Chapters 21 &23

Where does enzymatic digestion occur in the body? Select all that apply. Stomach Liver Small intestines Mouth

Stomach Small intestines Mouth

What is metabolism?

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

zwitterions contain both a + and - charge (T or F)

T

A molecule of ______ is produced during the formation of a peptide bond. Multiple choice question. ammonia carbon dioxide water

water

Digested in stomach and small intestines

Proteins

At a pH of 2 glycine has a ____charge

+1

At a pH of 11 glycine has a ____charge

-1

Catabolic pathways are organized into ______ stages.

4

Isoelectric point(pI) of basic amino acid

7.6-10.8

component(s) present in most naturally occurring amino acids.

A carboxyl group An alpha-carbon An amino group

What energy-carrying molecule is created during the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?

ATP

What product arises from monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids during the second stage of catabolism?

Acetyl CoA

Series of reactions that regenerates the first reactant

Cyclic Metabolic Pathway

How does the body get energy from food?

Food is broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy.

Which statements correctly describe metabolism in a cell? Select all that apply. No energy changes occur in cellular reactions. Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Small molecules are combined into larger ones.

Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Small molecules are combined into larger ones.

Series of reactions that generates a final product different from any of the reactants

Linear metabolic pathway

Digested through emulsification by bile and hydrolysis in small intestines

Lipids

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Mitochondria

Where does the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation take place?

Mitochondria

A proper dipeptide bond will have what structure contained within?

O=C-NH

This process alters the three-dimensional shape of a protein by disrupting the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

Protein Denaturation

This process involves breaking the amide bonds between the amino acids that make up the primary structure.

Protein Hydrolysis

Which of the following statements describe the roles of proteins? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. Proteins give structure and support to tissue and cells. Proteins defend the body against foreign substances. Proteins store genetic information for a particular organism. Proteins regulate the body's metabolism.

Proteins give structure and support to tissue and cells. Proteins defend the body against foreign substances. Proteins regulate the body's metabolism.

The shape that is adopted by two or more proteins coming together into a single complex is known as the

Quarternary structure

This level of structure is formed when two or more peptides form a protein complex.

Quaternary structure

This level of structure is stabilized by London dispersion forces, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions, and disulfide bonds formed between the side chains of amino acids.

Tertiary

Identify the most significant difference between tertiary structures and quaternary structures. Tertiary structures involve a single polypeptide chain while quaternary structures involve two or more polypeptide chains. Tertiary structures contain alpha-helices while quaternary structures contain beta-sheets. Tertiary structures are stabilized by disulfide bonds while quaternary structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary structures involve a single polypeptide chain while quaternary structures involve two or more polypeptide chains.

the most significant difference between tertiary structures and quaternary structures.

Tertiary structures involve a single polypeptide chain while quaternary structures involve two or more polypeptide chains.

Primary Structure Protein

The particular sequence of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds

Which of the following statements correctly describes the primary structure of a protein? The primary structure of a protein is the particular sequence of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds. The primary structure of a protein is the shape adopted when two or more folded polypeptide chains come together into one protein complex. The primary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional arrangement of localized regions of a protein. The primary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional shape adopted by the entire peptide chain.

The primary structure of a protein is the particular sequence of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the secondary structure of a protein? The secondary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional shape adopted by the entire peptide chain. The secondary structure of a protein is the shape adopted when two or more folded polypeptide chains come together into one protein complex. The secondary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional arrangement of localized regions of a protein. The secondary structure of a protein is the particular sequence of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds.

The secondary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional arrangement of localized regions of a protein.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the tertiary structure of a protein? The tertiary structure of a protein is the shape adopted when two or more folded polypeptide chains come together into one protein complex. The tertiary structure of a protein is the particular sequence of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds. The tertiary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional shape adopted by the entire peptide chain. The tertiary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional arrangement of localized regions of a protein.

The tertiary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional shape adopted by the entire peptide chain.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the tertiary structure of a protein? The tertiary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional shape adopted by the entire peptide chain. The tertiary structure of a protein is the particular sequence of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds. The tertiary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional arrangement of localized regions of a protein. The tertiary structure of a protein is the shape adopted when two or more folded polypeptide chains come together into one protein complex.

The tertiary structure of a protein is the three-dimensional shape adopted by the entire peptide chain.

Secondary Structure Protein

The three-dimensional arrangement of localized regions of a protein

Select all the statements that correctly describe digestion. Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids by lipases in the small intestines. Trypsin and chymotrypsin cleave proteins to amino acids in the small intestines. Digestion of proteins occurs in the stomach and small intestines. Digestion of carbohydrates only occurs in the stomach.

Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids by lipases in the small intestines. Trypsin and chymotrypsin cleave proteins to amino acids in the small intestines. Digestion of proteins occurs in the stomach and small intestines.

True or false: Carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids can all be converted to acetyl CoA after the first two stages of catabolism.

True

Proteins are biomolecules that contain amide bonds, formed by joining ______ together.

amino acids

Isoelectric point(pI) of acidic amino acid

around 3

Isoelectric point(pI) of neutral amino acid

around 6

Digested in mouth and small intestines

carbohydrates

During the citric acid cycle, the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to _____.

carbon dioxide

functional group(s) present in all amino acids.

carboxyl group; amino group

The process of altering the shape of a protein without breaking the amide bonds that form its primary structure is known as

denaturation

What is the first stage of catabolism?

digestion

intermolecular force that is present between the side chains of a cys and cys amino acid pair.

disulfide bond

Quarternary structure protein

folding

Identify the amino acid that does not have a chirality center at the alpha carbon.

glycine

The secondary structure of proteins is formed by ______.

hydrogen bonding along the peptide backbone

The secondary structure of proteins is formed by ______. covalent bonds between amino acids hydrogen bonding along the peptide backbone disulfide bonds between the side chains of two cysteine residues electrostatic attractions between the sidechains of amino acids

hydrogen bonding along the peptide backbone

______ is a process that breaks the amide bonds that comprise the primary structure of a protein.

hydrolysis

The process of _____involves breaking the amide bonds between amino acids, whereas the process of__________ leaves the amide bonds intact but disrupts the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

hydrolysis; denaturation

Small molecules are combined into larger ones. Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Describes__

metabolism in a cell

At its isoelectric point, the net charge on a protein is ______.

neutral

The primary structure of proteins is formed by ______. Multiple choice question. peptide bonds between amino acids disulfide bonds between the side chains of two cysteine residues. hydrogen bonding between amino acids London dispersion forces between the side chains of amino acids

peptide bonds between amino acids

This level of structure is formed by peptide bonds joining together amino acids.

primary

The shape that is adopted by two or more proteins coming together into a single complex is known as the ______ structure.

quaternary

The shape that is adopted by two or more proteins coming together into a single complex is known as the____ structure.

quaternary

After digestion, catabolism continues to break down the products of digestion to smaller units, ______ energy.

releasing

This level of structure is formed by hydrogen bonds along the peptide backbone.

secondary

The carboxylate group of glycine gains a proton upon the addition of a(n) ______.

strong acid

The ammonium group of glycine loses a proton upon the addition of a(n) ______.

strong base

A peptide bond is formed by reacting ______ Multiple choice question. the carboxylate group of one amino acid with the carboxylate group of another amino acid. the ammonium group of one amino acid with the carboxylate group of another amino acid. the ammonium group of one amino acid with the ammonium group of another amino acid.

the ammonium group of one amino acid with the carboxylate group of another amino acid.

Amino acids differ from one another by ______.

the identity of the R group