Chapters 10-14 Apush unit 4 vocabulary

Daniel Webster

"Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseperable." Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union. A great American orator. He gave several important speeches, first as a lawyer, then as a Congressman. He was a major representative of the North in pre-Civil War Senate debates, just as Sen. John C. Calhoun was the representative of the South in that time.

The essay of civil disobedience

"Resistance to Civil Government" ("Civil Disobedience") is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

Ostend Manifesto

"young america" movement, Pierce wanted to buy Cuba from Spain to spread democracy, a group of his reps sent him private doc from Belgium telling him to seize Cuba by force. leaked to public, north said it was conspiracy of trying to get another slave state, south didn't want new territory against slave system. A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848): Son of second president John Adams, John Quincy Adams served as secretary of State under James Monroe before becoming the sixth president of the United States. A strong advocate of national finance and improvement, Adams faced opposition from states' rights advocates in the South and West. His controversial election—the allegedly "corrupt bargain" of 1824—and his lack of political acumen further hampered his presidential agenda.

2nd Great Awakening

(1800-1840)Established religious fervor that was characterized by revivals and emotional preaching. Emphasized free will and the individuals role in determining his/her eternal fate. Charles Grandison Finney was its most prominent preacher; others included Peter Cartwright and the Beechers. Sign: helped spur a whole series of reform movements; increased membership in religions like Methodists and Baptists: encouraged blacks and women to play a key role in religious services.

William Lloyd garrison

(1805-1879) American journalist and reformer; he published the famous antislavery newspaper, the Liberator, and helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society, promoting immediate emancipation and racial equality. 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Frederick Douglas

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. A former slave who was an abolitionist, gifted with eloquent speech and self-educated. In 1838 he was "discovered" as a great abolitionist to give antislavery speeches. He swayed many people to see that slavery was wrong by publishing "Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass" which depicted slavery as being cruel. He also looked for ways politically to end slavery.

Missouri Compromise

(1820) An agreement between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Mexican American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. Ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago Polk wanted tdo also aquire California/New Mexico region. Polk resorted to an agressive method by sending troops to disputed area. US declared war on Mex. when hostilities arose. Americans captured Mexico City. Santa Anna fled, war ended

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848)-an early and influential women's rights convention, the first to be held in the west, in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19-20, 1848. It was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Philadelphia-based Lucretia Mott, a Quaker famous for her orating ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time. The local women, primarily members of a radical Quaker group, organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a skeptical non-Quaker who followed logic more than religion. (UNIT 4) A gathering of women who met in 1848 to call for equal rights for women, a position they articulated in their "Declaration of Sentiments".

Kansas-Nebraska act

(1854) Law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of the Missouri border to decide the slavery issue for themselves; fury over the resulting nullification of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 led to violence in Kansas and to the formation of the Republican party. ..., This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

"Bleeding Kansas"

(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state. A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Trail of Tears

(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. (1838-39) an 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory; resulted in the deaths of almost one-fourth of the Cherokee people

Underground Railroad

(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North A network of people and homes/safe houses that was used to help slaves escape. Many Quakers were involved in this network. Former slave Harriet Tubman, "The Black Moses," is the most famous of the "conductors" from the Underground Railroad.

The Mormon Trek

- Church of the Latter Day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, trekked across the Oregon Trail to escape persecution. - Joseph Smith revealed he had received a series of revelations to establish Christ's true Church - Published the book of Mormon- discovered and translated w/ the aid of an angel - A group of Jews had come to America in 68 BC. ,and were the ancestors of Native Americans - Committed to founding a Western Zion- state of Deserat - Resisted Annexation into US almost came to military - The Mormons were very fundamentalist believing they were the chosen ones. CR: Expansion, Religious movement, Smith, Brigham Young

"The Hospitality of Slave Row"

- Slave row was the groups of cabins that black field hands lived in on large plantations - On large plantations, the slaves rarely were in contact with their masters, and developed a strong community - They took care of each other - A new slave was welcomed and given a family - Matrilineal society because men were more likely to be sold than women - The slaves on large plantations were able to form small, isolated communities and always welcomed new members. Were a "family." CR- Antebellum South, Slavery, Matrilineal society

"The Great Unwashed"

- The common people who during the Jacksonian Democracy were regarded as qualified to hold gov't positions - For champions of popular government in Jacksonian Democracy, the people were likely sovereign and could do no wrong -"The voice of the people is the voice of God" - Disappearances of inherited social ranks and clearly defined aristocracy and privileged groups - Equality of opportunity (for white men) - No one could expect special privileges because of family -Common folk were unlikely to submit to their "betters" and treated privileged w/ scorn- "self-made man" - Decline of distinctions between classes - Common people gained a voice and power in the gov't- transfer of power from the elite to the common people

Andrew Jackson

..., The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

James Polk

11th President of the United States from Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration ..., president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Vesey Conspiracy

1822, whites in Charleston, South Carolina uncovered an extensive and well-planned conspiracy organized by a free black man named Denmark Vesey, to seize local armories, arm the slave population, and take possession of the city. Although this was nipped in the bud, in convinced South Carolinians that blacks were people they always needed to be on guard against.

"The tariff of Abominations"

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. This Tariff angered the South because they now had to pay for overpriced manufactored goods from wherever it came from. Northerner on the other hand welcomed it because it could allow them to increase their prices greatly and still cost less than imported goods. This angered some states so greatly South Carolina threatened to secede

Nullification Crisis

1832-33 was over the tariff policy of the Fed. Gov't during Jackson's presidency which prompted South Carolina to threaten the use of NULLIFICATION, possible secession and Andrew Jackson's determination to end with military force. (1832-1833) Showdown between Pres. Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

Webster-Ashburton treaty

1842 - Settled the dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border between the United States and Canada as well as the location of the border in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains -called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, to be enforced by both signatories

Gadsden Purchase

1853 - After the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo was signed, the U.S. realized that it had accidentally left portions of the southwestern stagecoach routes to California as part of Mexico. James Gadsen, the U.S. Minister to Mexico, was instructed by President Pierce to draw up a treaty that would provide for the purchase of the territory through which the stage lines ran, along which the U.S. hoped to also eventually build a southern continental railroad. This territory makes up the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico.

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories A party formed that was against slavery and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was formed in 1854. Abe Lincoln was a republican president. They wanted Kansas to be admitted as a free state, and they were against popular sovereignty to decide on the issue of slavery.

John Brown's Raid

1859. Harpers Ferry - attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing US Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia. defeated by detachment of US marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours most of Browns men were either killed or captured. Brown took over an arsenal in Harpers Farry Virginia to give weapons to give to slaves in hopes to start a rebellion. He killed many white men in their own homes because they were pro-slavery, He was hung and convicted of treason, there were 22 men in this raid 4 of which were his own sons

Sante Fe Trail

780 miles long, extending from Missouri to Sante Fe, New Mexico and was used for trade. For the first 150 miles they felt safe and traveled alone. After that, they traveled in groups of up to 100 wagons. At night, the trader formed the wagons into squares with their wheels interlocked forming a corral for horses, oxen and mules. They traded cloth, knives and guns for silver, gold and furs, then returned to the United States. 19th-century transportation route through central North America that connected Franklin, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico. Pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell, it served as a vital commercial and military highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880

Dred Scot't decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Worcester v. Georgia

A case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional. Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it March 3, 1832 Indians were on land without a license

Declaration of Sentiments

A document created at the Seneca Falls Convention spelling out all of the reasons the women attending believed they had the right to vote, earn equal rights, and enjoy the same freedoms that the opposite gender can. It commonly references collective history of the world and the US, and quotes the Declaration of Independence as part of its reasoning. The Declaration of Sentiments a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men The convention was held in: Seneca Falls, New York. The author of the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments was Elizabeth Cady Stanton who based it on the form of the United States Declaration of Independence. According to the North Star, published by Frederick Douglass, whose attendance at the convention and support of the Declaration helped pass the resolutions put forward, the document was the "grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women."Document cause controversy because of traditional gender roles.

Irish Potato Famine

A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.

Hudson River School

A group of landscape painters originally known as simply "American" or "Native" painters, the Hudson River School acquired its present name because of its early focus on the dramatic landscape of the Hudson River Valley in New York. While Thomas Cole is usually considered the "father" of the Hudson River tradition, other important painters including Asher Durand, Frederic Church, Albert Bierstadt, and Martin Johnson Heade contributed to the development of this movement. Highlighting the awesome, monumental quality of the American landscape, these artists were fundamentally optimistic about westward expansion and the promise of democracy. In their quest for new and spectacular effects, the Hudson River artists journeyed far beyond the Hudson River by the mid-nineteenth century, traveling to the Rocky Mountains, California, and even South America to record the expanse and grandeur of the continents.

Oregon Trail

A historical overland route to the western United States extending from various cities on the Missouri River to the Oregon Country and later Oregon Territory. The trail was opened in 1842, and by 1845 more than 3,000 migrants had made the arduous journey. After the coming of the railroad, the trail fell into disuse and was finally abandoned in the 1870s.

Jacksonian Democracy

A movement for democracy in American government that was led by Andrew Jackson during his presidency, this movement campaigned greater rights for the common man and was opposed to any signs of aristocracy in the nation. It was aided by the strong spirit of equality among the people of the newer settlements in the South and West. It was also aided by the extension of the vote in eastern states to men without property; in the early days of the United States, many places had allowed only male property owners to vote. It was also attributed to the spoils system, strict constructionism and laissez-faire economics. In his democracy he also added another cabinet to the White House, known as the Kitchen Cabinet. this term describes the spirit of the age led by Andrew Jackson. During this period, more offices became elective, voter restrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Part, led by Jackson appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government, governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power.

Abolition

A person who favors the abolition of a practice, especially capital punishment or slavery.

Fugitive Slave law

A rule that was written in the Compromise of 1850 that stated: If a slave goes from the South to the North, they are a fugitive slave and can be returned to the South. It also included the deputization of ordinary citizens so that they were unable to refuse to help. Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Temperance Movement

A social movement, born in the 19th century, to reduce the consumption of alcohol in America. This movement was popular among women, who had to face their husbands and fathers "drinking away" the family savings, and dealt with alcohol related problems such as job loss, violence, and domestic abuse

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in a aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities.

Free Blacks

African Americans who were free rather than slaves at the time that slavery still existed in the United States; prohibited from certain occupations, barred from some Northern states, often in competition with whites for jobs

Compromise of 1859

Agreement over slavery by which California joined the Union as free state, Mexican Cession divided into two (Utah and New Mexico), slave trade banned in Washington DC and set a strict fugitive slave law a package of 5 bills passed which defused a 4 year confrontation between slave states and free states regarding the status of territories acquire during the Mexican-American War.

Cult of Domesticity

Also known as the Cult of True Womanhood. Women were supposed to embody perfect virtue in all senses. The women who abided by and promoted these standards were generally literate and lived in the northeast, particularly New York and Massachusetts. Women were put in the center of the domestic sphere and were expected to fulfill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and faithful wife, and a passive, delicate, and virtuous creature. These women were also expected to be pious and religious, teaching those around them by their Christian beliefs, and expected to unfailingly inspire and support their husbands. Piety, Purity, Submission, Domesticity.

Racism

An active expression of prejudice or discrimination based on inherited characteristics of ethnicity or cultural group membership (e.g., skin color makes one race superior or inferior to another).

54 40 or fight!

An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan - the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54º40' latitude. Polk settled for the 49º latitude in 1846. slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.

Nativism

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. The political and social force in the U.S. that opposed the increase of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, Africa and Asia; a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones. Response to the increased immigration in the 1840s, it reflected a fear that the united states was being taken over by foreigners. Nativism found a political expression in the American party, aka the Know-Nothing party, which was founded in 1854 on a program of controlling immigration and requiring a longer naturalization period; the party was strongly anti-Catholic.

Nat Turner Revolt

An uprising of slaves in Southampton County, Virginia, in the summer of 1831 led by Nat Turner which resulted in the death of 55 white people. (Turner did this on religious basis, believed God had "told him" to do it). It had a huge impact on Virginia and the southern states (they got freaked out, led to super strict laws in the south, couldn't leave w/o permission, couldn't travel, no religious services w/o a white person there, couldn't be taught to read, white men had to serve on slave patrol)

Whigs

Conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster "Opposition to the monarchy". The Whigs first emerged as a identifiable group in the Senate where Clay, Webster and Calhoun joined forces in 1834 to pass a motion censuring Jackson for his single-handed removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. The Whigs evolved into a potent national political force by attracting other groups alienated by Jackson. Whigs thought of themselves as conservatives, yet they were progressive in their support of active government programs and reforms.

Wilmot Proviso

Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

"King Cotton"

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

American Colonial Society

Founded in 1817; transported blacks back to Africa; indirectly caused the Republic of Liberia to be founded in western Africa in 1822 ( capital : Monrovia ) an organization founded in 1816, that proposed to solve the "Negro problem" by transporting freed slaves from the USA although the society purchased land in Africa (Liberia), few African Americans chose to resettle there Most significant WHITE antislavery organization in 1810/1820s. Established a colony in Africa called Liberia to send freed slaves. Pushed for gradual emancipation as they felt immediate would be too opposed.

Alexis deTocueville

French sociologist and political theorist Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) traveled to the United States in 1831 to study its prisons and returned with a wealth of broader observations that he codified in "Democracy in America" (1835), one of the most influential books of the 19th century. With its trenchant observations on equality and individualism, Tocqueville's work remains a valuable explanation of America to Europeans and of Americans to themselves.

Slave Auctions

Here, slaves were sold to planters based on the highest bid; they were treated and sold like property, alongside cattle and other goods. Slaves worried most about becoming separated from their families. a sale in which slaves were sold to planters who bid for them; slaves were treated as property, and sold in the same way that property was sold; at these sales, slaves worried most about becoming separated from their families

Hinton R. Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South

Hinton Rowan Helper (December 27, 1829 - March 8, 1909) was a Southern US critic of slavery during the 1850s. In 1857, he published a book which he dedicated to the "nonslaveholding whites" of the South. The Impending Crisis of the South, written partly in North Carolina but published when the author was in the North, argued that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders, and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South. Anger over his book due to the belief he was acting as an agent of the North attempting to split Southern Whites along class lines led to Southern denunciations of 'Helperism'.[1]

Manumission

In 1782 Virginia passed a law encouraging voluntary freeing of enslaved people, especially for those who had fought in the Revolution. -A formal emancipation from slavery, the act (by an individual owner or government authority) of granting freedom to an enslaved person or person

The Lowell girls

In a textile mill at Lowell, MA, all of the workers were New England farm girls. They were supervised on and off the job, and given escort to and from church. They had only some opportunities to express discontentment about their working conditions.

Public Education

In the 1830s interests in public education grew rapidly and was a reflection of the new belief in the innate capacity of every person and of society's obligation to tap that capacity. One government service you know about is the public school system in which you are a part of! Most communities have a board of education or, school board. Its members make decions and solve problems for the community's schools.

"Stump Speeches"

In the weeks leading up to the general election, candidates focus on speeches. Basic campaign speech used by candidates in most campaign appearances. "Prepared speech repeated endlessly" Andrew Jackson does these for 4 years. Talks about the evil of John Q. Adams administration and ends up winning the next election.

Urbanization

Industrialization and population growth strongly encouraged migration and urbanization. Within industrial societies, migrants flocked from the countryside to urban centers in search of work. Industrial Britain led the world in urbanization. In 1800 about 1/5 of the British population lived in towns and cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants. During the following century a largely rural society became predominantly urban, with 3/4 of the population working and living in cities. This pattern repeated itself in continental Europe, the US, Japan, and the rest of the world. The increasing size of cities reflected this internal migration.

"The War on the Bank"

Jackson wanted to destroy the bank, charted 'private banks'

"King Andrew"

Jackson's lust for power and control gained him this nickname among members of the Whig party

Miners 49ers

James Marshall found gold while working for John Sutter at his ranch in northern California on January 24, 1848. He had been hired to build a mill for Sutter. This place would enter American lore as 'Sutter's Mill'. Word quickly spread through California, the rest of America and eventually the world and people flocked to California to make their fortune. In fact, according to some estimates, the population increased by 86,000 people in two years. Most of these treasure seekers left for California in 1849, hence our name for them: 49ers. Many of the 49ers themselves picked an appropriate name from Greek mythology: Argonauts.

Matrilineal Society

Kin relationships are traced through the mother. At birth children became a part of their mother's clan, not their father's. The clan have female leaders. Mothers selected the brides for their sons. The newlyweds moved to the bride's clan. children trace their ancestors through their mothers, young men inherit wealth and land from their mother's family, even in this society men hold positions of authority

States as the "laboratory of Democracy"

Laboratories of democracy is a phrase popularized by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis in New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann to describe how a "state may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country."[1] Brandeis was an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939. This concept explains how within the federal framework, there exists a system of state autonomy where state and local governments act as social "laboratories," where laws and policies are created and tested at the state level of the democratic system, in a manner similar (in theory, at least) to the scientific method. The Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that "all powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to [from] the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." This is a basis for the "laboratories of democracy" concept, because the Tenth Amendment assigns most day-to-day governance responsibilities, including general "police power", to the state and local governments. Because there are 50 semi-autonomous states, different policies can be enacted and tested at the state level without directly affecting the entire country. As a result, a diverse patchwork of state-level government practices is created.

"The specie Circular"

Law signed by President Jackson requiring lands in the west be paid for with gold or silver. Put in place to limit land speculation, it was supposed to help the "common man". This was a primary cause of the panic of 1837. after August 1836 only gold, silver, or VA scrip would be acceptable as payment for land; reduced purchases and surplus but demand for gold and silver squeezed the banks so congress repealed it was signed by Jackson in July of 1836. It was an act that required people to use specie only to purchase public lands. This caused the banks to give out fewer loans than they used to. This was important because it was a major reason for the depression.

Being Sold "Down River"

Louisville had one of the largest slave trades in the United States before the Civil War, and much of the city's initial growth is attributed to that trade. Shifting agricultural needs produced an excess of slaves in Kentucky, and many were sold from here and other parts of the Upper South to the Deep South. In 1820, the slave population was at its height at nearly 26% of the Kentucky population, but by 1860, that proportion had dropped significantly, even though this percentage still represented over 10,000 people. Through the 1850s, slave traders sold 2500-4000 slaves annually from Kentucky down river.[39] The expression "sold down the river" originated as a lament of eastern slaves being split apart from their families in sales to Louisville. Slave traders collected slaves there until they had enough to ship in a group via the Ohio and Mississippi rivers down to the slave market in New Orleans. There slaves were sold again to owners of cotton and sugar cane plantations.[40][41] Louisville was the turning point for many enslaved blacks. If they could get from there across the Ohio River, called the "River Jordan" by escaping slaves, they had a chance for freedom in Ohio and other northern states. They had to evade capture by bounty-seeking slave catchers, but many were aided by the Underground Railroad to get further north for freedom.

Mrs. Peggy Eaton

Margaret O'Neill (or O'Neale) Eaton (December 3, 1799 - November 8, 1879), better known as Peggy Eaton, was the daughter of Rhoda Howell and William O'Neale,the owner of Franklin House, a popular Washington, D.C. hotel. Peggy was noted for her beauty, wit and vivacity. Through her marriage to United States Senator John Henry Eaton, she had a central role in the Petticoat affair that disrupted the Cabinet of Andrew Jackson. The Petticoat affair, also known as the Eaton affair, was an 1830-1831 U.S. scandal involving members of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet and their wives. Although starting over a private matter, it quickly escalated into a huge scandal. The aftermath of the affair affected the political careers of several men and resulted in the informal "Kitchen Cabinet". The 1936 film The Gorgeous Hussy is based on the affair.

Asylum Movement

Movement which called attention to the increasing numbers of criminals, emotionally disturbed persons, and paupers. Often these people were forced to live in wretched conditions and were regularly either abused or neglected by their caretakers. reformers proposed setting up new public institutions - state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses. They hoped that the inmates would be cured of their antisocial behavior as a result of being withdrawn from squalid surroundings and treated to a disciplined pattern of life in some rural setting

Negro Spirituals

Negro spirituals were primarily expressions of religious faith. Some may also have served as socio-political protests veiled as assimilation to white American culture. They originated among enslaved Africans in the United States. Slavery was introduced to the British colonies in the early 17th century, and enslaved people largely replaced indentured servants as an economic labor force during the 17th century. In the United States, these people would remain in bondage for the entire 18th century and much of the 19th century. Most were not fully emancipated until the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Popular Sovereignty

Our Declaration of Independence proclaimed, "All men are created equal." A pluralist society best recognizes this truth. In a true democratic form of government ALL types of individuals and groups compete equally for influence and power in order to make public policy. Elitist societies can be democratic, however, they do not recognize the value of ALL and place more power and privilege with certain classes of people. Power, elites argue, cannot be entrusted to ALL. There is a viable debate as to whether or not America is truly pluralistic or in fact elitist.

Camp Meetings

Popular evangelical Christian revivals held mostly in the rural South and West during the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s and 40s and characterized by heated sermons on hellfire and damnation and sin and repentance delivered primarily by Baptist and Methodist prechers

The Shaker Community

Shaker communities were established in the United States beginning in 1784 in the New England states and then spread to the Midwestern states. Communities of Shakers were governed by area bishoprics and within the communities individuals were grouped into "family" units and worked together to manage daily activities. As the number of living Shakers diminished, Shaker villages ceased to exist. Some of their buildings became historic districts under the National Register of Historic Places and museums, such as the Shaker Museum and Library, now called Shaker Museum|Mount Lebanon, in New York.

Free-soil Act

The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. Founded in Buffalo, New York, it was a third party and a single-issue party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State. The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. They opposed slavery in the new territories (agreeing with the Wilmot Proviso) and sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such as Ohio. The party membership was largely absorbed by the Republican Party in 1854-1856, by way of the Anti-Nebraska movement.

The "no nothing party"

The Know Nothing movement was an American political movement that operated on a national basis during the mid-1850s. It promised to purify American politics by limiting or ending the influence of Irish Catholics and other immigrants, thus reflecting nativism and anti-Catholic sentiment. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, whom they saw as hostile to republican values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, but met with little success. Membership was limited to Protestant men. There were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class membership fragmented over the issue of slavery.

The Mexican session

The Mexican Cession of 1848 is a historical name in the United States for the region of the modern day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, but had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande which had been claimed by the Republic, though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified Texas's southern and western boundary. The Mexican Cession (529,000 sq. miles) was the third largest acquisition of territory in US history. The largest was the Louisiana Purchase, with some 820,000 sq. miles followed by the acquisition of Alaska (about 586,000 sq. miles).

Oregon Compromise

The Oregon Treaty[1] is a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country, which had been jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S. since the Treaty of 1818.

The Tidewater Aristocracy

The TIDEWATER ARISTOCRATS were the fortunate few who lived in stately plantation manors with hundreds of servants and slaves at their beck and call. Most plantation owners took an active part in the operations of the business. Surely they found time for leisurely activities like hunting, but on a daily basis they worked as well. The distance from one plantation to the next proved to be isolating, with consequences even for the richest class. Unlike New England, who required public schooling by law, the difficulties of travel and the distances between prospective students impeded the growth of such schools in the South. Private tutors were hired by the wealthiest families.

The Peculiar Institution

The anti-abolitionists; Blamed blacks for white men's slow working methods; Used the Bible and wisdom of Aristotle to support slavery Group caused racism and economic profitably from slaves; Group caused antislavery societies to be formed; Encouraged religion and culture to the blacks; Stanley Elkins researched this group and wrote a study called Slavery in 1959, which compared slavery to concentration camps of World War II Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the 1st half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North and South.

Election of 1860

The election in which Abraham Lincoln was first elected President due to the schism of the Democrats. Caused a chain reaction of southern states to secede from the Union since they were afraid of Lincoln's policies. the country was at a boiling point regarding slavery, the Democratic Party split along the sectional lines over the issue. The northern Democrats18 supported slavery in the new territories as determined by popular sovereignty and nominated Stephen Douglas. The southern Democrats, wanted federal60 protection of slavery in the territories, nominated Vice President John Breckinridge of Kentucky

Sectional Crisis

The problems faced by the U.S. government in the 1850s when the southern states threatened to leave the union. Final crisis led to South seceding from the Union and the Civil War (bloodiest U. S. war) in 1861. 297

Great Bear Revolt

The term "California Republic" appeared only on the flag the insurgents raised in Sonoma.[6] It indicated their aspiration of forming a republican government for California. The insurgents elected military officers but no civil structure was ever established.[7] The flag featured an image of a grizzly bear and became known as the Bear Flag and the revolt as the Bear Flag Revolt. Three weeks later, on July 5, 1846, the Republic's military of 100 to 200 men was subsumed into the California Battalion commanded by U.S. Army Brevet Captain John C. Frémont. The Bear Flag Revolt and whatever remained of the "California Republic" ceased to exist on July 9 when U.S. Navy Lieutenant Joseph Revere raised the United States flag in front of the Sonoma Barracks and sent a second flag to be raised at Sutter's Fort.[8]

Old South

The term refers to the slave holding states between 1830 and 1860, when slave labor and cotton production dominated the economies of the southern states. The period is also known as the "antebellum era" "antebellum era" 1830-1860 southern slave labor states that produced cotton which dominated the economy of the South

The Maysville Road Veto

The veto by Jackson, who invigorated the philosphy of limited government, for the building of the Maysville road which would have contructed a major turnpike in KY. He charged that such projects properly a state responsibility. This veto undermined Henry Clay's nationalist and signified a major federal-state issue when President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the Federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky. Its advocates regarded it as a part of the national Cumberland Road system. Congress passed a bill in 1830 providing federal funds to complete the project. Jackson vetoed the bill on the grounds that federal funding of intrastate projects of this nature was unconstitutional. He declared that such bills violated the principle that the government shouldn't be an economic affair. Jackson also pointed out that funding for these kinds of projects interfered with the paying off of the national debt.

House servant

They worked within the household and their physical labor was less arduous, but they enjoyed less privacy and were under the constant scrutiny of their master. Female slaves who were house servants were also at more risk of sexual exploitation by their master.

The "working class"

This class also contains roughly 30% of the population, many of whom work at semi-skilled, routine and repetitive jobs where they are closely supervised. A distinctive feature of this class may include that fact that workers from this class merely take orders and are neither compensated for their ideas nor are they involved in the decision making process of the organization for which they work A new middle class group resulting from the rise of industrial capitalism. Consisted of the new industrial entrepreneurs, people who constructed the factories, purchased the machines, and figured out where the markets were. Many came from a mercantile background, such as a man named Joshua Fielden who ran a family sheep farm and worked looms in the farmhouse. He was also able to establish a factory.

"Young America"

This ideologically conservative political organization was founded in 1969 as a coalition between Conservative and Libertarians. They did various rallies including the one in Madison Square Garden. They sided with Barry Goldwater and helped him win the nomination. This group was significant because they had their hand in various political elections including the nomination of Barry Goldwater and they helped prevent Firestone Tire Company from building a plant in communist Romania. (YAF 1960) conservative youth organization critical of liberal public policy, govt. economic involvement, changes in social mores, & "containment" foreign policy ---> strong support for Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign ---> 1980s conservative activists conservative, limited government, freedom entailed states rights and individual rights, no mention of civil rights in their documents, freedom from government intrusion in economy, worried about the threat of international communism, aggressive foreign policy, felt country was moving in the wrong direction, low taxes, goal of government should be in facing communism

Manifest Destiny

This was the term used, throughout the 1840s, to describe Americans' belief that they were destined by God to spread their beliefs across the continent. This sense of duty created a sense of unity among the nation and stimulated westward expansion. The term itself was coined by John O'Sullivan in an 1845 magazine article. The concept justified westward expansion in all its forms and ramifications, including the Mexican War, the persecution of the Indians, and other such ethnocentric acts.

Transindentalism

Transcendentalism is a religious and philosophical movement that developed during the late 1820s and '30s[1] in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest against the general state of spirituality and, in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among the transcendentalists' core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both people and nature. They believe that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupt the purity of the individual. They have faith that people are at their best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed.

German Immigration

William Penn had initially been pleased with German Industrialism and wished for them to come to his new colony. The Germans weren't as poor as the irish and those who came over were able to leave the cities, they settled together creating "Little Germanies". There, they farmed and maintained the social and cultural aspects of their old life. 2nd largest group of immigrants. some came to u.s. for political reasons. some fled after the failed revolution in 1848. others came for religous freedom but, most came here for economic opportunity., William Penn had initially been pleased with German Industrialism and wished for them to come to his new colony. The Germans weren't as poor as the irish and those who came over were able to leave the cities, they settled together creating "Little Germanies". There, they farmed and maintained the social and cultural aspects of their old life.

The lone star republic

With discontent over Texas increasing throughout Mexico, the Mexican president General Santa Anna declared himself dictator and marched his army toward Texas. Fearing that Santa Anna would free their slaves, Texans rebelled. After initial defeats at the Alamo mission in San Antonio and at Goliad in March 1836, the Texans won the conflict by year's end. They declared themselves the Lone Star Republic and elected Sam Houston as president. The Texas constitution legalized slavery and banned free blacks.

African Methodist Episcopal Church

a predominantly African American Methodist denomination based in the United States. It was founded by the Rev. Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816 from several black Methodist congregations in the mid-Atlantic area that wanted independence from white Methodists. Allen was elected its first bishop in 1816

Poor White Trash

also known as "crackers" of "sand hillers" who occupied the barren lands and lived in miserable cabins in genuine destitution, many did not own land and supported themselves by hunting and foraging, some worked as common laborers but often found they could not support themselves and resorted to eating clay and suffered from pellagra, hookworm and malaria

Cash Economy

an economy where we exchange money for goods and services barter to cash system- separated contact between worker and owner

Cotton Mills

by the 1840s entrepeneurs in GA began investing in cotton mills most of the South's postwar industrial growth came from the erection of what type of structures marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in britain

Texas Annexation

e Texas annexation was the 1845 incorporation into the United States of America of the Republic of Texas, which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state. After declaring their independence from the Republic of Mexico in 1836, the vast majority of Texas citizens favored the annexation of the Lone Star Republic by the United States.[1] The leadership of both major American political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, strenuously objected to introducing Texas, a vast slave-holding region, into the volatile political climate of the pro- and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress.[2] Moreover, they wished to avoid a war with Mexico, whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province.[3] With Texas's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s, the President of the Texas Republic, Sam Houston, arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence, with Great Britain mediating.[4][5] In 1843, President of the United States John Tyler, unaligned with any political party, decided, as chief executive, to independently pursue the annexation of Texas in a bid to gain a base of popular support for another four years in office.[6] His official motivation was to outmaneuver suspected diplomatic efforts by the British government to promote a general emancipation of slaves in Texas that would weaken the institution of human bondage in the United States.[7][8] Initiating and impelling secret annexation negotiations with the Houston administration, Tyler secured a treaty of annexation in April 1844. When the documents were submitted to the US Senate for ratification, the details of the terms of annexation became public and the question of acquiring Texas took center stage in the presidential election of 1844. Pro-Texas annexationist southern Democratic delegates denied their anti-annexationist leader Martin Van Buren the nomination at their party's convention in May 1844. In alliance with pro-expansionist northern Democratic colleagues, they secured the unanimous nomination of James K. Polk, who ran on a pro-Texas Manifest Destiny platform.

Field Hand

the lowest class of slaves, they worked in the fields from sunup to sundown worked in the fields and lived in slave cabins on "the street," classified by the amount of work they did

Entrepreneurship

the process of bringing together the three factors of production - natural resources, labor and capital - the person who does this is an entrepreneur Capacity and willingness to undertake conception, organization, and management of a productive venture with all attendant risks, while seeking profit as a reward. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, and an essential component of a nation's ability to succeed in an ever-changing and more competitive global marketplace.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Many copies were sold in the north, france, and britain which foreshadows the help Britian gave to the north during the Civil War A book by harriet beacher stowe about her vision of slaves, a lot of people didnt want others knowing how bad slavery actually was, but now they know because of the book explaining deatails about slavery.