Chapters 19-21 Test
Nativism
(philosophy) the philosophical theory that some ideas are innate, the policy of perpetuating native cultures (in opposition to acculturation)
Bland Allision Act
1878 law that required the federal gov to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation, Called for the partial coinage of silver
Socialist Party
Political parties formed in the unity of an international organization with a set beliefs inspired by the writings of Karl Marx. They desired economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income. Their goal was to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and nationalize American industries
Election of 1896
Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency., (BH) 1890 , In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878.
MOngrel Tariff
Tariff of 1883, a compromise measure that satisfied nobody. Duties were lowered on a few items, but increased on most manufactured goods., 1883, diverse percentages for different commodities; provided for a slight rate reduction, but it actually raised the duty on some articles;
Angel Island
The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.
William McKinley
The twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last veteran of the Civil War to be elected. By the 1880s, this Ohio native was a nationally known Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his McKinley Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups.
WIlliam Jennings Bryan
This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.
Muckrakers: Lincoln Steffens and Political Machines
This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.
Gospel of wealth
This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
Salvation Army
This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality., established by "General" William Booth, uniformed volunteers provided food, shelter, and employment to families, attracted poor with lively preaching and marching bands in order to instill middle-class virtues
Populist Party
U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies, U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies
John D. Rockerfeller
US industrialist and founder of the Standard Oil Company, dominated the Oil industry, and was the first american business trust, often referred to as the richest person in history, this man founded Standard Oil and became a philanthropist who contributed to many worthy projects including but not limited to medicine, scientific research and education.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.
Andrew Carnegie
United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919), Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"
Lincoln Steffens
United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.
Samuel Gompers
United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924), He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.
YMCA
Young Men's Christian Association, Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities., Also known as "Young Men's Christian Association." The first one was opened in Boston MA, 1853. Goal of this organization was to put Christian principles into practice by promoting a healthy; mind, body, and spirit.
American Federation of Labor
a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955, Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor. Looked towards skilled craftsman.
Interstate Commerce Commission
a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states, created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland;regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers.
Protective Tarrif
a tax on goods manufactured from another country to the benefit of the home economy, protected bussinesses and manufaturers from foriegn competition
Ellis Island
an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States, An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
authorized a bipartisan civil service commision to make appointments to federal jobs through the merit system on the basis of preformance on an examintaion, -Sponsored by Senator George Pendleton. =>It reformed the spoils system by prohibiting government workers from making political contributions *Created a civil service commission to oversee appointments on the basis of merit instead of politics.
Silver vs Gold Standard
imbalance of gold and silver in economy; silver increased amount of currency in circulation while gold was more stable but limited money supply, Silver increased the amount of currency in circulation. Gold was more stable, but limited money supply.
Pullman Strike
in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing, 1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery
New Immigrants vs Old Immigrants
old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking better life; new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching for opportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often did not stay in the US, immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe vs. Old Immigration was the period of time before the late 19th century when the immigrants moved to the United States from Northern or Western Europe. Most of the immigrants moved from such countries as Britain, France, Germany, Ireland or Scandinavia
Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west, a railroad that connected the eastern United States to the western United States. The railroad firmly bonded the West Coast the Union, created a trade route to the far-east, and helped the western expansion
Settlement House Movement
Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous, Starting in England, they were houses which connected the students of universities with their neighbors in slum cities. These houses helped education, savings, sports, and arts for people.
Republican Party Gilded Age
Dominates the presidency throughout this age, and has the support of the farmers, high tariffs., gold standard, high tariffs, and limits on immigration describe these positions of a particular party, Viewed the government as an agent of moral reform, supported protective tariffs, and did not object to direct government action
Industrial Workers of the World
Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity., a former international labor union and radical labor movement in the United States
Haymarket Affair
1886 incident that made unions, particularly the Knights of Labor, look violent because a bomb exploded during a protest of striking workers., a riot during an anarchist protests at Haymarket Square in Chicago in May 1886, over violence during the McCormick Harvester Company Strike, the deaths of 11, including 7 policemen, helped hasten the demise of the Knights of Labor, even though they were not responsible. It grew out of agitation for an 8-hour work day. The Anarchists had scheduled an open meeting following the death of a striker, as the crowd began to break up violence erupted causing the affair. It caused a widespread revulsion against labor unions
Knights of Labor
1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed, one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Caters to skilled and unskilled workers, everyone. Boycotts over Strikes, eight hour work day.
Electricity
A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.
Tariff Commission (1882)
Arthur appointed this special commission to study the problem of high protective tariffs. Some argued that lower tariff would reduce prices, the cost of living and leave more money in circulation. The commission recommended that rates be reduced by 20 to 25%. Arthur endorsed., allowed promising degree of flexibility, allowed reduction of increase of duties by as much as 50%
J.P Morgan
Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
Election of 1892
James Weaver of Iowa, was the Populist candidate for President and won 1 million votes (also won electoral votes); lost badly in the South and failed to attack urban workers in the North; Harrison vs. Cleveland again and Cleveland won because of the unpopularity of the high-tax McKinley tariff (first president to serve two unconsecutive terms), Former President Grover Cleveland ran for re-election against the incumbent President Benjamin Harrison also running for re-election. Cleveland defeated Harrison, thus becoming the only person in US history to be elected to a second, non-consecutive presidential term. The campaign centered mainly on the issue of a sound currency. The new Populist Party, formed by groups from the Grange, the Farmers' Alliances, and the Knights of Labor, polled more than a million votes.
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over., He was the president and the organizer of the American Railway Union. He organized the Pullman Strike and helped organized the Social Democratic party.
William Haywood
Leader of the IWW ( Industrial Workers of the World ) whose goal was to organize all workers into one union to overthrow Capitalism, Leader of the Industrial Workers of the World who promoted the concept of one all-inclusive union whose credo would be the promotion of socialism.
American Railway Union
Led by Eugene Debs, they started the Pullman strike, composed mostly of railroad workers., Led by Eugene Debs, he refused to handle Pullman cars and equiptment. Within a few days thousands of railroad workers and territories were on strike. Transportation from chicago to the Pacific Coast was paralyzed.
Social Gospel
Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization
Dingley Tarrif
raised tariffs in United States. Under the Act, tariff rates reached a new high, averaging 46.5%, and in some cases up to 57%. The Republican President William McKinley fully supported the bill.
MicKinley Tarrif
raised tax on american shippers
Spoils System
the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power, the practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.
