

interdependent

The plasma membrane separates

intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid.

The process of Catabolism is

is the breaking down of substances into simpler building blocks.

The body is in homeostasis when

its needs are met & it is functioning smoothly.

Frontal Planes

lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Gross anatomy is also known as

macroscopic anatomy

Organ level of structural organization

made up of different types of tissues.

ATP

main energy source that cells use for most of their work.

The Urinary System disposes of

nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes, such as urea, in urine.

The Digestive & Respiratory Systems make

nutrients & oxygen available to the blood, & on the cardiovascular system to distribute them throughout the body.

What a structure can do depends

on its specific form.

Organ system level of organization

organs working closely together for a common purpose.

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Excretion is

process of removing waste products from the body.

The Reproductive system is responsible for

producing offspring.

Receptor

protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response.

All body cells are surrounded by a

selectively permeable plasma membrane.

Movements

specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments used to accomplish action goals.

Males produce

sperm

Anatomical Reference Point

standard body position called the anatomical position.

Anatomy provides us with a _____image of the body's _____.

static, architecture

Radiographic Anatomy

studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures.

Anatomy

studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

Cytology

study of cells

Embryology

study of embryos and their development.

Pathological Anatomy

study of structural changes caused by disease.

Physiology

study of the function of body parts.

Histology

study of tissues

Connective Tissue

supports & protects body organs.

The interstitial fluid _________ & ______ all of our cells.

surrounds, bathes

Every living organism must maintain its boundaries so

that its internal environment (Its inside) remains distinct from the external environment (Its outside).

Communication is accomplished by

the Nervous & Endocrine systems.

Responsiveness is

the ability to sense changes in the environment & then respond to them.

Reproduction is

the basis of all animal & human production

variable

the factor or event being regulated.

Surface Anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

Gross anatomy is

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.

Organismal level of organization

the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

The process of Anabolism is

the synthesizing of more complex substances from simpler building blocks.

Palpation

to examine by touch.

The ultimate goal of all body systems is

to maintain life

Developmental Anatomy

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.

Metabolism is also known as

"a state of change".

In a One-celled Organism the cell itself is the

"digestion factory".

Anatomy's greek meaning is

"to cut apart"

Humans & Animal Basic Functions are

-Maintain their boundaries. -Move. -Respond to environmental changes. -Take in & digest nutrients. -Carry out metabolism. -Dispose of wastes. -Reproduce themselves. -Grow.

The female's reproductive structure provides

-The site for fertilization of eggs by sperm. -Protection. -Nurture for the developing fetus until birth.

Organ

A body structure that is composed of different kinds of tissues that work together.

Nervous Tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

Muscle Tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.

Reginal Anatomy

All the structures in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time.

Name an example of a one-celled organism

Amoeba