Chapter One History 1301

By the eighteenth century, mestizos made up a majority of the population in Mexico and New Mexico. Who were they? A. Native Americans targeted by the Spanish for being particularly polytheistic B. the offspring of Spanish and Native American parents C. Catholic missionaries and priests who lived among the Aztecs D. Spanish and Portuguese ranchers and their families E. the wives of conquistadores who made the voyage from Spain

B. the offspring of Spanish and Native American parents

For which country did Sir Walter Raleigh attempt to establish colonies in the New World? A. Holland B. Portugal C. France D. England E. Spain

D. England

Why was the Protestant Reformation significant beyond its religious consequences? A. It was a major social movement that managed to spread purely through word of mouth. B. It created a distinctly unified view on theological issues among Protestants in particular. C. It resulted in greater political unity among European nations. D. It disrupted traditional notions of wealth, class, and monarchical supremacy. E. It made the idea of limited government far less likely to take hold in Europe.

D. It disrupted traditional notions of wealth, class, and monarchical supremacy.

The introduction of horses to Plains tribes A. unilaterally bettered the lives of their women. B. minimally altered the ecology of the Great Plains. C. lessened their dependence on bison. D. replaced dogs as beasts of burden. E. made them less nomadic.

D. replaced dogs as beasts of burden.

The English attempt to establish a colony on Roanoke Island resulted in A. a severe blow to Spanish power. B. a severe blow to English power. C. the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. D. the disappearance of the colonists. E. a permanent English presence in North America.

D. the disappearance of the colonists

What were some of the defining features of the Inca Empire? A. It was located in the Southwest near what is today Arizona and was comprised of people who spoke one unified language. B. It spanned much of central Mexico after a migration from northwest Mexico and was dominated by huts made with adobe. C. It extended along the Andes Mountains in western South America and featured stone buildings and irrigated farms. D. It was predominantly located in the Great Plains and experienced cold winters and hot summers west of the Mississippi River. E. It was found in the Pacific Northwest and featured large, earthen-floored, cedar-planked houses, where multiple families lived under one roof.

C. It extended along the Andes Mountains in western South America and featured stone buildings and irrigated farms.

The French captain Jacques Cartier most importantly explored the A. Great Lakes. B. Gulf of Mexico. C. St. Lawrence River. D. Caribbean. E. Mississippi River.

C. St. Lawrence River.

Food crops exported from the Americas A. remained outside the Columbian Exchange, as it just included people. B. primarily included the meat of cattle and pigs. C. were far more valuable to Europeans than gold or silver. D. enabled a population explosion in Europe. E. included commodities previously unknown in Europe, like rice and wheat.

D. enabled a population explosion in Europe.

What compelled Martin Luther to nail his ninety-five "theses" to the door of a Wittenburg cathedral, thus launching the Protestant Reformation? A. He actively sought to bring decades of organized political strife to Europe. B. He wished to combat the Renaissance idea that all Christians could essentially act as their own priests. C. He was angry that the Church refused to allow him to sell indulgences to other churchgoers. D. He insisted on holding all religious services in Latin and placing far less emphasis on the Bible. E. He condemned the greed of the Catholic Church and believed salvation could not be purchased.

E. He condemned the greed of the Catholic Church and believed salvation could not be purchased.

Ponce de León was the first European to explore A. Virginia. B. Arizona. C. Mexico. D. Florida. E. Canada.

D. Florida.

Around 1500 B.C.E., which group in Middle America (Mesoamerica) began developing large cities, including gigantic pyramids? A. the Aztecs B. the Mayas C. the Incas D. the Pueblos E. the Mexica

B. the Mayas

Which European nation fought a war for its independence as part of challenging Spain in the New World? A. the Holy Roman Empire B. the Netherlands C. England D. France E. Portugal

B. the Netherlands

Which were the four most powerful western European nations that emerged during the Age of Exploration? A. England, France, Germany, and Spain B. Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden C. England, France, Portugal, and Spain D. England, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Spain E. Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain

C. England, France, Portugal, and Spain

Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of diseases such as smallpox during the Age of Exploration? A. Indigenous peoples, including their rulers, suffered immense fatalities due to the diseases and, especially with this loss in leadership, proved less able to defend themselves against the Europeans. B. It was predominantly European explorers who contracted the diseases of the Native Americans and, as a result, the Europeans put a halt to expeditions for several years until they built up immunity. C. Because Europeans and indigenous peoples suffered equally from the diseases transferred through the Columbian Exchange, Cortés's conquest of the city of Tenochtitlán was largely a toss-up. D. Native American chieftains and religious leaders often proved immune to these diseases and, thus, maintained a stronger hold over their empires due to their people viewing them as immortal gods. E. The diseases led Europeans to put major restrictions on their missionary work in the Americas because they worried God would use epidemics to punish them for forcing their views on others.

A. Indigenous peoples, including their rulers, suffered immense fatalities due to the diseases and, especially with this loss in leadership, proved less able to defend themselves against the Europeans.

The first Europeans to sail around Africa and on to India were the A. Portuguese. B. Spaniards. C. Irish. D. Italians. E. English.

A. Portuguese

As monarch, which of the following did Queen Elizabeth do? A. She demonstrated incredible strength and effectiveness. B. She eliminated archbishops and bishops from the Church of England. C. She returned England to Catholicism. D. She oversaw a decline in English military and political strength. E. She advocated for true religious freedom for her subjects.

A. She demonstrated incredible strength and effectiveness.

The Spanish Armada A. attempted to invade England. B. was destroyed by a storm before it left Spain. C. was a treasure fleet attacked by the English. D. broke English naval power for a century. E. caused Spain to give up New World colonization as a result of its defeat.

A. attempted to invade England.

On his first voyage, Columbus A. explored a number of Caribbean islands. B. landed on the mainland of North America. C. ensured that he would be wealthy for life. D. realized he had discovered a new world. E. expressed his kind intentions toward the Indians.

A. explored a number of Caribbean islands.

The original Spanish settlement of New Mexico A. was led by Juan de Oñate who forced Native Americans to pay taxes to Spanish authorities. B. experienced little missionary activity because Spanish settlers were preoccupied with farming. C. relied on hunting rather than crops such as corn because they lacked irrigation networks. D. rarely came into contact with Native Americans because the Spanish killed them all upon their arrival E. was enriched by the discovery of an abundance gold and silver.

A. was led by Juan de Oñate who forced Native Americans to pay taxes to Spanish authorities.

Which of the following foods did Europeans introduce to the "New" World? A. wheat B. squash C. beans D. corn E. potatoes

A. wheat

The city of Tenochtitlán was founded in 1325 by the A. Chibchas. B. Mexica. C. Anasazis. D. Incas. E. Mayas.

B. Mexica

In 1565, the first permanent European town was established in the current-day United States at A. Jamestown. B. St. Augustine. C. San Antonio. D. Plymouth. E. Santa Fe.

B. St. Augustine.

Why did the Spanish Empire begin a precipitous decline? A. Spain encouraged a vast number of settlers to populate New Spain—far more than the colony could handle economically. B. The citizens of the Spanish Empire largely failed to pay taxes, and it never developed a real class structure. C. The Spanish Empire became overly dependent on extraction of wealth rather than expand and stabilize Spanish influence in the New World. D. The Spanish Empire was so lenient toward the Native Americans that various tribes eventually were able to join forces and conquer it. E. Under Queen Elizabeth, England came to control the most colonial outposts and, thus, dominated the Spanish Empire in terms of trade.

C. The Spanish Empire became overly dependent on extraction of wealth rather than expand and stabilize Spanish influence in the New World.

Why were crops such as maize so significant to the evolution of indigenous peoples in the Americas? A. These crops were so similar in different corners of the Americas that they guaranteed that the societies developed by indigenous peoples would for the most part lack diversity with one another. B. These crops grew so well on their own without any help from humans that indigenous peoples could focus mostly on cultural rather than agricultural activities. C. These crops were reliable enough as food sources that indigenous peoples could lead more settled lives and, thus, become more established, larger societies. D. These crops had less nutritional value than indigenous peoples' prior food sources and, thus, led to a great decrease in the size of the indigenous population. E.These crops were varied so much in output from year to year that they led most indigenous societies to increasingly depend on hunting and gathering as the sole food source.

C. These crops were reliable enough as food sources that indigenous peoples could lead more settled lives and, thus, become more established, larger societies.

After the arrival of Europeans, the greatest number of Indians died as a result of A. enslavement. B. battle. C. disease D. starvation. E. depression.

C. disease

John Cabot's crossing of the Atlantic in 1497 resulted in his A. exploration of Florida. B. sailing around the tip of South America. C. making landfall in present-day Canada. D. sighting of the Pacific. E. discovery of a shortcut to China.

C. making landfall in present-day Canada.

In which of the following ways was the Pueblo Revolt significant? A. It represented improved relations between Native American and Spanish peoples as they formed an alliance against the British and promised one another a share in conquered lands. B. It ensured that the Spanish would maintain sole control over the horse trade rather than compete with Native Americans, for they had successfully stolen or killed their largest herds. C. It was a peaceful revolt led by Indian spiritual leader Popé, who promoted nonviolence toward all peoples and whose ideas had an unprecedented effect on European culture. D. It made it clear that Europeans would quickly wipe out Native American tribes and cultures from much of the Southwest, much as they had in a small mission town during the revolt. E. It was the greatest defeat Native Americans ever inflicted on European efforts to conquer the New World and delayed Spanish efforts to reestablish control over New Mexico.

E. It was the greatest defeat Native Americans ever inflicted on European efforts to conquer the New World and delayed Spanish efforts to reestablish control over New Mexico.

What was the relationship between the Age of Exploration and the Renaissance? A. The Renaissance and Age of Exploration occurred simultaneously, as both marked the end of the period known as early modernism. B.The focus of the Renaissance on religious rather than secular ideas caused the Age of Exploration to center solely on missionary work. C. The onset of the Age of Exploration and its emphasis on trial and error inspired the earliest ideas of the Renaissance. D. Because the Renaissance began in Asia and spread to western Europe, the Age of Exploration ultimately focused on Asia as well. E. The Renaissance emphasis on humanism, discovery, and scientific innovation helped spark the Age of Exploration.

E. The Renaissance emphasis on humanism, discovery, and scientific innovation helped spark the Age of Exploration.

The Columbian Exchange refers to the A.establishment of the nation of Colombia in South America as the first permanent European colony. B.first transaction involving the exchange of enslaved Africans and New World resources. C.deal struck between Columbus and the Spanish monarchs to fund his expedition. D. division of the Americas between Spain and Portugal as a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas. E. global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases, as a result of Europeans landing in the Americas.

E. global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases, as a result of Europeans landing in the Americas.

Which of the following was a result of the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella? A. the separation of Spain and Portugal into two nations B. the security of Granada as a Muslim stronghold C. the rise of the feudal system in Europe D. the opening of the Atlantic slave trade E. increased Catholic expansionism

E. increased Catholic expansionism