Psy Exam 2
A 65-year-old retina receives only about _____ as much light as its 20-year-old counterpart.
1/3
At birth, infants have about _____ nerve cells.
23 BILLION
What percentage of babies learn to walk by month 11?
25
What are the 3 parenting styles?
Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative
conditioned vs. neutral
Distinguishing these two kinds of stimuli and responses is easy: Conditioned = learned; unconditioned = unlearned.
This famous experiment by _____ involved rearing monkeys with two artificial mothers.
Harry Harlow, Margret Harlow
Some baby animals form a rigid attachment known as _____.
Imprinting
"Moral feelings precede moral reasoning" is an idea stated by:
Jonathan Haidt
Need to know
NS = Neutral Stimulus US = Unconditioned Stimulus UR = Unconditioned Response CS = Conditioned Stimulus CR = Conditioned Response
What does conditioning do?
The larger lesson: Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce—by responding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring
What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?
Underdeveloped hippocampus
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
higher order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called___________.
acquisition
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
critical period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
Teen impulsivity is to frontal lobe development, as old age bluntness is to frontal lobe _____.
atrophy
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
emerging adulthood
for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
Intimacy
in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
egocentric
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
Sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
neutral stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
acommodate
interact with the world, we also adjust, or accommodate, our schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences.
assimilate
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
Prospective memory
is a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or intention at some future point in time.
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences
unconditioned response
naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)
Secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
ne of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how psychology could be based on _____ methods.
objective
Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through:
operant conditioning
identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
An adult who takes care of younger children and aging parents is said to be in the _____ generation
sandwhich
post conventional morality
self-defined ethical principles
preconventional morality
self-interest
social identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.
cognitive learning
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
the social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
menarche
the first menstrual period
Puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
conservationism
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
learning
the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
moral reasoning
the thoughts as we consider right from wrong
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
conventional morality
upholding laws and social rules
Fluid intelligence
uses rapid, flexible thinking, logical problems
crystallized intelligence
uses stored knowledge through repeated tasks