Chapter Six Review + Quiz Questions

primary endocrine glands

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, pineal, and reproductive glands

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: process of nutrients being taken into the body's cells a. mastication b. peristalsis c. digestion d. absorption

d. absorption

Structures of the respiratory passages

1. Conducting Airways: Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, Trachea, right and left pulmonary bronchi, bronchioles 2. Respiratory airways: Alveoli and alveolar sacs

What would be considered a normal resting heart rate for a healthy sedentary person? 105 beats per minute 120 beats per minute 80 beats per minute 50 beats per minute

80 beats per minute

Which of the following processes describes the passage of digested food into the blood system to be processed for energy, nutrients, and tissue building? Motility Absorption Mastication Peristalsis

Absorption

What mechanism is responsible for increasing the rate of heart conduction? Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system Activation of the sympathetic nervous system Activation of the intercalated discs Activation of sarcomeres

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

The process of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in and out of the bloodstream occurs in what structure or structures? Pulmonary arteries Alveolar sacs Trachea Bronchioles

Alveolar sacs

How is BP expressed and what do those numbers reflect?

BP is reported as systolic/diastolic. The top number- systolic pressure - reflects the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts, whereas diastolic pressure (bottom number) reflects the arterial pressure during relaxation of the heart, when the heart fills with blood between beats.

Which of the following exercises would be most likely to contribute to an acute increase in testosterone levels? Calf raise Bench press Back squat Triceps extension

Back squat

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure (BP) is the measurement of pressure of circulating blood against the walls of arteries. Blood pressure measurement results are based on a person's cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Peripheral resistance would be increased if the arteries were constricted and decreased if the arteries were dilated (opened).

Which endocrine gland serves as a communication channel between the brain and pituitary gland? Hypothalamus Pancreas Stomach Liver

Hypothalamus

The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to remove what waste product? Carbon dioxide Platelets Water Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity? Central to the left and posterior to the spine Central to the right and anterior to the spine Central to the right and posterior to the spine Central to the left and anterior to the spine

Central to the left and anterior to the spine

Which of the following hormones, if increased at baseline, may be indicative of overtraining? Cortisol Thyroxin Testosterone Growth hormone

Cortisol

Food in the stomach is processed and then passes into what anatomical structure? Duodenum of the large intestine The ileum of the small intestine The ileum of the large intestine Duodenum of the small intestine

Duodenum of the small intestine

What are two ways to best improve the timely passage of food through the intestinal tracts and prevent constipation? Ensure adequate water intake, and engage in an exercise program that is inclusive of both aerobic and resistance training Perform a daily program of aerobic activity, and ensure increased protein consumption Ensure adequate water consumption, and avoid higher levels of physical activity Ensure adequate water and protein intake, and engage in an exercise program that is inclusive of resistance training

Ensure adequate water intake, and engage in an exercise program that is inclusive of both aerobic and resistance training

What term is used to describe the premise that increased ventricular filling improves contractile force of the heart as a result of greater stretch of cardiac fibers? Frank Starling Law of the Heart Peripheral resistance Venous pooling Valsalva maneuver

Frank Starling Law of the Heart

Which of the following effects may be experienced with overtraining? Lower levels of cortisol, which lead to an anabolic environment Elevated levels of cortisol, which lead to an anabolic environment Low levels of cortisol, which lead to an environment that is anabolic High levels of cortisol, which lead to a catabolic environment

High levels of cortisol, which lead to a catabolic environment

What effect would sleep deprivation have on growth hormone and cortisol levels? Inadequate sleep will increase growth hormone and cortisol levels. Inadequate sleep will decrease growth hormone and increase cortisol levels. Inadequate sleep will decrease growth hormone and cortisol levels. Inadequate sleep will increase growth hormone levels and decrease cortisol levels.

Inadequate sleep will decrease growth hormone and increase cortisol levels.

What change would lead to an increase in cardiac output during exercise? Increased heart rate Decreased heart rate Increased end-systolic volume Decreased stroke volume

Increased heart rate

Catecholamines are responsible for which of the following actions? Increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume Increased stroke volume and decreased heart rate Increased lipogenesis Increased lipolysis

Increased lipolysis

Which of the following effects of the cardiovascular system occurs during exercise? Decreased ventricular filling Venous pooling Increased ventricular filling Decreased venous return

Increased ventricular filling

Which of the following hormones have an anabolic function and have been shown to increase up to 48 hours following resistance training? Calcitonin Cortisol Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) Glucagon

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

What structure in the heart transfers the electrical signal from the sinoatrial (SA) node to the atrioventricular (AV) node? Internodal pathway Right bundle branch Intercalated discs Left bundle branch

Internodal pathway

Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood and pumps it to the body? Left atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Right atrium

Left ventricle

What terms identify states where levels are below 60 BPM or above 100 BPM?

Levels below 60 BPM are referred to as bradycardia and levels over 100 BPM are referred to as tachycardia

What area of the chest contains the heart? Atrium Myofibril Mediastinum Ventricle

Mediastinum

Which type of training would most likely lead to increased levels of testosterone, insulin-like growth factors, and growth hormone? Overload training that is of a high intensity with limited rest periods Overload training that is of a low intensity with limited rest periods Overload training that is of low intensity with prolonged rest periods Overload training that is of a high intensity with prolonged rest periods

Overload training that is of a high intensity with limited rest periods

The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to provide the body with what gas? Carbon dioxide Platelets Water Oxygen

Oxygen

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for clotting mechanisms? Plasma Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells

Platelets

Where in the heart is the sinoatrial node located? Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle Right atrium

Right atrium

Which system is comprised of the airways and lungs? Digestive Respiratory Cardiovascular Endocrine

Respiratory

Which heart chamber gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava veins? Left ventricle Right ventricle Right atrium Left atrium

Right atrium

Which heart chamber receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs? Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Abnormal breathing may be associated with which of the following effects? Slow inhalation with expansion of the stomach Shallow rapid breaths with use of the sternocleidomastoid Deep breaths with use of the diaphragm Slow inhalation through the nose with limited chest movement

Shallow rapid breaths with use of the sternocleidomastoid

What anatomical heart structure is referred to as "the pacemaker of the heart"? Sinoatrial node Right bundle branch Intercalated discs Atrioventricular node

Sinoatrial node

What advice would enable a client to breathe properly? Sit with an increased kyphosis and slowly breathe in through your nose while minimizing abdominal movement. Sit upright and slowly breathe in through your nose while allowing your stomach to expand. Sit with an increased kyphosis and slowly breathe in through your nose while allowing your stomach to expand. Sit upright and slowly breathe in through your mouth while allowing your chest to expand.

Sit upright and slowly breathe in through your nose while allowing your stomach to expand.

What training tip would enhance the benefits of resistance training by helping increase growth hormone, testosterone, and epinephrine? Slowing down the contraction time for the concentric phase and speeding up the time for the eccentric phase Speeding up the contraction time for the eccentric phase and slowing down the time for the concentric phase Slowing down the speed of contractions during the eccentric and concentric phases Speeding up the contraction time for the eccentric and concentric phases

Slowing down the speed of contractions during the eccentric and concentric phases

Which of the following blood pressure values would be classified as normal according to the American Heart Association? Systolic 130 to 139 or diastolic 80 to 89 Systolic >180 and/or diastolic >120 Systolic 120 to 129 and diastolic <80 Systolic <120 and diastolic <80

Systolic <120 and diastolic <80

What breathing process should be minimized when training a client with high BP (hypertension) and why?

The Valsalva maneuver will temporarily increase blood pressure. This technique should be minimized when training a client diagnosed with high blood pressure (hypertension).

What is end-diastolic volume? The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction

The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction

What is stroke volume? The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

What is end-systolic volume? The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction

The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction

How can basal metabolic rate (BMR) best be defined? The amount of energy required to maintain the body when active The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest An anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development A method to help determine an individual's heart rate

The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest

The digestive system

The digestive system may be categorized into three functional regions: (1) the head and neck, which includes the mouth, (2) the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and (3) the lower GI tract. The food we eat and liquids we consume pass sequentially through the mouth into the upper GI tract, mainly composed of the stomach, and ultimately into the lower GI tract and through the rectum where the unused food and liquid is discarded as solid waste (feces)

The pathway for hormones secreted by the endocrine system may be described by which of the following? The target cell releases the hormone, which travels through the bloodstream to the gland to exert a particular action. The hormone is secreted by the bloodstream and travels to the gland to exert a particular effect. The gland secretes the hormone, which travels through the bloodstream to reach a target cell, where it binds to a receptor and influences a particular action. The gland secretes the hormone, which bypasses the bloodstream and binds to a receptor on the target cell to exert a particular action.

The gland secretes the hormone, which travels through the bloodstream to reach a target cell, where it binds to a receptor and influences a particular action.

What is cardiac output? The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute The volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat or contraction

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

What are epinephrine and norepinephrine?

They are two catecholamines - hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response

path of blood through the heart

To help remember the positioning of the heart's chambers and the path of blood flow through them, remember the following phrases: "A comes before V in the alphabet"—This signifies that blood will first flow into the Atria on top, then down to the Ventricles to be pumped out to either the lungs or body. "Right returns and left leaves"—This signifies that the right-side chambers collect returning deoxygenated blood from the body (right atrium) and send it to the lungs (right ventricle), while the left-side chambers collect oxygenated blood that has left the lungs (left atrium) and send it out to the body (left ventricle).

What type of vessel is responsible for carrying blood back to the heart? Capillaries Arterioles Arteries Veins

Veins

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: process of getting oxygen from the environment to the body tissues a. diffusion b. tachypnea c. bradypnea d. dyspnea

a. diffusion

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland a. hypothalamus b. pineal gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland

a. hypothalamus

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: process where oral muscles and teeth break down food a. mastication b. peristalsis c. digestion d. absorption

a. mastication

What term refers to the complex group of anatomical structures that function to break down, process, and absorb the food we eat? a. the digestive system b. the endocrine system c. the integumentary systems d. the anaerobic energy system

a. the digestive system

What term is used to describe the accumulation of blood in the extremities? a. venous pooling b. arterial pooling c. hypertension d. hypotension

a. venous pooling

What is an average resting heart rate for an untrained adult?

approximately 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM)

three major types of blood vessels

arteries, capillaries, veins

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: muscle action of the GI system that pushes food through the body a. mastication b. peristalsis c. digestion d. absorption

b. peristalsis

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: a small gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin a. hypothalamus b. pineal gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland

b. pineal gland

What term refers to the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction? a. tidal volume b. stroke volume c. end-systemic volume d. ventricular end-diastolic volume

b. stroke volume

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: a respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute a. diffusion b. tachypnea c. bradypnea d. dyspnea

b. tachypnea

What term describes the act of holding in breath during exercise while contracting abdominals? a. abdominal bracing b. valsalva maneuver c. thoracic pressurization d. intrathoracic depressurization

b. valsalva maneuver

What term is used to describe the amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest? a. homeostasis b. gluconeogenesis c. basal metabolic rate d. thermic effect of food

c. basal metabolic rate

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: a respiratory rate that is too slow, fewer than 8 breaths per minute a. diffusion b. tachypnea c. bradypnea d. dyspnea

c. bradypnea

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: a multistep process describing the passage of food through the body a. mastication b. peristalsis c. digestion d. absorption

c. digestion

What is the right side of the heart referred to as? BONUS: explain why a. the pump side b. the return side c. the pulmonic side d. the systemic side

c. the pulmonic side; because it receives blood from the body that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide—often referred to as deoxygenated blood. The deoxygenated blood is then pumped to the lungs to be saturated with oxygen.

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: endocrine gland, located in anterior neck, secretes many hormones a. hypothalamus b. pineal gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland

c. thyroid gland

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: gland located just above kidneys secretes catecholamines and cortisol a. hypothalamus b. pineal gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland

d. adrenal gland

Which of the following is the primary energy source during vigorous exercise? a. fat b. protein c. lactic acid d. carbohydrates

d. carbohydrates

Match the following definition with a term from the list below: shortness of breath or labored breathing a. diffusion b. tachypnea c. bradypnea d. dyspnea

d. dyspnea

What is the primary role of the respiratory system? a. to regulate heart rate b. the ensure brain perfusion c. to regulate blood pressure d. to ensure proper cellular function

d. to ensure proper cellular function

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

inspiration and expiration

The pancreas controls and secretes two hormones that work to regulate blood glucose. Name and describe them

insulin and glucagon

support mechanism of blood

transportation, regulation, and protection