Chapter Quizzes 1-16

In 1823, President James Monroe issued what became known as the Monroe Doctrine, a statement that the Americas

"are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power."

after their arrival in the western hemisphere, paleo-indians migrated to the southern tip of south america and virtually everywhere else in the western hemisphere within approximately

1000 years

corn became a food crop for southwestern cultures around

3500 bp

at the time of columbu's arrival in the new world the population of native americans in north america is prudently estimated to have been

4 million

When considering the wartime leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, a central irony emerges in that

Abraham Lincoln brought little political experience to his presidency yet rose to the occasion to become a masterful leader, whereas Jefferson Davis, a seasoned politician, proved to be a relatively ineffectual chief executive.

Washington chose which of the following men to be his secretary of the treasury?

Alexander Hamilton

In his farewell address, President Washington spoke for a "unified body politic" and against

America forming permanent alliances with foreign countries.

The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was "exported" from

Barbados

The Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvars Cabral accidentally made landfall on the coast of

Brazil

In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court ruled that the

Cherokees in Georgia existed as "a distinct community, occupying its own territory, in which the laws of Georgia can have no force."

The first state to ratify the Constitution was

Delaware

What was President Washington's first reaction to the war between England and France that began in 1793?

He issued a Neutrality Proclamation.

As Roger Williams spent a great deal of time with Native Americans, he believed that

Indian religion and culture was as good as that of the Puritans.

The group that suffered the greatest losses in the War of 1812 was the

Indians

As a result of the Seven Years' War,

Indians lost their land and had to face colonists moving west.

Agricultural productivity in the Midwest increased in the late 1830s partly because of

John Deere's steel plow.

Which of the following best describes American sentiment regarding the English-French struggle in 1793?

Many Americans were angered by an official declaration of neutrality.

John Quincy Adams Home State

Massamchusettes

President Polk's battle strategy misfired because

Mexico refused to trade land for peace.

Which colony was known as "the best poor Man's Country in the World"?

Pennsylvania

The most influential advocate of Portuguese exploration was

Prince Henry the Navigator.

New England Puritanism owed its religious roots to the

Protestant Reformation of the early sixteenth century.

The dominant group in eighteenth-century Philadelphia society in terms of wealth and political power was

Quaker merchants.

The Sedition Act targeted mainly

Republican newspaper editors who freely published criticism of the Adams administration.

About a month after the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, delegates from all of the colonies met to discuss their course of action at the

Second Continental Congress

At the Philadelphia convention, which of the following was the compromise reached on the issue of who counted as population for the purpose of deciding representation?

Slaves were counted under the three-fifths clause

After Lincoln's election, the vote to secede from the Union came first from

South Carolina

In which southern colony did the black population outnumber the white population almost two to one?

South Carolina

The first permanent European settlement within what would become the United States was

St. Augustine, Florida

The Virginia Resolves, authored by Patrick Henry of Virginia, were a response to the

Stamp Act

As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates,

Stephen A. Douglas won a senate seat, but Abraham Lincoln became nationally known.

In 1764, in an effort to generate income for England, George Grenville initiated the

Sugar Act.

Andrew Jackson Home State

Tennesee

The Tainos shared which of the following traits with the Europeans?

They farmed, knew how to build boats, and held religious beliefs.

At the Constitutional Convention, the proposal to create a two-chamber legislature, with representation in both houses based on each state's population, was known as the

Virginia Plan.

The Virginia Resolves suggested that

Virginia alone had the right to tax Virginians.

When the Civil War began, most Northerners viewed it as

a struggle to preserve the Union and uphold the Constitution.

Roger Williams was

a vocal dissenter in early Massachusetts who challenged the religious and political leadership of the colony's powerful men.

The purpose of "seasoning" slaves was to

acclimate them to the physical and cultural environment of the southern colonies.

From the beginning, the Confederacy faced formidable odds in pursuing its bid for independence; it had to succeed in

all of the above

Typically, Northerners viewed secession as

an attack on the best government on earth and a severe challenge to the rule of law.

After 1828, political leaders considered the development of political parties to be

an effective way to encourage voter loyalty that transcended specific candidates and elections.

although the exact time people began migrating to Noth America is debated by experts, the first migrants probably arrived

around 15,000 BP

anasazi culture disappeared

because of a drought that lasted more than fifty years

The Virginia colony in 1607 could have better survived had the colonists

been willing to learn how to farm.

The most horrifying hazard faced by people traveling on steamboats in the early nineteenth century was

being injured or killed by the frequent boiler explosions.

According to the British, the major purpose of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

boost sales for Britain's East India Company.

In the election of 1796, a procedural flaw resulted in the election of political rivals as president and vice president; this flaw was

corrected by passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804

On July 17, 1862, Congress adopted a second Confiscation Act, legislation that

declared all slaves of rebel masters "forever free of their servitude."

Plantation mistresses were like slaves in that their husbands

demanded that they be subordinate.

Bostonian reaction to the Tea Act culminated in December of 1773 with the

dumping of thousands of pounds of tea into Boston harbor.

The first signs of distinct rival U.S. political groups appeared

during Washington's second term.

In the seventeenth century, Puritan churches

experienced a growing number of divisions over issues of doctrine and church government.

Central to slave life was the importance slaves placed on

family, religion, and community.

Which of the following were among the reasons why immigrants left their homelands for the United States in the 1840s and 1850s?

famine and deteriorating economic conditions in their mother countries, along with the opportunities in America for skilled artisans

During the Revolutionary War, Indian tribes

first hoped to stay neutral, but many ended up fighting on the British side.

In response to promises that had been made in order to obtain ratification of the Constitution, James Madison drew up the

first ten amendments to the Constitution, commonly called the Bill of Rights.

the apparent uniformity of the big-game-oriented clovis culture was replaced by great cultural diversity in the last eleven millenia because people devoted more energy to

foraging, which pushed them into other natural environments and lef to more profound environmental adaptations

In March 1862, Congress tilted toward emancipating slaves when it

forbade the practice of returning fugitive slaves to their masters.

The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed by Congress to

forbid American ships from engaging in trade in any foreign port and thus make England suffer while preventing illegal trade through secondary ports.

In a new distinction between democracy and republicanism, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

gave a direct voice to the people only in the House.

The deaths of millions of Indians affected Spain

greatly. The lack of natives created a labor shortage that led to the purchase of African slaves.

Members of Congress hoped Lincoln would not veto the Wade-Davis Bill because they wanted to

guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law.

John Brown's leadership of a massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, led to

guerrilla war engulfing the territory.

In 1854, Stephen A. Douglas sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act and included a section repealing the Missouri Compromise because

he needed southern support to pass his legislation, the price of which was opening up the Nebraska territory to the possibility of slavery.

Washington was elected president unanimously and gained the admiration of many Americans primarily because

he seemed to personify the eighteenth-century ideal of the disinterested republican political leader.

Abraham Lincoln became the Republican candidate for president in the election of 1860 because

he was a moderate on the volatile issue of slavery, demonstrated solid Republican credentials, and represented the crucial state of Illinois.

In 1862, the Homestead Act

helped to encourage Westerners to be loyal to the Union.

Virginia's constitution was the first to

include a bill of rights.

Writers of the new state constitutions believed that voting requirements should

include property ownership because property owners had independence of mind.

News of Benedict Arnold's treason

inspired renewed patriotism in America.

One of the many weaknesses of the Continental army was that

it was inexperienced and undermanned.

After his victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant

launched a massive military campaign that would take his troops on a sweep through Virginia and get thousands of them killed in the process.

Which of the following goods offered to the Indians under the Treaty of Greenville was the most detrimental to the tribes?

liquor

The most visible and dedicated loyalists (also called Tories by their enemies) were

local judges, customs officers, wealthy merchants, and urban lawyers.

archaic indians who hunted the bison herds of the great plains were

nomads who moved constantly to maintain contact with their prey

Texans gained their independence from Mexico in 1836

only after fierce fighting and much bloodshed.

In the mid-1850s, Abraham Lincoln's search for a political home was based on his

opposition to the extension of slavery in the United States.

Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans both promised reconciliation and the rapid restoration of civil government in the South; they also shared an emphasis on

pardons for most former rebel soldiers and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

Robert Morris proposed to increase the revenue of the confederation government by

passing a 5 percent import tax (called an impost).

As the battle over the expansion of slavery intensified in the 1840s, Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed the doctrine of "popular sovereignty," a measure that would allow

people who settled the territories to decide whether or not they wanted slavery.

Women served in the Continental army by

performing domestic tasks and nursing the wounded.

In essay number 10 of The Federalist, James Madison maintained that the constitutional government would

prevent any one faction from subverting the freedom of other groups.

The Proclamation of 1763 was meant to

prevent colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Funding for transportation improvements in America between 1815 and 1840 came mostly from

private and state funding

Many women demonstrated their patriotism during the anti-British boycott by

producing homespun cloth.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.

The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

prohibited trade with England and France and their colonies.

In 1855, African American leaders saw their most notable success to date when

public schools were integrated in Massachusetts.

In devising their new constitutions, most states

reduced the powers of the governor.

The British goal in fighting the war in America was to

regain colonial allegiance, not to destroy the colonies.

As the secession crisis loomed over the final weeks of the presidential administration of James Buchanan, his response was to

remain in Washington and do nothing.

A widespread form of protest that particularly angered masters was

running away

After the American victory at Saratoga, France allied with the Americans because it

saw an opportunity to defeat England, France's archrival.

In the fall of 1797, in order to avert a war with France, President Adams

sent three men to negotiate peace with France.

Alexander Hamilton viewed the Whiskey Rebellion as a(n)

serious threat to federal leadership within the country.

Hernán Cortés's dominance over Mexico was most significant because it

served as a model for future colonization and made Spain the most powerful nation in Europe.

The Stamp Act of 1765

set an ominous precedent in the eyes of the colonists.

The American goal of capturing Montreal and Quebec early in the war

showed that the Americans were not just reacting to the British invasion of Massachusetts.

After 1540, the most important economic activity in New Spain from the Spanish viewpoint was

silver mining.

. In 1860, Democrats meeting to choose a presidential candidate in Charleston, South Carolina, wound up

splitting the party into southern and northern factions over the issues of popular sovereignty and a federal code protecting slavery in the territories.

The Spanish colonial outposts in New Mexico and Florida

stagnated and primarily attracted missionaries.

As late as 1850, there were no statewide public school systems in the South because

state legislatures failed to provide many essential services, and planters saw no need to educate their workforce.

During the 1840s and 1850s, U.S. factories were able to become more productive because

steam engines began to be used as an energy source.

One of the precipitating causes of the panic! of 1837 was

that the Bank of England began call in loans made to American merchants.

The most lasting effect of Marbury v. Madison (1803) was

the Supreme Court's action to disallow a law on the grounds that it was unconstitutional.

In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's defeat of the Indians at Fallen Timbers resulted in

the Treaty of Greenville.

A shared feature of all the state constitutions drawn up during the American Revolution was

the conviction that government rests on the consent of the governed.

In the early 1500s, Martin Waldseemüller was among the very first to understand that

the discoveries of Columbus, Balboa, and Vespucci proved there was a continent that existed separate from Europe and Asia.

Bacon's Rebellion erupted in 1676 as a dispute over Indian policy and ended as a conflict between

the planter elite and small farmers.

The major legacy of Shays's Rebellion was

the realization that the Articles of Confederation were inadequate and thus a reworking of national government was needed.

The American strategy in the war with Britain was to

turn back the British and defeat their invading armies.

Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely

undermined reconstruction.

The Puritan doctrine of predestination held that before the creation of the world, God had decided who would achieve salvation, that nothing one did could alter one's fate, and that

very few deserved or would achieve eternal life.

Southern plain folk, whether they lived upcountry or in the flatlands,

were more likely to attend a religious revival than a classroom lecture.

In 1860, the largest number of white Southerners

were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers.

In the middle colonies of the eighteenth century, slaves

were not much needed on wheat farms, which operated mostly with family labor.

In colonial America, deists

were usually educated and followed the ideas of European Enlightenment thinkers.

Southern whites of all classes were unanimous in their commitment to

white supremacy

After the Seven Years' War, the Earl of Bute decided to keep several thousand British troops in America, ostensibly to

maintain the peace between the colonists and the Indians.

James Tallmadge Jr.'s amendments to the Missouri statehood bill of 1819 were controversial because their ultimate effect would have been to

make Missouri a free state

Thomas Jefferson made it a point to dress in plain, casual clothing to

make an important point about republican simplicity and manners.

King Henry VIII saw in the Protestant Reformation the opportunity to

make himself the head of the church in England.

The huge increase in the slave population in the South during the second half of the eighteenth century can be attributed to

natural increase and the Atlantic slave trade.

The growth in the southern slave population between 1790 and 1869 occurred primarily because of

natural reproduction.

In negotiating the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, William Henry Harrison angered the Shawnee chief Tecumseh by

negotiating with several Native American chiefs who had no legitimate claims to the land they ceded to the U.S. government.

Because the South lacked economic diversity,

newly arrived European immigrants tended to settle in the North.

The nationally circulated Advocate of Moral Reform was a

newspaper published by women that took men to task for the sexual sin of frequenting prostitutes and perpetuating prostitution.

When the Constitution was drafted, slavery was

not named, but its existence was recognized and guaranteed.

Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton are both known for their Civil War efforts as

nurses on the battlefield and behind the lines.

Powhatan and his people were suspicious of English intentions because the colonists

often resorted to violence in their interactions with Indians.

By 1820, divorce in the United States

was the one aspect of family law that had changed since the eighteenth century and, while difficult to obtain, was possible in most states.

The constitutional amendment that prohibited states from depriving citizens of the right to vote on the basis of their "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states.

The Gaspée incident of 1772 caused many towns in Massachusetts and in other colonies to set up a communications network of standing committees known as

"committees of correspondence."

In the economy of Jacksonian America, bankers

All of the above

The leading exemplar of the Second Great Awakening, Charles Grandison Finney, insisted that

Americans "vote in the Lord Jesus Christ as the governor of the universe."

In 1845, New York journalist and armchair expansionist John L. O'Sullivan coined the term manifest destiny, by which he meant that

Americans had the God-given right to expand their superior civilization across the continent.

In one of the early battles of the war, the battle of Long Island,

British troops led by General Howe forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island.

After 1820, what caused slavery to become more vigorous and profitable, which in turn increased the South's political power?

Cotton production expanded to the West.

The voting rights provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment proved a major disappointment to

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other advocates of female suffrage.

After Gates's defeat and Arnold's treason,

England's southern campaign faced small bands of American guerrillas fighting a series of fierce battles in the southern backcountry.

King William's War, an attack by Great Lakes and Canadian French forces on villages in New England and New York, demonstrated to the American colonists that

English military protection from hostile neighbors was still very valuable.

Like many other European colonies in the New World, New Spain developed a pattern of social organization in which

Europeans became a dominant minority in a society stratified by race and social origin.

Pro-Constitution forces called themselves

Federalists

Which of the following statements best characterizes the Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770?

It was over in minutes, and the British regiments were then moved to an island in the harbor for their protection.

Henry Clay Home State

Kentucky

Why were there so few slaves in New England during the eighteenth century?

New England's family farming was not suited for slave labor.

Which state allowed free blacks and women to vote in the early years of the republic?

New Jersey

The creation of New York led indirectly to the founding of which two other middle colonies?

New Jersey and Pennsylvania

Martin Van Buren Home State

New York

John Cabot was sponsored by the English monarch to search for a "Northwest Passage" to the Indies. Which area did he manage to reach and claim for England?

Newfoundland

King James revoked the Virginia Company charter and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624. Factors contributing to this decision included

Powhatan's uprising and an investigative report showing that disease and mismanagement were responsible for high mortality rates among colonists.

In the eighteenth century, the majority of immigrants coming to America were

Scots-Irish or slaves from Africa.

The free-labor ideal of the 1840s and 1850s

did not mesh with the economic inequalities of the times and led to a restless and mobile society.

Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas into the Union?

Texas would come into the Union as a slave state.

President Lincoln's efforts to stifle opposition to the war

did suppress free speech.

The representatives of the Iroquois Nation at the Albany Congress

made no commitment to helping the British fight the French.

What effect did the Seven Years' War have on England's national debt?

The debt had doubled since William Pitt took office.

Employees of early textile mills in New England were

mainly young women who left rural farms and flocked to factory towns in the hope of gaining more autonomy.

How did the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804 affect white Americans?

They became fearful that the rebellion might spread to American shores.

The infamous Trail of Tears was

a 1,200-mile forced march by Cherokees who were expelled from their land.

A compelling reason underlying South Carolina's argument for nullification in 1828 was that

a Northern-dominated federal government might decide to end slavery, which would threaten the very foundation of the South's economic system.

Plantation owners often described the master-slave relationship in terms of "paternalism,"

a concept whereby a slave's labor and obedience were exchanged for the master's care and guidance.

. In 1864, when General William T. Sherman stated that he intended to "make Georgia howl," he was gearing up for

a scorched-earth military campaign aimed at destroying the will of the southern people.

Southerners believed they had a real chance of winning the Civil War based on

all of the above

As the presidential election of 1800 played out in the House of Representatives, Federalist Alexander Hamilton supported Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr because

although Hamilton was no fan of Jefferson, he believed that Burr would prove far more dangerous to the republic should he be elected president.

Under the Articles of Confederation, the confederation government lacked

an executive and judicial branch as well as the power to levy taxes.

The first shot at Lexington was fired by

an unknown person.

The presidential election of 1824 was complicated by

an unprecedented five candidates seeking the support of one political party.

Migration to Oregon

appealed to men more than women.

Under Grant's leadership, the war shifted in favor of the North and the Union armies

became a sophisticated and powerful war machine that continued to fight in the same bloody and ferocious manner.

When reflecting on John Brown's raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, most Northerners

concluded that his ideals couldn't excuse violence.

The grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain became King Charles I in 1516. He and his successors used the wealth of New Spain to

consolidate the largest empire in Europe and to fight religious wars with Protestants and Muslims

A new social class was made up of children who were born in the Spanish New World to parents who had emigrated from Spain, referred to as

creoles.

Van Buren pushed for an independent treasury system, funded by government deposits, which would

deal only in hard money.

The exploration of the Spanish and Indian territory west of the Mississippi River by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark was successful in

establishing good relations with many Indian tribes and collecting valuable information on the peoples, plants, animals, and geography of the region.

The Civil War affected the United States by

establishing the sovereignty of the federal government and the dominance of industrial capitalism.

Relatively few white Northerners got involved in the campaign to eradicate slavery because

even though they may have viewed slavery as counterproductive or immoral, they tended to be racists.

Andrew Jackson set an important political precedent when he selected his cabinet by

excluding members of political factions that were not loyal to him.

Contact and trade between the peoples of the Old and New Worlds

exposed Indians to devastating Old World diseases.

Compared to the Spanish colonists in the New World in the sixteenth century, the English of the Virginia Company

expressed less concern for the conversion of the Indians to Christianity.

The Fifteenth Amendment

extended black male suffrage to the entire nation.

The core of Antifederalists' opposition to the Constitution centered on

fear that distant power might infringe on people's liberties.

As manpower needs in the Continental army increased,

free blacks were welcomed into service in the northern states.

After a servant served his or her indenture, an employer was required to give him or her

freedom dues.

Preston Brooks's caning of Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner in 1856

further inflamed sectional passions over the institution of slavery and its future in the Republic.

The alleged plot by Gabriel, a 24-year-old slave, to stage a slave rebellion led white Virginians to

hang 27 black men for contemplating rebellion.

The basic intent of the two Alien Acts passed by Congress was to

harass French immigrants already in the United States and discourage others from coming.

Although Andrew Johnson had left the Democratic Party before becoming president, he seemed more a Democrat than a Republican as president because

he advocated states' rights and limitations on federal power, especially in the economic realm.

In his 1857 campaign for reelection to the U.S. Senate, Illinois Democrat Stephen Douglas needed to overcome several challenges, including

his reputation as a racist.

Growing colonial resentment of British authority during the 1760s could be attributed to

increased taxation and increased intrusion by Britain.

Shays's Rebellion of 1786 was the result of

increased taxes on farmers in Massachusetts.

Alexander Hamilton publicly claimed that rolling the old certificates of debt into new government bonds would

infuse money into the economy and inspire citizens' confidence in the government.

The Proclamation of 1763 was also meant to

keep the peace between Indians and colonists.

. Abolitionists in the 1840s and 1850s made their issue more attractive to white Northerners by promoting

limitations on the geographic expansion of slavery.

Continental army morale during the winter of 1777-78 was

low because corruption was undermining the patriots' cause.

U.S. involvement in the War of 1812 encouraged economic growth in the

manufacturing sector, because the embargo and trade stoppages meant that American factories received a temporary respite from competition with the British.

By 1860 women's rights advocates succeeded in achieving

married women's rights to their own wages and property.

n the national crisis surrounding the presidential election of 1860, southern moderates refused to support the more radical members of the Democratic Party clamoring for a federal slave code. Instead, they

organized the Constitutional Union Party, a political party that had no platform.

When Columbus returned to Spain in 1493 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand were

overjoyed to hear that he had discovered new lands.

According to historians, a planter in the antebellum South may be distinguished from a farmer by virtue of his

owning at least twenty slaves.

The Daughters of Liberty urged women to participate in public affairs and protest the Townshend duties by

participating in nonconsumption agreements.

The war with Great Britain declared by Congress in 1812 was

passed by a vote that was divided along sectional lines.

Many Germans and Scots-Irish without passage money arrived in Philadelphia as "redemptioners," who were

persons who had obtained money for passage from a friend or relative in the colonies or by selling themselves as servants once they arrived.

The most important change in eighteenth-century colonial America was

phenomenal population growth.

In 1767, Charles Townshend enacted the Revenue Act, which

placed new duties on imported items such as tea, glass, lead, paper, and painters' colors.

Indentured servants tended to be

poor young men born in England.

When British troops under General Howe captured Philadelphia in September 1777, the British government

proposed a negotiated settlement that did not include American independence

As new constitutions were ratified in the South in the late 1860s, local and state Republican governments focused on

public education, the defense of civil rights, the abolition of racial discrimination, and the creation of a diversified economy.

The initial goal of the Second Continental Congress was to

raise and supply an army and negotiate a reconciliation with England.

Upcountry yeomen, who lived in the hills and mountains,

raised hogs, cattle, and sheep, and sought self-sufficiency and independence.

President Jefferson believed that a properly limited federal government

ran the postal system, collected customs duties, staffed lighthouses, conducted a periodic census, and maintained federal courts.

Following emancipation, many ex-slaves aspired to

reunite family members sold away

The Great Awakening can best be described as a(n)

revival movement to convert nonbelievers and revive the piety of believers.

The profitable export crop that depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina was

rice

King James's land grant to the Virginia Company of over 6 million acres and everything they might contain was in essence a(n)

royal license to poach on Spanish claims and on Indian lands.

After Bacon's death,

royal officials removed Berkeley and nullified Bacon's Laws.

A fourteen-year-old Indian girl named Malinali provided invaluable assistance to Hernán Cortés by

serving as an interpreter and a cultural broker.

The Compromise of 1877 essentially

spelled the end of reconstruction and of the Republicans' commitment to the civil rights of blacks.

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions put forth the novel idea that

states have the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws and can nullify laws that infringe on liberties as defined in the Bill of Rights.

The Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850,

stipulated that all citizens were expected to assist officials in apprehending runaway slaves.

Indentured servants could have their servitude extended by years if they

stole, became pregnant, or ran away.

The black codes were essentially an attempt to

subordinate blacks to whites and regulate the labor supply.

It is important to study the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands because it helps us better understand

that the West Indies had a direct influence on the development of slavery and plantations in Carolina.

To restore faith in the credit of the federal government, Hamilton proposed

that the federal government assume the unpaid war debts of the states

A servant labor system in the British colonies was created by

the New World's labor shortage and the poverty of Englishmen who were willing to work.

In support of the doctrine of nullification, South Carolina's leader pointed to

the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.

While Andrew Jackson's defeat of the British at New Orleans cemented his status as a military hero, what he did not know at the time was that

the War of 1812 had been over for two weeks.

The dominant issue in the 1844 presidential election campaigns was

the annexation of Texas.

In the decades after 1820, the most important factor dividing the North and the South was

the existence of an ever-increasing number of slaves in the South.

The colonial economy in the eighteenth century was unique because

the free population enjoyed a relatively high standard of living.

In addition to their competition for land, colonial settlers and Indians engaged in conflicts over

the fur trade

A positive effect of the economic turmoil of Jackson's second administration was that from 1835 to 1837, for the first and only time in U.S. history,

the government had a surplus of money.

archaeologists believe that the first ancient woodlan moun builders were organized into cheifdoms because

the impressive organization used in building the mounds and th aritfcats found within them suggest that the power to cmmand labor from others was in the hands of one person

The population increased greatly in Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois between 1830 and 1860 because

the relatively treeless setting and rich soil made conditions favorable to farming.

When New York delegates endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 15, 1776, it meant that

the resolution for independence had passed unanimously.

As the eighteenth century progressed, tobacco, rice, and indigo made the southern colonies

the richest in North America.

Which of the following was significantly omitted from the Bill of Rights?

the right to vote

Antifederalists were united mainly by

their desire to block the Constitution.

Nathaniel Bacon distressed the royal government and the elite planters of Virginia because his demands

threatened to transfer power from the traditional establishments to newcomers and small farmers.

hohokam settlements utilized irrigation canals

to plant and harvest crops twice a year

Open slave revolts were uncommon in the South because

whites outnumbered blacks two to one by 1860 and were heavily armed, so rebels had almost no chance of success.

The effect of the institution of slavery on southern society was that

whites were unified around race rather than divided by social class.

Alcohol consumption in America in the decades up to 1830 was

widespread, rising, and often tended toward abusive amounts.

The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas between the New World and Europe is referred to as the

Columbian exchange.

In 1861, armed hostilities between the North and South began officially with

Confederates firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861.

In attempting to establish a reconstruction policy after the Civil War,

Congress and the president disagreed about who had the authority to devise a plan of reconstruction.

In the 1857 Dred Scott decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

Dred Scott could not legally claim violation of his constitutional rights because he was not a citizen of the United States.

The terms of the Treaty of Paris included

England receiving lands east of the Mississippi River, and Spain receiving lands west of the Mississippi River.

In the Adams-Onís Treaty, the United States obtained from Spain the territory of

Florida

Which of the following restrictions were placed on the 260,000 free blacks by 1860?

Free blacks were subjected to special taxes, prohibited from interstate travel, denied the right to have schools and to participate in politics, and forced to carry "freedom papers."

Members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, believed that

God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that neither a minister nor the Bible was necessary to discover God's word.

How was President Polk able to add Oregon to U.S. holdings?

He renewed an old offer to divide Oregon along the forty-ninth parallel, and the British accepted.

Until the 1670s, almost all Chesapeake colonists were English. By 1700, one out of eight persons in the region was

African.

Prior to the Civil War, why did the South remain agriculturally based instead of diversifying its economy?

Planters made good profits and feared that economic change would threaten the plantation system.

Which of the following countries first navigated a sea route from Europe to Asia?

Portugal

The first European nation to attempt to break the Italian monopoly on trade with the Far East in the fifteenth century was

Portugal.

John C. Calhoun Home State

South Carolina

Migrants who settled on the Texas land granted to Stephen F. Austin by Mexico in the 1820s were

Southerners who brought cotton and slaves with them.

The government of which country sponsored Christopher Columbus's 1492 exploration?

Spain

Events in the Louisiana Territory in 1802 alerted the United States to a potential national security problem, as

Spain had turned over the territory to France, which was then under the rule of powerful expansionist Napoleon.

The gender and number of Spanish settlers in New Spain created a society in which

Spanish men frequently married Indian women and a class structure emerged with only 1 to 2 percent of the population dominating.

To meet the interest payments on the national debt under his consolidation ("assumption") plan, Alexander Hamilton convinced Congress to pass

a 25 percent excise tax on whiskey.

In large measure, the panic! of 1819 occurred as a result of

a contraction of the money supply and plummeting prices of commodities.

The Seven Years' War resulted from

a dispute between Indians, Virginians, Pennsylvanians, and the French over territory in the Ohio Valley.

An increased supply of items such as tobacco and sugar in eighteenth-century colonial America led to

a drop in prices and a resulting increase in the purchase of luxury goods by ordinary people.

The migration to Puritan New England included

a greater number of complete family units than most groups of immigrants in American history.

In the nineteenth century, southern politics were democratized, which meant that

a greater number of ordinary citizens voted, but yeomen and artisans were still only infrequently elected to the legislatures.

Puritan communities in the first half of the seventeenth century could be characterized by

a high degree of conformity in community members' views on morality, order, and propriety.

If you wanted to become a highly profitable tobacco farmer in the 1600s in Virginia, the biggest obstacle you were most likely to face was

a lack of workers

King Philip's War (1676) left New England settlers with

a large war debt, a devastated frontier, and an enduring hatred of Indians.

The Coercive Acts, passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts, included

a law closing Boston harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for.

As president, Andrew Jackson favored

a limited federal government and the establishment of a federal Indian policy to remove the Indians.

Initially, the white South defended slavery as a "necessary evil"; eventually, however, southern intellectuals began to argue that slavery was

a positive good because it civilized blacks and brought them Christianity

The border states of Missouri and Kentucky did not formally secede from the Union, but in these areas

a prosouthern minority remained sympathetic to the southern cause and sometimes resisted Union control.

The American Party, or Know-Nothings, appeared in the mid-1850s as

a reaction to large numbers of Roman Catholics coming to the United States from Germany and Ireland.

New England's population continued to grow steadily during the seventeenth century primarily due to

a relatively high birthrate coupled with a climate that helped many children survive and live into adulthood.

Mounting tensions between Bostonians and British soldiers in early 1770 led to the Boston Massacre,

a skirmish in which five people were killed.

The Ku Klux Klan developed into a paramilitary organization, but it began as

a social club for Confederate veterans who wanted to restore white supremacy.

The Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812

actually settled few of the issues that had led to war.

The Olive Branch Petition of July 1775

affirmed loyalty to the monarch, blamed Parliament for all the troubles, and asked that American colonial assemblies be recognized as individual parliaments.

Before the Civil War, the southern economy was based on agriculture; the North developed a mixed economy based on

agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing.

Lawyers of the 1820s and 1830s created the legal foundation for an economy that gave priority to

ambitious individuals interested in maximizing their own wealth.

Witch trials in seventeenth-century New England signaled

an enduring belief in the supernatural origins of evil and gnawing doubt about the strength of Puritan New Englanders' faith.

multistory cliff dwelling and puevlos are residential atructures associated with the

anasazi communities

One of the key elements in the political landscape of Jacksonian America was the upsurge of universal white male suffrage,

as most states abolished property qualifications for voting.

The authors of the series of essays known as The Federalist Papers originally wrote them

as newspaper articles detailing the failures of the Articles of Confederation.

The Declaratory Act showed Britain's refusal to compromise on Parliament's power to tax because it

asserted Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

In the final phases of the Revolutionary War, the British

attempted to recapture the southern colonies and place loyalists in power.

In 1664, New Netherland

became New York when King Charles II presented it to his brother James, the Duke of York, as part of a larger grant of land.

In the presidential election of 1836, three Whig candidates ran against Democrat Van Buren

because each candidate had a solid popular regional base but none had the support of all regions.

scholars speculate that hopewell culture declined

because farming and new weapons encouraged local autonomy and made central authority unnecessary

Abraham Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation

because he considered emancipation to be "a military necessity, absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union."

General Gage planned a surprise attack on an ammunition storage site in Concord

because he was ordered to quell the dissenters before they became more organized.

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) influenced Northerners' attitudes toward slavery

because it was a compelling novel and a vehicle for a stirring moral indictment of slavery.

the primary reason native people in california remained hunter and gatehrers for hundreds of years after europeans arrived int he western hemisphere was that

both land and ocean provided an abundant food supply

In the eighteenth century, the Southern slaveholding gentry dominated

both the politics and the economy of the South

The Embargo Act of 1807 affected the United States by

bringing U.S. exporting to a standstill, increasing unemployment, and seriously reducing government revenues.

When proslavery forces in Lecompton, Kansas, drafted a proslavery constitution in 1857 that many felt was fraudulent, Stephen A. Douglas

broke with the Buchanan administration and the southern members of his party by coming out against the proslavery constitution.

Burgoyne's defeat at the battle of Saratoga was a decisive moment in the Revolutionary War because it

brought France into the war on the side of the patriots.

The Second Great Awakening

brought forth an outpouring of evangelical religious fervor that offered salvation to the less than perfect.

The New England town meeting

brought together a town's inhabitants and freemen in an exercise of voting and popular political participation that was unprecedented elsewhere during the seventeenth century.

The increasing number of white settlers traveling west in wagon trains during the mid-1800s brought devastation to the Plains Indians because whites

brought with them alcohol and diseases like smallpox, measles, cholera, and scarlet fever.

the analysis of grave goods in burial mounds at hopewell sites shows that in this chiefdom at least

burial was reserved for the most important members of society

American opposition to the Stamp Act took the form of

burning an effigy of a stamp collector, breaking windows, and ransacking an official's home.

In the early 1770s, several incidents brought the colonies' conflict with England into sharp focus, including the

burning of the Gaspée.

Aside from leading to the legal destruction of slavery, the Civil War itself helped destroy slavery in practice

by disrupting the routine, organization, and discipline necessary to keep slavery intact.

Women in early nineteenth-century Washington, D.C., played an important role in political circles

by influencing patronage, writing letters of recommendation, and shaping personal connections.

Under the Ordinance of 1785's guidelines for land sales in the Northwest Territory, land would be sold

by public auction at a minimum purchase price of a dollar per acre and in minimum parcels of 640 acres each.

Before the Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified

by ratifying conventions in nine of the thirteen states.

The New Jersey Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention

called for a one-chamber legislature in which each state would have one vote.

The author of the radical pamphlet Common Sense

called for independence and a republican government.

In their campaign in the South, beginning in 1778, the British

captured Georgia and South Carolina and dealt General Gates a devastating defeat at Camden, South Carolina.

When slaves became elderly, they

cared for small children, spun yarn, fed livestock, or cleaned stables.

Members of the Oneida community

challenged sexual mores through the practice of complex marriage.

When Zachary Taylor became president in 1849, he enraged Southerners by

championing a free-soil solution to slavery by urging Congress to admit California and New Mexico to the union as free states.

The Articles of Confederation were finally approved in 1781 when all the states agreed to surrender their

claims to western lands.

The most serious obstacle to settlement in the Northwest Territory was

clashes with the Indian tribes that occupied the land.

modern archaeologists study ancient peoples by

combining a variety of apporaches that include the study of artifacts and attention to environmental factors

The Gold Rush created a social environment that was

competitive, violent, and unhealthy, but growing rapidly.

The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was unique because it

contained a feature that allowed the government of the company to be located in the colony rather than in England.

The federal government's decision to move its permanent home from Philadelphia to Washington D.C. came as a result of

controversy surrounding Hamilton's proposal to assume the states' war debts.

Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe left no doubt that America was separated from Asia by an enormous ocean. His voyage

convinced Europeans that a westward passage to the East was not a feasible route.

President Ulysses S. Grant's administration saw

corruption at all levels of government, a severe economic depression, labor violence, and an attempt to annex Santo Domingo to provide the freedmen with a new home.

Initially the Confederacy sought King Cotton diplomacy, a strategy based on the belief that

cotton-starved western European powers would be forced to enter the conflict by offering diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy and breaking the Union blockade to secure cotton.

For planters, a slave labor system had important advantages over a servant labor system because slaves

could be controlled politically.

The Stono rebellion proved that eighteenth-century slaves

could neither overturn slavery nor win in the fight for freedom.

"Sherman land" and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

created an expectation among ex-slaves that they would become independent citizens and landowners.

The Continental army enjoyed its first victory over the British on Christmas night in 1776, when the Americans

crossed the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians at Trenton.

The first battle at Manassas (or Bull Run) in July 1861 is significant because it

demonstrated that Americans were in for a real war, one that would be neither quick nor easy.

The First Continental Congress

denied Parliament's right to tax and legislate for the colonies but acknowledged its authority to regulate their trade.

As a result of his lopsided win in the election of 1832, Andrew Jackson tried to

destroy the Bank of the United States before its charter expired, a process he began by removing federal deposits from the bank and depositing them in Democratic-leaning banks throughout the country.

A sea route to Asia impacted Europe in important ways, greatly influencing exploration and

destroying the monopoly that Mediterranean merchants had on Asian marketplaces.

During the Revolution, the Continental Congress and various states issued paper money, which resulted in

devaluation of the money and escalating prices.

To create a presidency out of the reach of direct democracy, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention

devised the electoral college.

When faced with the opportunity to rewrite the laws of domestic relations, state legislatures generally

did little to change any laws relating to domestic relations.

Masters in the Chesapeake were so hungry for labor that they

did not hesitate to devise legal ways to extend the time their servants owed them.

An important transition in American politics took place during the Jacksonian era as

different campaigning tactics and increasingly democratic rhetoric made it necessary for candidates to appeal to common people.

The Revenue Act of 1767

directed that some of the revenue generated from its application be used to pay the salaries of royal governors.

The Seven Years' War taught colonists that

discipline within the British military was far more brutal than they had expected.

Massachusetts responded to Shays's Rebellion with a

dispatch of a private army of militiamen.

When the Civil War broke out, President Lincoln chose not to make the conflict a struggle over slavery because he

doubted his right under the Constitution to tamper with the "domestic institutions" of any state, even those in rebellion.

Jemima Wilkinson was an exhorting woman; specifically, she

dressed in men's clothes and preached openly in Rhode Island and Philadelphia.

The Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal in 1494

drew an imaginary line down the Atlantic Ocean—territory west of the line belonged to Spain, and territory east of the line belonged to Portugal.

Under the Articles of Confederation,

each state had a single vote in Congress.

Most hired workers

earned in one year in Chesapeake tobacco fields what they earned in two or three years of labor in England.

While it was catastrophic that the bubonic plague killed about a third of Europe's population, it was beneficial in that it one major long-term consequence is that it

eased pressure on food resources and created greater opportunities for advancement.

Mercantilism was a(n

economic policy that places the welfare of the mother country above the welfare of the colonies.

The free-labor ideal affected attitudes toward education in mid-nineteenth century America because

education offered another opportunity for Americans to achieve their potential through hard work and self-discipline.

The impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson

effectively ended Johnson's interference in reconstruction.

One of the most radical reform movements of the 1830s was the

effort to abolish slavery

Slaves increasingly used the chaos and turmoil of the Civil War to whittle away at their bondage by

employing various means to undermine white mastery and expand control over their own lives.

When the first territorial legislature in Kansas met, it

enacted tough proslavery laws and prompted the organization of a rival government.

in ad 1492 the empire of the mexica

encompassed up to 25 million and became enriched by redistributing the wealth of those they conquered

Because of their distrust of the economic elite, Andrew Jackson and many of his followers wanted to

end government support for business, thereby encouraging individual liberties and economic opportunities.

The decline in the price of tobacco in the third quarter of the seventeenth century contributed to the

end of the rough frontier equality within the Chesapeake population.

General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant near Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, 1865,

ended the Confederate war effort, not because the South was out of troops, but because Lee's surrender demoralized the armies remaining in the field.

In the 1796 presidential election, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

ended up being president and vice president.

The First Continental Congress created the Continental Association, whose purpose was to

enforce a staggered and limited boycott of trade.

The English monarchs James I and Charles I

enforced conformity to the Church of England.

White Southerners' greatest fear regarding their slaves during the Civil War was that they would

engage in violent revolt.

Among the ways slaves reacted to their bondage was

engaging in daily resistance such as feigning illness, breaking farm equipment, or playing dumb.

There were several advantages to being a house servant in the old South; for instance, house servants

enjoyed somewhat less physically demanding work.

In contrast to the Germans, Irish immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s often

entered at the bottom rung of the free-labor ladder as wage laborers or domestic servants

When George Washington took control of the Continental army, he found

enthusiastic but undisciplined troops.

In addition to some miners, the gold rush in California benefited

entrepreneurs who supplied the miners.

William Penn aimed to

establish a genuinely Quaker colony in the Americas.

The system of agricultural labor that emerged after 1865 often pitted ex-slaves and their expectations for freedom against former slave masters who wanted to restore the plantation system. In this struggle,

ex-slaves could decide who would work, for how long, and how hard, but still remained dependent

Abraham Lincoln understood that humanitarian concerns for black people would not motivate Northerners to fight to keep slavery out of the territories, so he promoted the "free labor" concept by asserting that the territories were

excellent destinations for poor people seeking to improve their conditions.

In 1860, the increasingly confident Republican Party

expanded their platform to address other issues.

Despite their ideological commitment to states' rights and limited government, Confederate leaders

expanded their power by drafting soldiers into the Confederate army and confiscating large amounts of property for the war effort.

The term yeoman planter refers to a

farmer who owns a small plot of land that is worked primarily by himself and his family.

By 1770, New Englanders had only one-fourth as much wealth as free colonists in the South, in large part because

farms did not produce huge surpluses of cash crops in quantities necessary to become wealthy.

As chancellor of the exchequer in 1767, Charles Townshend

favored imposing taxes that would help pay off England's war debt and make the colonists pay the cost of maintaining British troops in America.

Henry Clay wanted to force the issue of the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States before the presidential election of 1832 because he hoped to

force Andrew Jackson into an unpopular veto on the issue in order to secure support for Clay as president.

In 1830, President Jackson convinced Congress to pass legislation that

forced Native Americans to relocate west of the Mississippi and opened up about 100 million acres of land for white settlers.

the cultures of the archaic peoples of the eastern woodland were shaped by their

forest environment

The growth of railroads in the 1850s

fostered iron production, coal production, and the telegraph industry.

As a system, slavery by 1860 was

found in almost every skilled and unskilled occupation in the South.

The Quebec Act affronted many Americans because it

gave Roman Catholic Quebec control of the Ohio Valley

The Mexican-American War ended with the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which Mexico

gave up all claims to Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded the provinces of New Mexico and California to the United States.

Dissenting colonists believed that the real goal of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

generate increased revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges—a reminder of Parliament's taxation and legislative powers

The majority of the original settlers who came to Jamestown and the Virginia colony were

gentlemen and their servants.

The Fourteenth Amendment dealt with voting rights for blacks by

giving Congress the right to reduce a state's representation in that body if the state refused to give all of its adult male population, including ex-slaves, the right to vote.

In the late 1840s and early 1850s massive numbers of immigrants poured into California seeking

gold

By the early 1870s, the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866

had been mostly abandoned by Northerners.

According to John Winthrop's sermon aboard the Arbella, the Puritans had "entered into a covenant" with God, meaning that they

had been uniquely chosen to do God's special work of building a holy community as an example to others.

The Puritans who founded Massachusetts Bay colony

had not broken completely with the Church of England and had no use for the Separatist beliefs of some of their fellow Englishmen who earlier had founded the Plymouth colony.

At the end of 1862, the eastern theater of the Civil War

had reached a stalemate.

By 1845, the American Temperance Union and other temperance advocates

had succeeded in decreasing alcohol consumption in the United States.

Reformers were shocked by President Andrew Johnson's quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states because

his reconstruction plan seemed to contradict earlier statements in which he claimed a willingness to destroy the southern planter aristocracy.

Which of the following does not accuarately describe the work of a historian?

historians seek artifacts over written documents to determine the attitudes of a people

Under the leadership of Dolley Madison, the White House

hosted members of Congress, cabinet officers, and other distinguished guests for weekly parties.

Relationships between Americans and Indians during the Revolutionary War were increasingly characterized by

hostility and violent anti-Indian campaigns.

In 1517, Martin Luther publicized his criticism of the Catholic Church. The theological differences between Luther and the Catholic Church centered on

how salvation could be gained.

The fundamental issue raised at the Constitutional Convention was

how to balance the conflicting interests of large and small states.

Lord Baltimore received 6.5 million acres in the Chesapeake region and created the colony of Maryland as a refuge for Catholics;

however, the majority of settlers there were Protestants, few of whom were as wealthy as the Catholics, and conflict existed between the groups.

Factors leading to the postwar depression that began in the mid-1780s included

huge state and federal war debts, private debt, and rapid expenditure.

In eighteenth-century America, the main sources of population growth and diversity were

immigration and natural increase

While the North's industrial production boomed during the Civil War, the working class there found that

inflation and taxes cut so deeply into their wages that their standard of living actually fell.

The spread of public schools in the 1820s and 1830s made education more accessible to students and affected teaching by

initiating a shift toward hiring women as cheap instructors.

English Puritans rejected Catholic rituals and instead emphasized

introspection and a personal relationship with God.

The Indian policy in seventeenth-century Pennsylvania

involved purchasing Indians' land, respecting their claims, and dealing with them fairly.

What poor northern men found especially galling about the new draft law of 1863 was that

it allowed a draftee to hire a substitute or pay a $300 fee to avoid conscription.

In 1830, Mexico outlawed the introduction of additional slaves in Texas because

it hoped to discourage any more American settlers from coming to the area.

Anne Hutchinson's emphasis on the "covenant of grace" stirred religious controversy in early Massachusetts because

it was feared she was disrupting the good order of the colony.

As the price of slaves continued to rise, masters began to treat their slaves marginally better because

it was in the master's best interest to treat his slaves well enough that they could have children.

Treasonable acts, as defined by state laws in 1775 and 1776, included

joining the British army or supplying it with food or ammunition.

In his last weeks as president in 1801, John Adams appointed his famous "midnight judges" as a way to

leave as many Federalists as possible in government positions as political counterweights to the incoming Republican administration.

A typical pattern for boys not remaining on the farm in the 1820s and 1830s was to

leave school at the age of fourteen and become either an apprentice in a trade or an entry-level clerk.

Steamboats had a detrimental effect on the environment because they

led to deforestation and air pollution.

For workers in early Massachusetts factories, wages were

low because workers were easily replaced.

The Civil Rights Act of 1866

made discrimination in state laws illegal.

Only 38 of the 144 Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown, Virginia, survived the first year. This high mortality rate is explained primarily by

malnutrition, disease, and the failure to let go of traditional notions of class and labor.

The conflict between the Merrimack and the Monitor

marked the birth of the ironclad warship but had little impact on the Union's conventional naval dominance.

American cotton production underwent a real boom in the late 1790s because of

market conditions and the invention of the cotton gin.

For the Indians, the peace that began in 1783

meant displacement and only a temporary lull in fighting.

The Halfway Covenant was a

measure instituted by Puritan leaders in 1662 allowing the unconverted children of visible saints to become halfway church members, a measure meant to keep communities as godly as possible.

After 1815, the idea of separate spheres and separate duties for men and women was strengthened by the fact that

men's work was newly disconnected from the home and increasingly brought cash to the household.

The commercial economy of New England was dominated by

merchants

Continental dollars were

merely paper backed by no precious metals.

To reunite their party, the Whig strategy in the presidential campaign of 1848 was to nominate a

military hero and remain silent on the issue of slavery.

Among free black men of fighting age in the North,

most fought in the Union army.

In the quarter century after 1775, legislatures provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in

most northern states.

in 1492 the population density of north america was

much less that of england

As a result of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act, the

nation witnessed the demise of the Whig Party and the eventual rise of a system in which the Democrats dominated the South and the Republican Party was limited to the North.

The Constitution most clearly shifted the balance of power in favor of

national over state governments.

In response to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, President Washington

nationalized the Pennsylvania militia and led the effort to put down the revolt.

The Albany Plan of Union, as proposed by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson, was

not approved by the colonies or by England.

The British lost the Revolutionary War partly because

of America's alliance with France, which provided artillery and ammunition, fresh troops, and naval support.

Mexico's northern borderlands were vulnerable to American expansionists partly because

of sparse populations and hostile Native Americans.

In order to raise the necessary troops for the Continental army, the congress

offered a bonus for enlistment and land grants to those who committed for the war's duration.

Well into the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress was forced to procure supplies and labor and to pay soldiers by

offering land grant certificates and issuing certificates of debt.

As a part of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed

on a lower house whose seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, and an upper house—the Senate—that would have two senators per state.

By the 1680s, New England's religious consensus had weakened to the point that

only 15 percent of adult males were church members in some towns.

The common thread that wove together northern men into the Republican Party in 1854 was their

opposition to the extension of slavery into any territory of the United States.

In the election of 1800,

party lines were drawn between Republicans and Federalists.

the most important source of food for archaic peoples inhabiting the great basin was

plants

By the early 1870s, Democrats had adopted a two-pronged strategy to defeat the Republicans. That strategy consisted of

polarizing the political parties on the issue of color and relentlessly intimidating black voters.

High rates of voter participation continued into the 1840s and 1850s because

politics remained the arena where different choices about economic development and social change were contested.

Between 1492 and 1592, the approximately 225,000 Spaniards who settled in the colonies were made up primarily of

poor young men of common lineage who were artisans, laborers, soldiers, and sailors.

the mexica used an extensive tribute system to redistribute wealth from

poor, the common, and the conquered to the rich, the noble, and the conquerors

Following the battles of Lexington and Concord, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation

promising freedom to defecting, able-bodied slaves who would fight for the British.

The main purpose of the moderate tariff that Hamilton proposed in his Report on Manufactures was to

protect and foster domestic manufacturing.

If you were a statesman in the early to mid-1500s and followed the news of Columbus, you might argue that his most important contribution was

proving that it was possible to sail from Europe to the western Atlantic and return to Europe.

When Mexico refused the Polk administration's offer to buy Mexico's northern territories, the reaction of the United States was to

realize that it would take military force to achieve manifest destiny.

Early in 1775, as royal authority collapsed in Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage

realized the seriousness of the situation and requested twenty thousand additional troops from England.

In his first inaugural address, Abraham Lincoln was

reassuring and conciliatory toward the South on the issue of slavery but firm and inflexible concerning the perpetuity of the Union.

The British strategy in the war in America was to

recapture the thirteen colonies in a divide-and-conquer approach, with loyalist help.

In the new republic, traditional gender relations

remained largely unaltered from the norm.

In response to the colonial reaction to the Stamp Act, the British government

repealed the act but reaffirmed parliamentary power by passing the Declaratory Act

The Constitutional Convention deadlocked over the issue of

representation.

When southern Republicans pleaded with Congress for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan, Congress

responded by passing the Ku Klux Klan Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

Pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction were important in that they

restored property (except slaves) and political participation.

During the Reconstruction era, southern black codes

restricted freedmen's economic opportunities and civil rights.

In the Slaughterhouse cases (1873) and in United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the Supreme Court

restricted the ability of the federal government and Congress to protect individuals from discrimination by other individuals.

When British soldiers entered Washington, D.C., in 1814, they

set fire to much of the city.

In the land ordinances of 1784 and 1785, Congress

set out a rectangular grid system for surveying land and established township perimeters.

The system under which farmers rented small pieces of land, paid their rent with a portion of their crops, and were provided mules and tools by their landlord was known as

sharecropping

The southern lady has been idealized in history; in reality

she could have the responsibility of managing servants, directing the slave hospital, and supervising the henhouse and dairy.

John Adams, cousin of Samuel Adams, represented British captain Thomas Preston and his soldiers who were involved in the Boston Massacre to

show that the Boston leaders were defenders of British liberty and law.

tha athapascan tribes mainly apache and navajo were

skillful warriors who preyed on the sedentary pueblo indians

The defining feature of the southern colonies in the eighteenth century was

slavery

The Wilmot Proviso of 1846 proposed that

slavery be prohibited throughout the entire area ceded by Mexico.

In 1843, Henry Highland Garnet advocated

slaves rising in insurrection against their masters.

Southern masters preferred black slaves over white indentured servants because

slaves served for life and could be disciplined more harshly.

Southern planters tended to buy newly arrived Africans in small groups because

small groups of slaves ensured that newcomers could be trained by the planters' seasoned slaves.

The colony of New Netherland was marked by a

small, remarkably diverse population.

in 1492, native american cultures were

so varied that they defy easy and simple description

Delegates to the First Continental Congress

sought to identify their liberties as British subjects and debated possible responses to the Coercive Acts.

In the Compromise of 1877,

southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South.

Redeemers were

southern Democrats who wanted to restore white supremacy in the South.

The seventeenth-century New England economy mainly consisted of

subsistence farming mixed with fishing and timber harvesting for markets in Europe and the West Indies.

Louisiana was dominated by plantations that cultivated

sugar

By 1700, the British Caribbean annually exported nearly 50 million pounds of

sugar.

In 1853, the United States negotiated the Gadsden Purchase in order to

support the dream of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad.

On March 4, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln delivered an inaugural address in which he revealed his strategy to avoid disunion; that strategy was to

take measures to stop the contagion of secession and buy time in order for emotions to cool.

Factors that encouraged exploration and territorial expansion included

technological advances in navigational instruments and monarchs who hoped to enlarge their realms, enrich their dynasties, and magnify their power and prestige.

Because of the seventeenth-century New England land distribution policy, towns

tended to consist of centrally located family homes and gardens surrounded by agricultural land.

Hernán Cortés was eventually able to defeat the Mexicans in 1521 by enlisting the help of

tens of thousands of Indian allies who favored the destruction of Mexico.

The major objection to the Virginia Plan by the smaller states at the Constitutional Convention was

that the representation of the states in both houses of the congress would be based on population.

The idea of manifest destiny gained considerable support because of

the American people's strong desire for more land.

By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783,

the British acknowledged that the United States were "free Sovereign and independent States."

In the presidential election of 1876,

the Democratic candidate won the popular vote but fell one vote short of victory in the electoral college, while the Republican candidate initially fell nineteen electoral votes short of victory.

When Columbus first arrived in the New World, he believed he was in

the East Indies.

The most decisive factor in ending the Revolutionary War at Yorktown was

the French forces taking control of the Chesapeake, thus commanding the bay and the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina.

After Cornwallis achieved the upper hand in Virginia, the picture changed dramatically because

the French gave military support to Washington.

In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison launched

the Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper advocating an immediate end to slavery.

Revisions to the Declaration of Independence included those made by GA and SC, which removed

the issue of slavery

about 11,000 years ago the paleo-indians faced a major crisis because

the large aninmals they hunted had difficulty adapting to a warming climate

cahokia near present day st. louis missouri was

the largest mississippian site

Congressional reconstruction did not meet all of its goals, but among those it did meet were

the legacy of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

One of the main obstacles the British army faced in the Revolutionary War was

the logistics of supplying an army with food and supplies across three thousand miles of water.

George Grenville claimed that Americans had "virtual representation" because

the members of the House of Commons represented all British subjects, wherever they were.

One of the factors that fueled economic growth in the United States during the mid-1800s was

the movement of Americans from farms to cities, where they found jobs working in factories.

A result of the comparatively high standard of living in rural Pennsylvania and the surrounding middle colonies between 1720 and 1770 was that

the per capita consumption of imported goods from England more than doubled.

The seige of Vicksburg in July 1863

was an important Union victory that opened up a large portion of the Mississippi River.

An important difference between the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act was that the latter

was an internal tax that few colonists could escape.

A "country-born" slave was one who

was born into slavery in the colonies.

While Abraham Lincoln espoused a typical racial attitude for a white man of his day, he personally believed that slavery

was morally wrong.

The Compromise of 1850

was neither a true compromise nor a final settlement of all the issues it addressed.

Between 1828 and 1836, the second American party system took shape; it

was, by 1836, a fully functioning, national, two-party political system.

Because of the success of the Virginia colony, Powhatan's people

were almost exterminated.

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 generally

were concerned about the weaknesses in the government under the Articles of Confederation.

War Hawks were young congressmen who

were enthusiastic for expansion, ready to subdue Native Americans standing in the way of white settlement, and eager to declare war on England.

The turning point of the Seven Years' War was most likely William Pitt's

willingness to commit massive resources to the war.

President Lincoln's determination to hold elections in 1864 is particularly noteworthy because

with the Union war effort stalled and many Northerners basically wearied by the burdens of the war, the Democrats had an excellent chance of ousting the Lincoln administration.

Antifederalism in New York centered on

the state's size and power in relation to the new federal government.

By the waning months of the war, Confederate soldiers were demoralized because

the toll of years of fighting, lack of supplies, and concern for their families had become too much.

Most of the new states spelled out their citizens' rights and liberties in written contracts because

the unwritten nature of British political traditions led to Americans being denied liberties they had assumed they possessed.

The Sons of Liberty, protestors against the Stamp Act, organized a large demonstration that showed colonists

their ability to have a decisive impact on politics.

the greatest similarity among the many tribes that inhabited orth america at the dawn of european colonizatio was that

their distinct cultures had developed as adapations to their local natural environments

The Coercive Acts (or Intolerable Acts) spread alarm among the colonists, who feared that

their liberties were insecure.

Colonial governors had difficulty gaining the trust and respect of influential colonists because

their terms of office were often less than five years, and they had little or no access to patronage positions.

Angelina Grimké, Sarah Grimké, and Maria Stewart, women lecturers who conveyed a powerful antislavery message, encountered hostility in the North because

they affronted a rigid cultural norm by speaking in public and presuming to instruct men.

Canals were an important innovation in the early nineteenth century because

they allowed cheaper transport by virtue of greatly increased loads

Planters in the nineteenth century promoted Christianity in the slave quarters because

they believed that the slaves' salvation was part of their obligation and that religion would make slaves more obedient.

which of the following imporatnt changes occurred among the woodland cultures around 4000 bp

they incorporated agriculture and pottery making into their hunting-gathering lifestyle

Some ex-slaves who had formerly worshiped in biracial Methodist churches joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church, an all-black church from the North, because

they wanted religious autonomy and escape from white oversight.

Some states were reluctant to include "equality language" in their bills of rights and constitutions because

they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves.

X, Y, and Z were the code names for

three unnamed French agents sent by Talleyrand to meet with American commissioners.

around the time europeans arrived in the new world most native americans obtained much of their food

through a combination of hunting and gathering and farming

The increasing presence of English goods in the colonial market in the eighteenth century

tied the colonists to the British economy while making them feel more British.

The presidential election of 1824 was notable because it was the last

to be decided in the House of Representatives.

An early Pennsylvania policy encouraging settlement was

to negotiate with Indian tribes to purchase land, which reduced frontier clashes.

President Polk directed the war with Mexico personally; his strategy to win the war was

to occupy Mexico's northern provinces and win a couple of major battles, after which Mexico would sue for peace.

The crop that turned Virginia into a stable colony was

tobacco.

though ancient americans lacked writing skills they

use dmany other kinds of symbolic representation

Behind the scenes, Harriet Tubman and other free blacks helped fugitive slaves escape from the South

via the underground railroad.

According to Thomas Jefferson, the source of true freedom in America was the

virtuous, independent farmer who owned and worked his land both for himself and for the market.

the group that held the most exalted position in mexican society was

warriors

The battle of Bunker Hill

was a costly victory for the British.

In strict military terms, the battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863

was a crucial turning point for Confederate armies because it proved to be the last time Confederates launched a major offensive above the Mason-Dixon line.

Ex-slaves believed that ownership of land

was a moral right and was linked to their freedom.

The Whiskey Rebellion

was a protest by grain farmers against the excise tax on whiskey.

. During President Adams's one term in office, Vice President Jefferson

withdrew from active counsel of the president due to the influence of the Hamiltonian cabinet.

The convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 advocated

women's rights and suffrage.

burial mounds and chiefdoms are associated with

woodland cultures

Poor Richard's Almanack mirrored the beliefs of its Pennsylvania readers in its glorification of

work and wealth.

At the bottom of the social scale in the South were poor whites, who

worked ambitiously and hoped to move up and away from their miserable living conditions.

Unlike European manufacturers in the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers were spurred to invent labor-saving methods and devices because

workers were in limited supply and thus more expensive.

In 1775, most of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress remained reluctant to break with Britain because they

worried about the loss of Britain's military support, the effect on their economies, and political stability.

The Navigation Acts of the 1650s and 1660s were designed to regulate colonial trade in order to

yield revenues for the crown and English merchants and divert the colonies' trade from England's competitors and enemies.