Psychology 120 Chapter 9 Thinking and Intelligence

61) ____________ is defined as a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underline specific mental abilities and talents.

The G factor.

52) Reggie is a Green Party supporter. He goes out of his way to read about the achievements of the Green Party, but doesn't pay any attention to articles that are critical of the party and its candidates. Reggie is exhibiting:

a, confirmation bias.

69) Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8. His IQ would be:

a. 80. The formula for calculating IQ is: Mental age/chronological age multiplied by 100.

22) Harriet purchases a cupboard for her kitchen. She assembles the cupboard by following a series of steps illustrated in the instruction manual. Which type of problem-solving strategy has Harriet adopted?

a. Algorithmic. An algorithm is a set of procedures guaranteed to produce a correct solution even if you do not understand why it works.

97) ______________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.

a. Anthromorphism.

100) Vicky runs a dog-fighting ring out of her house. She justifies the harm that happens to the dogs by telling herself that dog fighting isn't cruel because dogs cannot think or feel emotions. This is an example of:

a. Anthropodenial.

99) The tendency to think, mistakenly, that human beings have nothing in common with other animals is called:

a. Anthropodenial.

13) Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys, attitudes towards the holiday, and expectations about the weight he would gain. These are all part of his ____________ for the holiday.

a. Cognitive schema.

55) ___________ is a state of tension that occurs when you hold either two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent with one another, or a belief that is incongruent with your behaviour.

a. Dissonance. Dissonance = tension.

64) __________________ is the capacity to reason and use information to solve problems. It is relatively independent of a person's education.

a. Fluid intelligence: Capacity to reason and use information to solve problems. It is relatively independent of education.

25) Mayim is making her famous chili. Instead of measuring the amount of chopped peppers to add, she knows a handful is "usually about right". This illustrates the use of a(n):

a. Heuristic: A heuristic is a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action without guaranteeing an optimal solution.

20) Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy without being able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn't even sure what exactly he has learned! This type of learning is called:

a. Implicit learning.

30) Which of the following statements is true of formal reasoning?

a. In formal reasoning, the information needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a solution is specified clearly.

60) ______________ is an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment.

a. Intelligence.

54) When Howie's previous girlfriend used to get upset with him, he could smooth things over by buying flowers or chocolates for her. He keeps trying this strategy with his current girlfriend, but she gets angry with him each time. It appears that Howie has developed a _______________, which is interfering with the development of a new relationship strategy.

a. Mental set. Barrier to thinking tendency to try to solve new problems with old heuristics, strategies etc.

37) _________ thinkers generally assume that a correct answer always exists to problems and can be obtained through the senses or from authorities.

a. Prereflective.

28) The process of drawing conclusions or inferences from facts, observations or assumptions is called:

a. Reasoning.

84) Tacit knowledge refers to:

a. Strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but instead must be inferred.

47) If individuals are asked to rate the effectiveness of condoms in preventing transmission of HIV (The virus that causes AIDS), they would be most likely to rate a condom as effective if they were told:

a. That the condom has a 95 percent success rate in protecting against the HIV.

70) The original formula for determining IQ had a serious flaw in that:

a. The formula did not make sense for use with adults. Ex: Original IQ formula does not make sense for adults. For example, a 50 year-old who scores like a 30-year old does not have low intelligence.

90) Japanese school teachers and students are more likely than their American counterparts to belive that:

a. The secret to doing well in mathematics is working hard. Japanese believe that math is not an innate skill but rather requires time and effort.

94) _________________ is a system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.

a. Theory of mind. Theory of mind is a system of beliefs about teh way one's own mind and the minds of others owrk.

3) Which of the following statements describes basic concepts?

a. They are concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or many instances.

39) Which of the following statements is generally true for people capable of reflective judgement?

a. They are willing to consider evidence from a variety of sources and to reason dialectically. Reflective judgement: They are willing to consider evidence from a variety of sources and to reason dialectically.

72) Between World War I and the 1960s, the intelligence tests developed for use in schools favoured:

a. White children over nonwhite children. Intelligence tests are considered by many to be culturally biased.

12) A mental image is:

a. a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents.

38) A quasi-reflective thinker would be most likely to say that:

a. because knowledge is uncertain, any judgement about the evidence is purely subjective. Quasi-reflective thinkers tend to believe that all opinions are equally valid because some things cannot be known with absolute certainty.

32) Dialectical reasoning involves:

a. comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to determine the best solution.

86) Sara has had a string of failed romantic relationships over the past 3 years. Her partners tend to tell the same story: Sara often can't tell when they are mad at her, and doesn't seem able to express her own feelings. If her exes' complaints are accurate, Sara would likely score low on tests of ____________ intelligence.

a. emotional.

48) When Manmeet's father passed away, the will stated that Manmeet and his brother should decide how to split the estate between them. After weeks of fighting over how to divide the inheritance, Manmeet tells his brother, "I would rather both of us get nothing, than for you t oget more than is right!" This somewhat irrational position is likely be the result of:

a. fairness bias.

66) The Binet intelligence test was originally devloepd to:

a. identify children who might have difficult in school. Binet was charged by the French Ministry of education to find a way to identify children who were slow learners so they could be given remedial work.

57) The tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision is known as ______________.

a. postdecision dissonance.

1) Based on the powers of thought and intelligence, human beings are called homo sapiens, which translates as:

a. rational man.

43) Gertrude votes "yes" on a ballot question about whether convicted sex offenders should be banned from being within 500 feet of a playground. Afterwards, she realized she voted yes because she was disgusted by the thought of sex offenders near playgrounds, but did not really consider whether the ban would actually decrease the probability that a child would be harmed. Gertude used ______________ to make her decision.

a. the affect heuristic. The affect heuristic involves consulting one's emotions to estimate the probability of an event.

63) ____________ refers to the cognitive skills and specific knowledge acquired over a life time; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over time.

c. Crystallized intelligence.

81) According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, there are 3 kinds of intelligence. __________________ intelligence refers to your creativity in transferring skills to new situations.

c. Experiental.

95) Research on animals and language indicates that:

c. Humans are the only species that evolved with the natural ability to express and comprehend an infinite number of novel utterances.

67) Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between intelligence and IQ?

c. IQ is a measure of intelligence.

58) _____________ is the tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain.

c. Justification of effort.

76) ____________ is the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.

c. Metacognition.

17) When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, step on the accelerator, and still manage to turn the car! After driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic. Now, when he drives a car:

c. Subconscious processes are involved.

36) Prereflective thinkers tend to assume that:

c. a correct answer always exists. Prereflective thinkers think there always exists a correct answer.

11) A _________________ is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

c. cognitive schema.

34) The process in which opposing facts are weighed and compared to determine the best solution is called:

c. dialectical reasoning.

45) When John worries about getting hit by a shark when swimming at the beach, but doesn't worry about getting cancer from the cigarettes he smokes, he is:

c. exaggerating the improbable.

27) Jerome Kagan likens consciousness to the staff of a fire department because:

c. most of the time it is quietly playing cards in the back room and it is called into action only when the alarm sounds.

89) Comparisons of attitudes and performance with regard to math tests in Asia and the U.S. showed that:

c. only 4 percent of Chinese children a nd 10 percent of Japanese children had scores as low as the average American child.

18) Our ability to multitask is due, in large part, to our ability to perform ________________ cognitive tasks.

c. subconscious.

23) Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows the family's traditional recipe for Irish soda bread exactly, then she is sure to have very good results. Catherine's grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to:

c. use an algorithm. Algorithm to guarantee a result.

91) When Wolfgang Kohler put chimpanzees in situations in which tempting bananas were just out of reach, he found that:

d. Apes often sat quietly for a while and then seemed to have sudden insight into a solution.

4) Frida is a young child in the process of developing concepts. Which of the following concepts is she most likely to learn first?

d. Car. Children tend to learn basic-level concepts first. Car is more basic concept than the other options.

88) Children in Beijing typically outperform children in Chicago on tests of mathematical ability because:

d. Chinese children value education more.

83) Bernard shows off his vocabulary and book smarts when he is writing a paper for his English professor. When he is talking with the people who live in his working-class neighborhood, he avoids using words that most people don't know. Bernard's ability to alter the way he communicates to fit different environments and situations demonstrates his ________________ intelligence.

d. Contextual

31) Informal reasoning involves:

d. Dialectical reasoning: In informal reasoning problems, there is often no clearly correct solutions. Many approaches, viewpoints, or possible solutions may compete and you may have to decide which one is most "reasonable".

50) The day after the election, Josephine sasys that she knew all along who the winner would be. Although it is impossible that she had some special insight into the election, it is more likely that Josephine is:

d. Exhibiting hindsight bias.

44) When using the availability heuristic, people tend to judge the probability of an event based on:

d. How easy it is to think of examples of instances.

59) Which of the following is a form of dissonance reduction?

d. Justification of effort.

21) ___________ refers to mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness to the present context.

d. Mindlessness.

6) An especially representative example of concept is called a(n):

d. Prototype: A prototype is an especially representative example of a concept.

74) As a woman, Dawn is aware of the stereotypes that women are not good at math. When she completes a questionnaire about her gender and then is given a math test, it is most likely that:

d. The questionnaire will increase stereotype threat, and increase the risk that she will underperform on the math test.

98) Tiffany tells her husband that she thinks their dog is embarrassed to be walked around the neighbourhood in the sweater that she knitted for him. This is almost certainly an example of:

d. anthromorphism.

46) The ____________ is the tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.

d. framing effect.

10) A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:

d. proposition. Proposition = single idea.

40) People who are _________ thinkers generally understand that some things can never be known with certainty, but they also understand that some judgments are more valid than others.

d. reflective.

42) The _______________ involves consulting one's' emotion instead of estimating probabilities objectively.

b. affect heuristic.

93) Investigations of animal behaviours indicate that:

b. chimpanzees have a rudimentary sense of number and appear to have some sort of summing ability.

24) Diana and Erin are not able to figure out how they can fit two cupboards, a futon, a computer and a refrigerator into their small dorm room. Just when it seems hopeless, Erin says, "Aha, I've got it! and begins moving the items around. Erin's sudden revelation is most likely due to:

b. clues that triggered nonconscious processing about the room arrangement followed by conscious awareness of the solution.

2) A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions or qualities having common properties is called a(n):

b. concept.

51) The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is caleld:

b. confirmation bias.

68) A young boy's metnal age would be:

b. his level of intellectual development related to other children. Mental age is a child's level of intellectual development relative to other children.

33) __________ is usually the best approach to problems that have several possible answers that vary in quality.

b. informal reasoning.

14) A representation that may occur in many sensory modalities, and that resembles what it represents, is a(n):

b. mental image.

41) Most individualds do not show evidence of reflective judgment until their _____________, if at all.

b. middle to late twenties.

7) Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal to identify a cat as mammal. This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's ________________ for the concept of mammal.

b. prototype.

16) A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when necessary.

b. subconscious. Subconscious processes are mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary. Non conscious processing is not available to conscious awareness.

49) Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias?

b. the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known.

29) Which of the following is a characteristic of formal reasoning?

b. there is typically only one correct answer. In formal reasoning problems-- the kind you might find on an intelligence or college entrance exam -- the information needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a solution is specified clearly and there is a single right (or best answer)

15) As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress, Alicia finds herself hearing "in her mind's ear" the song, "Just Whistle While you Work!" This would be an example of a(n):

c. Auditory image.

80) Which of the following is one of the components in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

c. Contextual intelligence. Sternberg's thriarchi theory has 3 aspects of intelligence: 1. Componential/analytic 2. Experiental/creative 3. Contextual/practical.

82) According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, there are 3 kinds of intelligence. _______________ intelligence refers to the practical application of intelligence in different situations and environments.

c. Contextual.

79) __________________ intelligence refers to the practical application of intelligence.

c. Contextual: Contextual intelligence involves the application of knowledge to solving practical problems.

71) David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in order to produce:

b. a general IQ score and also separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and working memory.

53) ____________ is the tendency to solve new problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems.

b. A mental set.

96) Irene Pepperberg worked with an AFrican gray parrot named Alex. Her research revealed that:

b. Alex was able to make requests and to answer simple questions about objects.

8) Which of the following is most likely to be a prototype of the concept "fruit" for someone who grew up in the American Midwest?

b. Apple.

92) ___________ is the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals, especially in natural environments.

b. Cognitive ethology. = nonhuman.

77) According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, there are three kinds of intelligence. _________________ intelligence refers to the information processing strategies you draw on when you are thinking intelligently about a problem.

b. Componential Componential intelligence refers to the information processing strategies you draw on when you are thinking intelligently about a problem.

5) On a trip to Australia, Caleb sees an ibis for the first time. Despite never having seen one before, he uses his ______________________ for bird to quickly identify the ibis as a type of bird.

b. Concept. This concept helps to simplify and summarize information about the world so that it is manageable.

78) Logan understands the concepts in his statistics class. However, during tests, he spends the entire time on the most difficult problems and never gets to the problems that he can solve easily. Logan's inability to adapt his strategy to the testing situation indicates that he has low:

b. Contextual intelligence. Contextual or practical intelligence refers to the practical application of intelligence, which requires you to take into account the different contexts in which you find yourself.

85) Without ______________ intelligence, it is difficult to acquire tacit knowledge.

b. Contextual. Tacit knowledge results from observing others who are a part of our environment. Therefore, it is part of contextual intelligence. Tacit knowledge results from observing others who are a part of our environment. Therefore, it is a part of contextual intelligence.

35) DeAndre and eleven other jurors are chosen for a major court case. As foreperson, it will be DeAndre's responsibility to make sure that when the jury begins deliberating, they consider arguments for and against the defendant's guilt. This method of deliberation is an example of:

b. Dialectical reasoning.

87) ______________ intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.

b. Emotional.

65) ___________ analysis is a statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures of test scores. It can be used to identify clusters of corrrelated items that seem to be measuring some common ability.

b. Factor. Factor analysis is a stats method for analyzing intercorrelations.

9) Which of the following statements is consistent with Benjamin Whorf's proposal about language?

b. Grammatical aspects affect the way we think about the world. Whorf argued that grammar-the way that words are formed and arranged to convey tense and other concepts- affect how we think about the word.

19) ________ learning is defined as learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned.

b. Implicit.

26) Which statement is true about the mindless processing of information?

b. It has benefits, but also can lead to mishaps and serious errors. - In a state of mindlessness, we may act, speak and make decisions out of habit, without analyzing what we are doing or why we are doing it.

62) The traditional approach to intelligence, the _______________ approach, focuses on how well people perform on standardized aptitude tests.

b. Psychometric Psychometric = traditional approach to intelligence.

73) Stereotype threat refers to:

b. The fear that a person feels about his or her performance due to negative stereotypes about his or her group's abilities.

56) Who among the following people is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance?

b. The smoker who knows that smoking causes lung cancer. Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a discrepancy between an attitude that a person holds and his or her behaviour. The person who chooses to smoke, knowing that smoking is dangerous to one's health, is likely to experience cognitive dissonance.

75) ____________ refers to a complex capacity that enables you to manipulate information retrieved from long-term memory and interpret it appropriately for a given task.

b. Working memory: Refers to a complex capacity that enables you to manipulate information retrieved from long-term memory.