Chapter Six Review + Quiz Questions
primary endocrine glands
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, pineal, and reproductive glands
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: process of nutrients being taken into the body's cells a. mastication b. peristalsis c. digestion d. absorption
d. absorption
Structures of the respiratory passages
1. Conducting Airways: Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, Trachea, right and left pulmonary bronchi, bronchioles 2. Respiratory airways: Alveoli and alveolar sacs
What would be considered a normal resting heart rate for a healthy sedentary person? 105 beats per minute 120 beats per minute 80 beats per minute 50 beats per minute
80 beats per minute
Which of the following processes describes the passage of digested food into the blood system to be processed for energy, nutrients, and tissue building? Motility Absorption Mastication Peristalsis
Absorption
What mechanism is responsible for increasing the rate of heart conduction? Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system Activation of the sympathetic nervous system Activation of the intercalated discs Activation of sarcomeres
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
The process of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in and out of the bloodstream occurs in what structure or structures? Pulmonary arteries Alveolar sacs Trachea Bronchioles
Alveolar sacs
How is BP expressed and what do those numbers reflect?
BP is reported as systolic/diastolic. The top number- systolic pressure - reflects the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts, whereas diastolic pressure (bottom number) reflects the arterial pressure during relaxation of the heart, when the heart fills with blood between beats.
Which of the following exercises would be most likely to contribute to an acute increase in testosterone levels? Calf raise Bench press Back squat Triceps extension
Back squat
What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure (BP) is the measurement of pressure of circulating blood against the walls of arteries. Blood pressure measurement results are based on a person's cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Peripheral resistance would be increased if the arteries were constricted and decreased if the arteries were dilated (opened).
Which endocrine gland serves as a communication channel between the brain and pituitary gland? Hypothalamus Pancreas Stomach Liver
Hypothalamus
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to remove what waste product? Carbon dioxide Platelets Water Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity? Central to the left and posterior to the spine Central to the right and anterior to the spine Central to the right and posterior to the spine Central to the left and anterior to the spine
Central to the left and anterior to the spine
Which of the following hormones, if increased at baseline, may be indicative of overtraining? Cortisol Thyroxin Testosterone Growth hormone
Cortisol
Food in the stomach is processed and then passes into what anatomical structure? Duodenum of the large intestine The ileum of the small intestine The ileum of the large intestine Duodenum of the small intestine
Duodenum of the small intestine
What are two ways to best improve the timely passage of food through the intestinal tracts and prevent constipation? Ensure adequate water intake, and engage in an exercise program that is inclusive of both aerobic and resistance training Perform a daily program of aerobic activity, and ensure increased protein consumption Ensure adequate water consumption, and avoid higher levels of physical activity Ensure adequate water and protein intake, and engage in an exercise program that is inclusive of resistance training
Ensure adequate water intake, and engage in an exercise program that is inclusive of both aerobic and resistance training
What term is used to describe the premise that increased ventricular filling improves contractile force of the heart as a result of greater stretch of cardiac fibers? Frank Starling Law of the Heart Peripheral resistance Venous pooling Valsalva maneuver
Frank Starling Law of the Heart
Which of the following effects may be experienced with overtraining? Lower levels of cortisol, which lead to an anabolic environment Elevated levels of cortisol, which lead to an anabolic environment Low levels of cortisol, which lead to an environment that is anabolic High levels of cortisol, which lead to a catabolic environment
High levels of cortisol, which lead to a catabolic environment
What effect would sleep deprivation have on growth hormone and cortisol levels? Inadequate sleep will increase growth hormone and cortisol levels. Inadequate sleep will decrease growth hormone and increase cortisol levels. Inadequate sleep will decrease growth hormone and cortisol levels. Inadequate sleep will increase growth hormone levels and decrease cortisol levels.
Inadequate sleep will decrease growth hormone and increase cortisol levels.
What change would lead to an increase in cardiac output during exercise? Increased heart rate Decreased heart rate Increased end-systolic volume Decreased stroke volume
Increased heart rate
Catecholamines are responsible for which of the following actions? Increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume Increased stroke volume and decreased heart rate Increased lipogenesis Increased lipolysis
Increased lipolysis
Which of the following effects of the cardiovascular system occurs during exercise? Decreased ventricular filling Venous pooling Increased ventricular filling Decreased venous return
Increased ventricular filling
Which of the following hormones have an anabolic function and have been shown to increase up to 48 hours following resistance training? Calcitonin Cortisol Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) Glucagon
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
What structure in the heart transfers the electrical signal from the sinoatrial (SA) node to the atrioventricular (AV) node? Internodal pathway Right bundle branch Intercalated discs Left bundle branch
Internodal pathway
Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood and pumps it to the body? Left atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Right atrium
Left ventricle
What terms identify states where levels are below 60 BPM or above 100 BPM?
Levels below 60 BPM are referred to as bradycardia and levels over 100 BPM are referred to as tachycardia
What area of the chest contains the heart? Atrium Myofibril Mediastinum Ventricle
Mediastinum
Which type of training would most likely lead to increased levels of testosterone, insulin-like growth factors, and growth hormone? Overload training that is of a high intensity with limited rest periods Overload training that is of a low intensity with limited rest periods Overload training that is of low intensity with prolonged rest periods Overload training that is of a high intensity with prolonged rest periods
Overload training that is of a high intensity with limited rest periods
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to provide the body with what gas? Carbon dioxide Platelets Water Oxygen
Oxygen
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for clotting mechanisms? Plasma Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells
Platelets
Where in the heart is the sinoatrial node located? Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle Right atrium
Right atrium
Which system is comprised of the airways and lungs? Digestive Respiratory Cardiovascular Endocrine
Respiratory
Which heart chamber gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava veins? Left ventricle Right ventricle Right atrium Left atrium
Right atrium
Which heart chamber receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs? Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Abnormal breathing may be associated with which of the following effects? Slow inhalation with expansion of the stomach Shallow rapid breaths with use of the sternocleidomastoid Deep breaths with use of the diaphragm Slow inhalation through the nose with limited chest movement
Shallow rapid breaths with use of the sternocleidomastoid
What anatomical heart structure is referred to as "the pacemaker of the heart"? Sinoatrial node Right bundle branch Intercalated discs Atrioventricular node
Sinoatrial node
What advice would enable a client to breathe properly? Sit with an increased kyphosis and slowly breathe in through your nose while minimizing abdominal movement. Sit upright and slowly breathe in through your nose while allowing your stomach to expand. Sit with an increased kyphosis and slowly breathe in through your nose while allowing your stomach to expand. Sit upright and slowly breathe in through your mouth while allowing your chest to expand.
Sit upright and slowly breathe in through your nose while allowing your stomach to expand.
What training tip would enhance the benefits of resistance training by helping increase growth hormone, testosterone, and epinephrine? Slowing down the contraction time for the concentric phase and speeding up the time for the eccentric phase Speeding up the contraction time for the eccentric phase and slowing down the time for the concentric phase Slowing down the speed of contractions during the eccentric and concentric phases Speeding up the contraction time for the eccentric and concentric phases
Slowing down the speed of contractions during the eccentric and concentric phases
Which of the following blood pressure values would be classified as normal according to the American Heart Association? Systolic 130 to 139 or diastolic 80 to 89 Systolic >180 and/or diastolic >120 Systolic 120 to 129 and diastolic <80 Systolic <120 and diastolic <80
Systolic <120 and diastolic <80
What breathing process should be minimized when training a client with high BP (hypertension) and why?
The Valsalva maneuver will temporarily increase blood pressure. This technique should be minimized when training a client diagnosed with high blood pressure (hypertension).
What is end-diastolic volume? The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction
The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction
What is stroke volume? The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
What is end-systolic volume? The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction
The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction
How can basal metabolic rate (BMR) best be defined? The amount of energy required to maintain the body when active The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest An anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development A method to help determine an individual's heart rate
The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest
The digestive system
The digestive system may be categorized into three functional regions: (1) the head and neck, which includes the mouth, (2) the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and (3) the lower GI tract. The food we eat and liquids we consume pass sequentially through the mouth into the upper GI tract, mainly composed of the stomach, and ultimately into the lower GI tract and through the rectum where the unused food and liquid is discarded as solid waste (feces)
The pathway for hormones secreted by the endocrine system may be described by which of the following? The target cell releases the hormone, which travels through the bloodstream to the gland to exert a particular action. The hormone is secreted by the bloodstream and travels to the gland to exert a particular effect. The gland secretes the hormone, which travels through the bloodstream to reach a target cell, where it binds to a receptor and influences a particular action. The gland secretes the hormone, which bypasses the bloodstream and binds to a receptor on the target cell to exert a particular action.
The gland secretes the hormone, which travels through the bloodstream to reach a target cell, where it binds to a receptor and influences a particular action.
What is cardiac output? The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute The volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat or contraction
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
What are epinephrine and norepinephrine?
They are two catecholamines - hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response
path of blood through the heart
To help remember the positioning of the heart's chambers and the path of blood flow through them, remember the following phrases: "A comes before V in the alphabet"—This signifies that blood will first flow into the Atria on top, then down to the Ventricles to be pumped out to either the lungs or body. "Right returns and left leaves"—This signifies that the right-side chambers collect returning deoxygenated blood from the body (right atrium) and send it to the lungs (right ventricle), while the left-side chambers collect oxygenated blood that has left the lungs (left atrium) and send it out to the body (left ventricle).
What type of vessel is responsible for carrying blood back to the heart? Capillaries Arterioles Arteries Veins
Veins
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: process of getting oxygen from the environment to the body tissues a. diffusion b. tachypnea c. bradypnea d. dyspnea
a. diffusion
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland a. hypothalamus b. pineal gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland
a. hypothalamus
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: process where oral muscles and teeth break down food a. mastication b. peristalsis c. digestion d. absorption
a. mastication
What term refers to the complex group of anatomical structures that function to break down, process, and absorb the food we eat? a. the digestive system b. the endocrine system c. the integumentary systems d. the anaerobic energy system
a. the digestive system
What term is used to describe the accumulation of blood in the extremities? a. venous pooling b. arterial pooling c. hypertension d. hypotension
a. venous pooling
What is an average resting heart rate for an untrained adult?
approximately 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM)
three major types of blood vessels
arteries, capillaries, veins
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: muscle action of the GI system that pushes food through the body a. mastication b. peristalsis c. digestion d. absorption
b. peristalsis
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: a small gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin a. hypothalamus b. pineal gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland
b. pineal gland
What term refers to the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction? a. tidal volume b. stroke volume c. end-systemic volume d. ventricular end-diastolic volume
b. stroke volume
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: a respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute a. diffusion b. tachypnea c. bradypnea d. dyspnea
b. tachypnea
What term describes the act of holding in breath during exercise while contracting abdominals? a. abdominal bracing b. valsalva maneuver c. thoracic pressurization d. intrathoracic depressurization
b. valsalva maneuver
What term is used to describe the amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest? a. homeostasis b. gluconeogenesis c. basal metabolic rate d. thermic effect of food
c. basal metabolic rate
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: a respiratory rate that is too slow, fewer than 8 breaths per minute a. diffusion b. tachypnea c. bradypnea d. dyspnea
c. bradypnea
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: a multistep process describing the passage of food through the body a. mastication b. peristalsis c. digestion d. absorption
c. digestion
What is the right side of the heart referred to as? BONUS: explain why a. the pump side b. the return side c. the pulmonic side d. the systemic side
c. the pulmonic side; because it receives blood from the body that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide—often referred to as deoxygenated blood. The deoxygenated blood is then pumped to the lungs to be saturated with oxygen.
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: endocrine gland, located in anterior neck, secretes many hormones a. hypothalamus b. pineal gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland
c. thyroid gland
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: gland located just above kidneys secretes catecholamines and cortisol a. hypothalamus b. pineal gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland
d. adrenal gland
Which of the following is the primary energy source during vigorous exercise? a. fat b. protein c. lactic acid d. carbohydrates
d. carbohydrates
Match the following definition with a term from the list below: shortness of breath or labored breathing a. diffusion b. tachypnea c. bradypnea d. dyspnea
d. dyspnea
What is the primary role of the respiratory system? a. to regulate heart rate b. the ensure brain perfusion c. to regulate blood pressure d. to ensure proper cellular function
d. to ensure proper cellular function
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
inspiration and expiration
The pancreas controls and secretes two hormones that work to regulate blood glucose. Name and describe them
insulin and glucagon
support mechanism of blood
transportation, regulation, and protection