Chapters 5,6,7,8

Rom Cons: Problematic Movie Romance Lessons

-If we look back at some of the greatest romantic comedies in history: the screwball comedies of the 1930s, like (His girl Friday, Bringing up baby) we find stories about gender equality. -----Today more self-conscious romantic stories revive the spirit by critiquing are lazy assumptions about love or the sexes. -Yale professor Mark: We see romance on screen, and at some point it really impacts us. (making us want a love, or relationship like theirs) -In the standard romance movie diet many of us have consumed, it's no wonder we might emerge with weird flawed ideas about love. For example, Grease and Cinderella. (Ever since Cinderella we've been watching beautiful women overcoming bad hair, slumpy clothes, and a pair of glasses to get her man. Part of this taps into a long-standing male fantasy of being the woman creator.) Many rom-coms and romances center on the assumption that we are meant to end up with someone. (The existence of soulmate is essentially the starting premise of the whole genre) If we are waiting for destiny, we're possibly waiting for a pre-ordained romantic happiness to be handed to us; a good chance this isn't how it works out in real-life. -Love is pushing each other away -Love is changing for your man -Love is determined by fate -Romance is the grand gesture -Stalking is romantic -The Hot person rule (fifty shades of grey) If the person is hot their crazy behavior is considered good or okay. If the person is undesirable then it's the opposite. -adorable feminine cuteness (hot person rule) Cuteness absolves female of all guilt -Fantasies about abusive relationships -The rich person rule (far more Lenient rules for them) -Men can try multiple times to win a woman over in romantic movies, but if a woman does it she is a crazy stalker etc. -the nice guy trope (Nice guys manipulating women to fall in love with them by taking advantage of a weird time loop or a girl with mental illness) -Good guy actions are excused by his inherent goodness (Guys who are portrayed to be nice in movies but really aren't) -The cool girl trope: (hot, never gets mad at her man, or she's one of the boys) -Taming the too-independent woman (10 things I hate about you) Taught us that any independent, driven or career woman, must be tamed by the end of the romance. (Needs to soften her edges)

Flipped Quizzes

Chapter 5: -What was the family role stereotype for women in the 1950s? They were supposed to stay home and take care of the household duties -The Hollywood created trope of the "Adorkable Nerd" Excuses sexism from geeky men as harmless. -Christopher was a baby in the mid 19th century. Which of these colors did he most likely wear as a baby? White -What color was originally worn by American babies? white -What is lamp shading in the film industry? When the writers directly acknowledge the script is sexist, racist or homophobic within the script -What is one reason we still see gender inequality in the workforce today? The occupations woman dominate in some ways are similar to the work they have done historically at home. -David and Gloria are characters on a popular sitcom. Which of the following scenarios constitutes misogynistic use of the "Adorkable Nerd" trope?After Gloria turns down his invitation to Prom, David complains to his best friend, Jeff, that she only dates popular jocks, and never gives a nice, smart guy like him a chance. -Which answer choice has the best match for the color red in South Africa? Mourning -In the video "Why Was Pink for Boys and Blue for Girls," it is explained that during the 19th century, babies would wear white gowns or dresses regardless of the babies gender. Why were all babies dressed in white dresses and gowns instead of the uniform blue and pink pastels that we see today? The color white was easier to clean with bleach and the dress made it easier to change the baby's undergarments During which era did the cementation of color coded clothing happen? 1980s Jessica was born a male with the given name "Jake". She chooses to wear dresses, skirts, and heels in her everyday life. This decision to dress in feminine attire and to be called a female-associated name rather than what was assigned at birth is an example of Jessica's gender expression -According to Claudia Goldin's research, which occupation has the largest gender wage gap? Business Chapter 6: -Which of the following most accurately describes gender? A socially constructed attitude or behavior which society associates with ones biological sex. -Which country is known for having successful communication between parents and their children about sex, leading to less teen pregnancies and higher rates of protected sex? The Netherlands -What are the Four Primary Attractions according to the Split Attraction Model? Romantic, Sexual, Sensual, and Aesthetic -Learning that teen pregnancy rates are low in the north east and high in the north west what would be some of the factors that are associated with these rates ? poverty, culture, religion -Chris is a guy and he finds out that he has more romantic or sexual attraction towards males than females. Chris's behavior is identified as homosexual. -Which of the following is true about cosmetic surgeries performed on babies that are born Intersex? These surgeries may produce serious psychological consequences and trauma for Intersex people throughout their lives, especially if they do not have the gender identity that was assigned to them by the procedure. Erica has always been sexually attracted to women but has only ever engaged in sex with her boyfriend. This is an example of Sexual Behavior Adam in Degrassi struggles with his sexual Identity. Adam was born a woman but feels like a man. Adam is a male to female transgender. What is the definition of transgender? denoting or relating to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex. Assigned at birth based on genitals and chromosomes refers to which term Biological Sex Primary sex characteristics show up as the sex organs involved with the reproduction processes and develop in utero In the hook up culture study, what percentage of college students would rather not have sex at all than with strangers or acquaintances? 30% James is a 22 year old college student. After having a deep conversation about sex, with his friends, he came to realize that his "body count" was the highest; 33. All of his other friends ranged from 10-15. Learning this new information, James' friends began to joke about the "outrageously high" number. James' body count would be an example of a stigma Chapter 7: -The Hollywood trope of "Stalking for Love" portrays men and their behaviors as Nice guys, whose behavior is endearing and romantic. -What makes it so difficult for millennials to stop looking at dating apps? Dating apps are designed to be addictive like playing a game of cards; it's fun and you can entertain yourself, but also stop when you get bored. -Which of the following scenarios is an example of hook up culture? Rachel and Julia meet at a party and begin flirting with each other, later having a sexual encounter. They have several more sexual encounters over the course of the semester, but wouldn't describe one another as each other's girlfriends -Dating is hard for millennials and people these days. People are insulated from in-person interactions. The reason that leads to less interaction with a stranger is Tinder makes matches Chapter 8: What is the supreme court decision Obergefell v. Hodges ? the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples Which of the following is not considered a "problematic" movie lesson? Communication is important Mary and Joe have been in an exclusive relationship for about 6 years, as boyfriend and girlfriend. They have been living together for 2 years. The act of this couple living together under the same roof would be an example of cohabitation Which of the following is positively correlated with remaining in an unhappy marriage? Mental Health Symptoms

sex and gender (continued) textbook

Intersex: A condition in which a person's chromosomal composition doesn't correspond with his or her sexual anatomy at birth, or the anatomy is not clearly male or female. (doesn't fit into the typical definition of male and female.) ex: a male who has female genitals on the outside -These are part of a broader set of conditions that are clinically described as disorders of sexual development. Transgender: A term to describe individuals whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex. (They do not behave socially in accordance with what is expected based on their body type.) - transgender is an umbrella term used for hundreds of gender possibilities. -This crossover may be a parent through gender expression, such as wearing clothes associated with the other sex, but it does not necessarily indicate an attraction to people of the same sex. (Ex: Caitlyn Jenner) -transgender transitions is more common at older ages. Androgynous: Neither exclusively masculine nor exclusively feminine. (Gender neutral styles, activities, and interactions may give children the power to choose their own way and allow families to tap into talents they might otherwise be ignored.)

Stalking for Love (video)

Movie often present stocker like behavior as a harmless or endearing part a romantic courtship. (Groundhog Day — Stalking for Love) Our hero is typically a nice guy who doesn't Quite fit the Hollywood ideal of manhood, and who for a variety of reasons hasn't found love yet. (One day he happens to come across a very special woman, and instantly becomes infatuated with her... then time slows down, the music swells and the camera zooms in.) —-The audio visual cues are designed to communicate to us (the audience) —-But there is one small problem: She doesn't return his feelings. (Maybe she's dating someone else, or already rejected him, maybe she doesn't even know he exist and maybe she just not interested.) What's a nice guy to do my face with such a dilemma? (Certainly not going to give up—He'll do whatever it takes, it's true love after all or it will be once he convinces this woman to love him back.) —-And so to that end, our hero proceeds to spy on, pester, and otherwise manipulate her until he finally manages to wear down her defenses and she agrees to go out with him. Stalking for love can be traced back to classic Hollywood. (Top hat) And Bollywood in European cinema Stalking for love happens in other genres too, like superhero movies. (Spiderman) —A man is possessive, coercive or stalker- like behavior is framed as an expression of his love and devotion. (Pretty in pink) —And even if the woman in question is initially upset or annoyed by his obsessive attention, his actions are inevitably framed as a compliment. Lampshade romantic stalking: lamp shading is when writers directly acknowledge the media trouble cliché in the dialogue itself. (Stranger things) —Acknowledgment alone isn't the same thing as criticism or subversion. so, for-example, in stranger things Max calls out Lucas for his stocker like behavior. (but in the end, Lucas still gets the girl even after he stocks her, tricks her, and traps her alone in a room with him.) --While it may be nice to Imagine sweeping your crush off their feet: the truth is that much of the behavior we see in these movies could very easily land you in jail. In the real world stocking isn't romantic, It's a crime. (Stocking can have a serious emotional effects on the victims; Anxiety, paranoia, depression or ptsd) Stalking includes following someone, repeated unwelcome communication, showing up at a person's workplace, residence, or school uninvited. (As well as spying on, tracking do you want monitoring an individual either online or off-line) The type of conduct we expect to see from a villain in a horror movie, a pop culture media consistently frames each and everyone of these behaviors as something romantic. **stalking being portrayed in the media is different based on the gender partaking in the action. In pop culture romance movies make it common for the male protagonist to harass, sneak up on, and ignore a woman's plea to stop bothering her. However, this is seen as very romantic and the audience roots for the man to win over the woman with his affection. On the other side of the spectrum, women doing the same actions as men are depicted as crazy with the audience in shock of their actions and rooting against them. Gender biases are evident in the way society views stalking in mainstream culture.

Wedding Traditions (video)

Trying the knot/getting hitched: came from Renaissance ceremony called "handfasting" is still done today in some sort. --The definition of handfasting is to make a contract of marriage between parties by the joining of hand (Today this will be the engagement period, not in the wedding itself) Bridal Showers: originated in Holland --If the father did not approve of the groom, he would not provide dowry.(dowry-payment, money, value, land, anything of value) -- (if the father didn't provide the dowry) then Friends of the bride would get together and hold a party and "shower" the bride with gifts for the dowry. (This was used to make the bride more attractive to the groom) Bridesmaids: Originally they dress the same as the bride. (Looked the same as the bride to confuse evil spirits from getting to the bride. They were supposed to be a distraction) Best Man: The bodyguard of the groom. --Women were often kidnapped for marriage --The best man main responsibility was to stay in between the groom and the crowd. (He was to stop the brides family from attacking the groom) Giving away the bride: An ancient tradition when female children were considered the property of their father. (Transferring ownership of the girl from the father to the husband) Bride standing on the left: Anglo-Saxon (England) -This will keep the grooms right hand free just in case he needed it for his word (angry brides family) Ring: Roman and Greek's believed that there was a vein in the finger that went directly to the heart. -The ring became a symbol that you held onto your spouses heart. -Originally the ring finger was on the index finger -In parts of Europe, the ring finger is on the right hand. Veils: Roman custom -Bride wore a body-length veil that was later used as her burial shroud. -Arranged marriages: The groom was not allowed to see the bride until after he said "I do," then it was too late to back out. Now you may kiss the bride: Roman tradition -A kiss was legally binding(It was very serious: Like signing your name on a contract today.) Garter: Some chosen people would follow the couple to the wedding chamber to witness the consummation of the marriage -The brides garter would be taken as proof (watch them have sex) -Today, the groom tosses the garter as proof of the upcoming consummation. (sex would happen later) Bridal bouquet: Before the use of flowers at the bridal bouquet, brides would carry bunches of garlic, herbs, and grains to drive away evil spirits as they walk down the aisle. -Flowers was later replaced to symbolize fertility and everlasting love Wedding cake: Originally thrown at the bride --Roman fertility tradition (Wheat and barley considered symbols of fertility) --Cakes made from these greens showered on the couple, or at least the bride (It was basically a sign of good luck on having a child in the future) Throwing rice: Roman times -Rice, bird seeds, bread crumbs, wheat, and other greens thrown at the couple to symbolize fertility Bride and groom running out of the chapel: Germanic tradition --Somewhat of a kidnapping (not so romantic) --Broom whisks the bride away, before her family can save her. (The best man also helps the room to escape) Shoes tied to the car: -Rome: Father gave the right shoes to the groom to symbolize transfer of authority -Shoes were thrown at the bride and groom (vehicle and carriage) - Symbol of fertility and good luck Carrying bride over threshold: -Bride needed to appear reluctant to consummate the marriage. (You didn't want the bride to be too excited for the wedding night.) --- Maintain her image. -Fear that evil spirits from the Brides Family would follow the bride. (If the groom carried her, the threshold would stop the evil spirits from entering the house) --Threshold believed to contain evil spirits -Women were considered vulnerable to catching evil spirits, especially from the soles of their feet Honeymoon: -A time when the groom went into hiding with the bride -Usually at least a month -Idea was that the bride would be pregnant by then

The power of internet memes to shape who we all are | Shontavia Johnson (video)

What color is the dress meme (Across media everyone was talking about the stress from US senators to Kim Kardashian west; And the debate wasn't just happening online on Twitter and on Tumblr, Move through local news national news and even academic research.) What is it about our brains that leads us to post Memes like this online? Memes as we tend to think of them are funny images or videos with the most popular dominating our social media feed. (but Memes go deeper than this, Memes are scientific units of cultural information and they are using us.) Memes are using our brains and the Internet to spread themselves as widely as possible online; And sometimes their are ideas attach those. So, science and our modern Internet usage are colliding in a way that is really directly impacting humanity. First, science especially mimetic science can help us understand the historical concept of Memes. Second, science can also inform the way we share Memes online today. Third, what we are usually not thinking about how sharing Memes might impact humanity we definitely should be. The science of memetics. (The study of what makes ideas and information spread) It was first reposed in 1976 by Richard Dawkins. (Who borrowed from biological evolution to explain how cultural information evolves and is transferred) And under this theory, these Memes are moving back-and-forth between humans in someway that we can't see. Dawkins proposed that just like hereditary information (like my brown hair or your blue eyes) is transferred from living thing to living thing by genes; cultural information is also transferred in someway using some other mechanism He called this mechanism a meme; which comes from the Greek word my meme which means "imitated thing". Under this original theory only the strong memes survive: so they are fighting in our brains constantly competing for space and advantages. (And the most powerful and most successful memes, Are the ones that are imitated the most widely.) So Queen did something with the song "We will rock you" because that song is literally everywhere. Under the original theory, Memes could included songs, ideas, catch phrases and behaviors. And, memes We're moving back-and-forth in a way that we couldn't detect or see. (And a memes host could share that meme with multiple people at the same) So if I start signing we will rock you, and some people start to sing it as well, everyone in the room is now a meme host. Today though the word meme really has been co-opted, to mean a piece of media that is copied and share quickly online. (Today's Memes are a outgrowth of that original from 1976) Memes today has become an easy way for us to communicate with each other. Memes influence us. (Memes can support hidden motives. ) They can make us do ridiculous things, like dump buckets of ice water on our heads. (Als ice bucket challenge) Memes can also be used in ways that are harmful to us. (The blue whale challenge—Which encourage teens and preteens to commit suicide. That means creators started this mean because they wanted to cleanse the earth of human biological waste)

chapter 8 (textbook definitions)

marriage market: the social space in which people search for potential marriage partners. cohabitation: living together as a sexual or romantic couple without being married. selection effect: the problem that occurs when the cause being studied has already been determined by the outcome that is under investigation.

Four-in-Ten Couples Are Saying "I Do," Again (video)

42% of new marriages in America today include a partner who has been married before. In 1980 22 million Americans have remarried Today 42 million have remarried nearly twice as many. Women are more likely that men to say they don't want to remarry.

Lisa Wade talks about Hook Up Culture on MTV (video)

College students are having sex today, but it's not nearly as much as you might think. The average college student is having between 4 to 7 different hookups (during their four years they spend in college.) Students will usually have oral sex, especially oral sex performed on men; before having intercourse. So that means that even if students are having intercourse with fewer people, they are being more sexual with more people. In a lot of ways hookups are great for students who want to focus on their studies. (Less time and energy) What is new on college campuses today is the culture around the sex they are having. (Students feel like they're supposed to be having casual sex, as opposed to that they have the option to have casual sex.) Some students are dissatisfied with casual sex, so they opt out of it all together. (30% of students do not want to have casual sex with strangers, so they felt they should just opt out of it all together. And not have sex at all) College Campuses tend to be relentlessly heterosexist. (Not really any genuine room for exploring seems same-sex desires) There is also gender inequality; so women tend to suffer more so than men. (Women tend to be dissatisfied, have less pleasure, are more likely to earn a bad reputation for having sex.) College campuses are also characterized with pressure to be hot. (As in being hot/cute is the most important thing in the world) The students Lisa Wade studied would have been happy with one of three things: -They wanted pleasure from their sexual activity -They wanted their sexual activity to be meaningful - And they wanted to feel empowered (they weren't getting any of this for the most part.) Even though college students wants to be friends with benefits, they have a hard time doing this with the people they are having casual sex with. Part of the problem is that students are assuming that they know what all of the other students want. (Nobody ever asks anybody) Actually talking to each other would be a great improvement for students!

Asexualities 101 (video) part 1.

Dr. Megan Carroll Components of sexual orientation: Identity + attraction + behavior. -LGBTQIA+ (Lesbian, Gay, bisexual transgender, queer/questioning, Intersex, Asexual, aromantic, agender, and more) Asexuality means not experiencing sexual attraction. (Not attracted to people of any gender and do not experience sexual attraction.) **Sometimes asexual people are referred to as ace, for a short. -Identity: Do you consider yourself straight gay, lesbian, bisexual, queer, asexual etc? -Behavior: Which genders do you have sex with? -Attraction: Which genders are you attracted to? Asexual people cannot change their orientation or attitude towards sex at will. Having honest conversations about your partner's needs and boundaries is a must in any relationship. Myth(s): -Asexuality is the same as celibacy. (They are not the same) -Asexuality is binary. You either are asexual or you're not. -If you are romantically interested in someone, that also means you want to have sex with them. - All asexual people are repulsed by the idea of having sex Fact(s): -Asexuality refers to attraction, celibacy refers to behavior. Behavior (celibacy) and attraction (Asexuality) are separate concepts. Celibacy is a choice to not engage in sexual behavior. Whereas, Asexuality is not a choice. It refers only to attraction; And people do not have control over who they are attracted to. - Asexuality is a spectrum. (Asexual is an umbrella term for a range of identities that challenge sexual norms.) (fact) -Romantic and sexual attraction are different concepts with distinct meanings. (fact) -There are a range of attitudes towards sex among asexual people. (fact) The split attraction model: Romantic orientation: is who you fall in love with and who you have fuzzy feelings for. Sexual orientation: is who you want to have sex with and who you're sexually into. The four primary attractions: Romantic: Direct desire today, have a relationship, do cute things with others sexual:Direct desire for sexual contact, attraction to body/appearance sensual: Direct desire for physical proximity that is NON-sexual, including but not limited to kissing, cuddling, or hugging. aesthetic: Direct desire to look attracted to the physical beauty of person, objectively, a kin to art.

Stephanie Coontz: On Marriage (video)

Emotions may feel the same across cultures and time periods, but there is tremendous variation in how those emotions are valued and in what settings they are considered appropriate. -In traditional India, falling in love was considered dangerous (anti-social act) and a challenge to the family. -In ancient China, the traditional word for love meant an illicit socially disapproved relationship. It wasn't until the 1920s, that a group of intellectuals decided that they needed to invent a new word to describe the new kind of love acceptable between husband and wife. -In the European tradition, their idea of love was that it was something that could not possibly exist within marriage. "Marriage is no excuse for not loving." (And by that he met, not loving someone outside the marriage.) In the 17th century Christian moralists continuously scolded wives who used endearing nicknames for their husbands. (Because that kind of expression of love was a contradiction to the awe and fearof what marriage was supposed to be.) And as late as the 18 century, the word love was used much more often for neighbors, kin and God than it was for spouses. --- Marriage for thousands of years had very little to do with the individual relationship between a man and a woman. ---It wasn't until the late 18th century, that what we now think of as the essence of love and marriage became respectable) Stephanie believes that the invention of marriage had nothing at all to do with the relationship between the man and the woman: marriage was invented to get in-laws. (It was a way of turning strangers into relatives. AND a way to make peace that's why the word wife in many languages means piece weaver.) As society became more stratified marriage became a way of getting connected in-laws. (And as such it became a center of maneuvering and control and coercion and betrayal for thousands of year's. --The upper class use marriage to seal military alliances, to sign peace treaties, to consolidate wealth and to increase their claim of social power. ---For the middle class it was a business alliance: A way of getting connected in-laws --Lower class: marriage was a way of expanding your family labor force and getting new connections. ---So for thousands of year.. marriage was just too important to leave up to individual choices and especially individual choices based on something so irrational as a feeling of love. late 18th century, That's a new radical idea of love came along. (What changed was Enlightenment, Individualistic ideas of the revolutionary era in France and America, the declaration of independence-- with this claim that people are entitled to the pursuit of happiness)And that goes with personal relationships as well: so people are to pursue happiness in marriage and on the basis of love. Immediately social consevatives (Defenders of what was in the traditional marriage of political and economic convenience) were absolutely horrified. (They stated that if people start to marry for love how will they prevent the wrong people from marrying, and how do they get the right people to marry)--Then gay and lesbian wanted access to marriage.(If marriage is about love and sexual satisfaction, and longer are about gender roles then we should be able to marry.)-- (They were scared that poor people would want access to marriage) --Another thing they were worried about was that since love is about mutual respect, What's going to prevent people from demanding a divorce. 150 years right up through the 1950s and 1960s, the destabilizing aspects of the notion of marrying for love we're held in check by laws that prevented people from just getting divorced when they wanted to, By the penalties for illegitimacy (made it difficult to have a love child without marriage) by the economic and legal subordination of women and by the very strict gender roles between husband and wife. (that made it so a woman couldn't exist without a man to be the breadwinner and a man couldn't exist without a woman to take care of the children, the family, and cook.

Is the Dead Parents Trope too Cliche? - Learning the Tropes of Writing

It's a cliche because it's has worked many times. However, there comes a point where it comes so easy as an option to employ, that one must ask themselves: if they perhaps are doing the protagonist story a service by not arriving for more originality.

Here's Why Older Couples Are Increasingly Living Apart | TIME (video)

Older couples are increasingly living apart A "living apart together" relationship, or lat, is a new form a family that's on the rise. LAT involves romantic couples that live in separate houses and don't plan to move in together or marry. A recent analysis looked at over 7000 Wisconsin adults ages 50 and older who were surveyed in 2011. (Married couples accounted for 71.5% of that group, single people accounted for 20.5% And people who were partnered but unmarried accounted for 8%) Of the partnered group, 39% were in lat relationships, Compared with 31% who were dating (a less committed relationship) and 30% who were cohabiting. A 2016 study of older adults in LAT relationships found various motivations for these partnerships. Seniors wanted to have intimate companionship while maintaining their own homes and social circles; And those who'd been divorced or in unhappy earlier marriages didn't want to tie themselves down again. Some older adults see LAT as a lifestyle choice, not as a relationship of convenience.

The Interracial Romance Onscreen

On screen we've progressed from cautious depictions of interracial romance to politically charged melodramas that confront them head on, to more modern tales were race is seen as just one of loves many complexities. Stories about interracial relationships generally fall into three categories: -First category: interracial relationships pose a challenge to their families or communities. -A second category: takes a more color blind approach reflecting the increasing real world acceptance of interracial romance, while ignoring the prejudices that complicated it. -Third category: Stories that find a middle ground: engaging with those prejudice as well also normalizing the relationship itself; bring necessary dimension to characters who might otherwise be reduced to the color of their skin. Meet the parents:(Guess who's coming to dinner movie) The color blind approach: reflect the fact that younger generations increasingly don't see interracial romances as controversial; or even unusual. (they ignore politics completely) most interracial couples want to be treated like any other love story and to see themselves portrayed honestly as individuals without the politics or a mellow drama that comes with it.

Are people getting married later, or not at all? (video)

Over the last 40 years there's been a significant shift in marriage rates in the American population. Especially among young people. In the 1970s, 45% of men and 64% of women married in their early 20s. Those numbers have now plummeted to 9% for men and 16% for women. Some of this is due to a cultural shift as marriage is now less central to how people define a happy or successful life. most people still want to get married, but they balance that desire with other goals such as a rewarding career, personal fulfillment or becoming a parent. In addition rising education rates and incomes for women mean that marriage is no longer an economic necessity for women. While at the same time declining job prospects for many men (especially black men) and men without a college education make them less attractive as long-term partner's. Despite this decline most people still do get married eventually. (Or at least once before they reach their 50s)

peers (chapter five)

Peers: people in a similar social situation and of similar status with whom and individual interacts. Boy-typical activities: Building model planes and cars, using tools to make things, playing sports and video games, doing things like washing the car and yard-work, fishing or hunting, horsing around and play fighting, math and science. Girl-typical activities: Babysitting or looking after younger kids, jump rope or gymnastics, shopping, crafts, tap dancing or ballet, cheerleading, making jewelry and baking or helping in the kitchen.

Why Does "Straight" Mean Heterosexual? (video)

People started categorizing sexuality: The definition for heterosexuality came to us in the late 1860s, when Austrian-Hungarian journalist Karl Maria Kertbeny coined it in a letter to Germany lawyer and author Karl Ulrichs. Ulrichs is known as an early pioneer in the gay rights movement. In 1901, Dorland's medical dictionary defined heterosexuality as "an abnormal or perverted appetite toward the opposite sex." 1n 1923, It changed the definition to "a morbid sexual passion for one of the opposite sex." *** heterosexuality was so accepted as the norm back then that nobody felt the need to go out of their way to define it, and when they did, it was to pathologize all manner of sexual behavior that would have been seen as taboo. In 1934, heterosexuality adopted a meaning that might look familiar to us today, "A manifestation of sexual passion for one of the opposite sex; normal sexuality." -To go straight is to cease homosexual practices and to indulge —usually to re-indulge— in heterosexuality. (Written in American psychiatrist G.W. Henry's 1941 book titled sex variants) The book is saying that the word straight actually started out as gay slang, as an in-community way to describe someone who was, ire-closeting themselves. Straight and narrow: Defined as behaving in a way that is honest and moral. The Gospel of Matthew "Enter you in at the street gate: for a wide Is the gate, and brought is the way that leads to destruction...Because straight is the gate, and arrow is the way which leadeth unto life" (Basically it is saying to live righteously is to live the straight and narrow.) -Straight as a slang word has a strong relationship to ideas of morality. Tea: (gay slang) The lady Chablis, A black drag performer and female impersonator Defines it as my thing, my business, what's going on in my life. Straight edge: Abstinence from drugs, alcohol, and sometimes promiscuous sex. The use of the word straight to mean "not gay" has a lot to say about how people viewed homosexuality back then; As an act of deviancy along side of using alcohol, gambling, and drug use. (Or anything else taboo.) Cisgender: A person who sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with their birth sex. (like myself) Non-binary (For people who don't identify as a man or woman) Latinx: People of Latin American descent Who want to challenge the gendered nature of Spanish

Forever Young (video) online love in later years

Pepper Schwartz PhD What we seen is the rising number of older people looking for love; going online. People 50-80 go online looking for love. (And some of them find it) The fact is that you can find people online in a way social networks rarely expose you. Online dating just became one of the main pathways for which people look for someone and find someone; they know where to go to find other people which becomes increasingly important as people age. Online dating has given permission for older people who what to find love, a pool of eligibles, who feel like they do too; in therefor this is not a strange act to do. Technology and social change happen together in a way that encourages new populations to date. She don't think love has changed: she thinks people who wouldn't meet each other before ,can meet each other now.

Why was Pink for Boys and Blue for Girls? (video)

Pink for boys and blue for girls use to be the fashion rule. (Young boys use to wear dresses) What were babies wearing before pink and blue? Before babies were outfitted in gender-specific pastels, they didn't wear colors at all. (Most babies in the US and Europe were sporting unisex white gowns and dresses. Dresses and gowns were simply the color of the fabric that they were made from.) Pastels didn't play a part. With these gowns, it was a convenience more than gender that was dictating the getups. (Dresses without bottoms made it easier for parents to change a child's soiled diaper and underclothing.) White wasn't just a matter of style, but a question of practicality. (White clothing to be cleaned more easily either by using stronger soaps and bleach or outside without worrying about maintaining and preserving their distinct colors.) Babies rocked a colorless wardrobe; they were also uniformly rocking dresses, a look that we now associate with femininity. It was the fashion that young boys wear dresses until the age of six or seven when they would also receive their first haircuts. Through much of the 19th century, babies looked pretty indistinct (gender) (All children wore the same clothes and that was thought of as the norm.) When did color come into play? (After World War 1, colors became closely aligned to gender.) Paoletti argues that For clothing to assume a certain gender identity or association, the pattern of use hast to line up with concepts and cultural norms that we assume are unambiguously connected to a specific gender. (Some of these assumptions are based on the pattern of use of a particular garment) Plain dresses were thought of as children's clothing; more broadly, there wasn't a concern that they should wear distinct outfits based on whether they were boys or girls.

Raising a Gender-Neutral Child | Raising Baby Grey | The New Yorker Documentary (video)

Raising baby grey: -Parents are raising Grey in a gender-neutral/gender creative way. -Parents use pronouns they/them for baby Grey. (They don't call Grey him.) Want their child to identify their gender themselves. Sex-genitals & biology Gender-Related to how you move in the world (What you wear, how are you share your identity with other people.) - Parents are raising Grey androgynous basically.

Sex & Sexuality: Crash Course Sociology (video) part 1

Primary sex characteristics: Show up as the sex organs involved with the reproductive processes and which develop in utero. Secondary sex characteristics: develop at puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction, things like pubic hair, enlarged breasts or facial hair. Intersex: People who are born with sex characteristics that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. **Intersex EXAMPLES: This could mean a lot of different things; like having different combinations of sex chromosomes such as —Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) chromosomes — Triple-X syndrome (XXX) chromosomes An Intersex condition can also mean that the body responds differently to hormones or that the genitals are not fully developed. Different societies respond to intersex people differently: in some societies thier accepted as just a natural variation. Western society and medicine has long understood sex as an immutable binary. (Intersex people were not seen as an acceptable variation, rather as an deviation in need of corrections.) For years doctors performed unnecessary operations on intersex children, In order to make them acceptable according to cultural ideas about sex. (Society plays a role in the biological category of sex. But when it comes to gender, those distinctions are all about society.) -Gender: is the set of social and psychological characteristics that society considers proper for it males and females. The characteristics assigned to men are masculinities. (The characteristics of science women is femininities.) Gender is its own thing, it is separate from sex! (It's a matter of social-construction.) Gender is a matter of self presentation; a performance that must be worked at constantly. (What we wear, how we walk and talk, even our personal characteristics (like aggression or empathy) are all ways of doing Gender. (They are ways of making claims masculinity or femininity that people will see and hopefully respect.) ——-Gender as a performance is called gender expression. --Gender like sex is not binary. -We can be sanctioned if we don't do gender right or well enough, this is precisely whats happening when a man is called a sissy. Or when a woman is told that she should smile more. Gender identity refers to a persons internal, deeply held sense of their gender. Sexuality: Shorthand for everything related to sexual behavior: sexual acts, desires, arousal, the entire experience that is deemed sexual. Heterosexual: Attracted to people of the opposite/other gender (straight) Homosexual: attracted to people of their own gender. (Gay) Bisexual and pansexual: people being attracted to their own AND other genders. American population that identifies as gay, lesbian, or bisexual (4%) It increases to about 10% if we instead add whether a person has experienced same-sex attraction or engaged in homosexual activity.

Can the U.S. End Teen Pregnancy? (video)

So, right now birth rates are already really low; but there's still a few things that states can do to reduce the rates even further. The teen birth rate is a 24.2 births per thousand women in the age group of 15 to 19-year-olds. (Down 9% from 2013 and that's the lowest among that age group since they started keeping track in 1940.) But as of 2011, the US still had the highest teen pregnancy rates among other 21 similar countries. There are a couple of reasons why these countries have lower teen pregnancy rates. —they have more accessible birth control —income inequality. —Different attitudes about teen sex American parents tend to fear teen sexuality, While Dutch parents have a more excepting attitude. (Researcher Amy Chalet found that Dutch parents say something like "we permit it so that we can control it".) Teenagers there are more likely to have sex for the first time at home with their parents knowing about it and they're also more likely to use condoms their first time.) Teen pregnancy rates tend to be lower in the north east and higher in the south and southwest. Poverty, culture, religion and other factors are associated with those rates but that doesn't mean that states can't change their fate. For example: California had one of the worst team birth rates in the nation: But it reduced it by 60% by promoting comprehensive and medically accurate sex education in schools. And also reached out to teens and parents of the community with sexual health information. Only 24 states mandate teaching sex education. Only 18 states require kids to get information about contraceptives. What doesn't work is telling kids to pledge to be Abstinent until marriage; that works fine if the teens are extremely religious, but if they're not; they'll end up breaking their pledges. And because they never learned about condoms and birth-control, their more likely to get pregnant or get STDs then if they had never pledge to begin with. studies show that states that emphasize Abstinence have higher teen pregnancy rates and birth rates. (In teens who received comprehensive sex education, were 60% less likely to get pregnant.) Sex education is just a start but it's a good start!!

What TV Gets Right (And Wrong) About the Working Class

The biggest subjects and television, you were the roast is ruined and the boss is coming to dinner or mom dented the car and how do the kids and mom keep that for finding out. There were no political problems. There was no poverty. that was the total message, wall-to-wall, floor to ceiling. -Norman Lear, Good Times Roseann show does a good job at showing the working class.The problem with telling stories about poor people especially for women, is it their lives tend to follow a similar pattern because the thing about poverty is the tenancy to repeat not only the issues that have kept you down but previous generations as well. (Class mobility is relevant here because moving from the lower class even to the middle class is a lot rarer than you might think.) There's also the issue of how race and class intersect. Money is really about money and Gilmore girls; it's about conversion, it's about power, but it's also about creating financial channels for love where other methods failed. And that is how money is more often framed: as a hollow avatar for happiness rather than a real thing that people really need for social mobility; and you rarely see mention of welfare or EBT or any of the assistance a single parent would likely need to survive on tv. the American dream is built around the idea that USA is a meritocracy in that class is based on achievement. (If you do well in school and work really hard you will be successful.) And if you're poor it's your own fault because you're bad at thing. Except, That doesn't account for generational poverty like in "shameless" or financial instability like in "Roseanne" or the realities of addition as in "this is us"

A Killer Stereotype

The stereotype that African Americans are parasites, munching off of the government (food stamps, health care etc.) Ronald Regan everyone always talks about black women, but they are the most hardworking people out there. (they do jobs for less pay, and have been doing jobs unpaid for years.) There is this stereotype that black women are lazy, black people in general depend on the government to survive.

Stephanie (continued)

The very things that made marriage a love relationship more rewarding, made marriage as an institution less stable. (And we end up with this paradox that when it works, a marriage today is paradox: more fulfilling, more intimate, more passionate or faithful, more loving, then most couples of the past would ever have dared to imagine.)But if it doesn't work that way it seems less bearable to people. *When it comes to what makes for a happy marriage in contemporary America, as opposed to what makes for an exhilarating courtship, the strongest emotions are not usually the ones that sustain the most satisfying relationships. Sometimes the things you think are most likely to make you happy, like having a lot of money to spend on yourself, are not what really counts.

What people miss about the gender wage gap (video)

Women earn 79 cents for every dollar men make. Part of the wage gap reflects the fact that women are more concentrated in lower paying occupations. Back in 2009, three economist set out to understand the wage gap. (They looked at thousands of men and women who graduated between 1990 and 2006) Their data show them and has slightly higher salaries right out of the gate. The wage gap for college graduates changes as women age. (move from mid 30s to mid 40s.) in two parent households women do more than men when it came to managing kids schedules, taking care of them when they are sick, and handling the majority of household chores. (both having full-time jobs) Claudia Goldin economist at Harvard. Working hours can dictate wage gap (Ex: pharmacists) There are lots of jobs where hours could potentially become more flexible than they are right now. The research tells us that the more we can make that work, the more the wage gap is going to shrink.

The Science of Love | John Gottman (video)

We need a science for Affective treatment and understanding to make love work. Why should we care? —Great friendships and love relationships result in: greater health, greater wealth, greater resilience, faster recovery from illness, greater longevity-(If you want to live 10 to 15 years longer) and more successful children as well. -Can science find the magic of love? We need a lot of data (he created the love lab) used Validated questionnaires, surveys etc. (basic research and applied research) Gottman created a relationship check up —summary of relationships strengths and challenges. —Got the story of the couples relationship, they asked them how they met, and they found out the quality of their friendship and intimacy from the interview. (they also collected physiological measures from them as well. (Measuring heart rate, blood velocity, skin conductors, respiration, a variety of things like that) —They scored their emotions second by second. (Nonverbal and verbal cues) Followed all types of couples for many years. Dow-Jones industrial average of a couples conversation (Low risk and high risk couples) The major reason people have affairs is not because of sex, or desire it's because their lonely and they found somebody to find them interesting. Someone who wants to talk to them. What is trust? It turns out we can measure trust. Mutual trust equals both partners maximize benefits for both people. ——We can also measure commitment: --Cherishing your partner, Nurturing gratitude for what you have, Saying this is my journey. This is the love of my life, Saying I am lucky to have this person" (This turning point leads to loyalty) Commitment equals loyalty betrayal equals dissolution

Inquizitive

- A social script is a pattern of interaction that serves as a model of behavior in familiar situations. -Identify which of the following statements are reasons why people misrepresent themselves online: ---to conform to what they think others are doing ---AND to manage their self-images and representations of self. -Identify the statement that describes why some researchers argue that love is an evolutionary adaptation. (Children loved by their parents were more likely to survive infancy.) -Identify the phrases that describe utilitarian love. (It is based on rational calculations in addition to emotion. AND It depends upon open communication.) -In her study of hooking up, defined as a casual sexual or romantic encounter in which the participants are not explicitly committed or exclusive, Lisa Wade found that the tendency to engage in these types of relationships is influenced by the culture. -Love is defined as a deep affection and concern for another, with whom one feels a strong emotional bond, such as what one might feel for a best friend. Romantic love is comprised of passionate devotion and attraction to another person, such as a cohabiting partner. -Identify the factors that are likely to encourage exogamy. (living in a racially integrated neighborhood AND going away to college.) -The high school prom has been a site of continuous legal and social conflict for decades. Why are prom scripts so important? (Proms are often seen as a formal step in the process of mate selection that can lead eventually to marriage) -In light of the spread of egalitarian beliefs, most college students promote equality in dating. It is now the norm that either person may take the lead in formal dating situations, and either person may make the first sexual move. FALSE -Identify the major changes in dating and romantic relationships that have made following social scripts more difficult in recent years. (Cohabitation has increased AND More divorced and older single adults are in the dating pool, AND There are more ways to form and sustain a relationship. And the internet has broadened the social world for many people, changing how people meet and socialize.) -Based on Lisa Wade's research on some college student relationships, place the following in chronological order. 1st: Two college students hook up. Second: Students stay in communication but show low levels of interest. Third: Students begin considering dating each other. -There has been increasing acceptance of gay and lesbian relationships over time in the United States, although many gays and lesbians face discrimination. Given this situation, gay and lesbian couples face greater relational ambiguity compared with straight couples.

The Adorkable Misogyny of The Big Bang Theory (Video)

-Adorkable misogynists are male characters whose geeky version of masculinity is framed as both comically pathetic and endearing. In the Big Bang theory: It's their status as nerdy nice guys that then let them off the hook for a wide range of creepy, entitled and downright sexist behaviors. -The Hollywood nerd (Films: revenge of the nerds and The nutty professor, saved by the bell, weird science, family matters) -The Hollywood nerd is almost always positioned in opposition to the expected norms of macho manhood. (Usually accomplished through the juxtaposition with a jock archetype.)

gender example: (continued)

-How we dress for example: A business suit (masculine) A Skirt (feminine) this is a purely social convention. Skirt (feminine) and a kilt (looks like a skirt, is masculine) Things that seem to be more biologically determined. (Like construction, It may seem to be an underlying biological explanation for that because men are typically bigger and have more muscle mass than women. BUT even with an average difference between the sexes there's a great deal of overlap too.) Minor, average biological differences are used as the justification for wide-spread gender stratification; Funneling males and females into different jobs, hobbies, and identity constructions.

Inquizitive Questions

1. In the modern age, sexuality has become part of the individual identity project, in which sexuality is a free choice that individuals make. 2.Examples of how the birth control pill may have had repercussions for society once it was widely available: -Women bear more of the responsibility for preventing pregnancy. -Economic inequality between men and women declined. -Men and women delayed marriage until later ages. 3.The percentage of teens having sex has increased in recent decades. FALSE 4. Identify the statement that describes how the rising age at first marriage impacted sexual behavior. (Almost all Americans have sex before marriage) 5.An evolutionary perspective and a social constructionist perspective are two different frameworks for interpreting human behavior. Identify the evidence that is used to support either perspective. -A woman's role as a primary caretaker is mirrored among nonhuman animals. -Inequality may reflect differences in ability among the population. 6.Modern revolutions in medical technology ushered in a new era in which sex for pleasure, rather than strictly for procreation, was an important part of men's and women's sexual behavior. 7. Identify the major lenses through which social scientists study sexuality. -human biology, sexual behavior and identity. Not a major lens through which social scientists study sexuality (ethics of sexual behavior)

ANIMATION: Sexuality between the genders (video)

According to federal surveys, same-sex attraction and sexual behavior occurs more commonly among women. Woman are much more likely to be exploratory than men. Women are also three times as likely to have had a same-sex partner in the past year. However exclusively homosexual behavior and identification are relatively rare, occurring in less than 5% of American adults. Homosexuality is still loaded with much stigma and homophobia. (The fear of or antipathy towards gays and lesbians in our society.) The fluidity of human sexuality makes it inherently hard to study as it is; and the complexities and fear associated with homosexuality make sexual orientation even harder to talk about.

chapter 5 intro

After a few years of trying to get pregnant in 2016 Chrissy Teigen and her husband John legend, decided to try in-vitro fertilization (IVF), -For centuries, some people have attempted to influence the sex of their children they bore, but usually back then they had a preference for sons. That bias has diminished worldwide, but it remains more prevalent in East and South Asia today, where many people expect that sons will provide economic support to their elderly parents. (People who can't afford IVF) Billions of people, most of them in Asia, have use sex selective abortion—Having an abortion after an ultrasound or other test reveals that the fetus is female. The practice of sex election is secretive and that will document it, but the results are not hard to see any number of Asian countries, we are boys out number girls by far greater margin van will be found naturally. However, most couples of the United States prefer they balanced family with one boy and one girl.

Sex and gender (textbook)

Sex: One's biological category, male or female, based on anatomy and physiology. (genitals, chromosomes, reproductive organs etc.) -These categories are assigned at birth and remain influential throughout life as building blocks to the identities and behaviors we develop as children and adults and to the family relationships we create. Sexual identity: The recognition, or internalization, of a biological sex category. -One's sexual identity usually matches ones sex category. That is, most people are identified by both others and themselves as either male or female. Gender: The social realization of biological sex. (socially constructed) Gender identity: The identification with the social category boy/men or girl/woman. -This identification is internal to the individual, although it is developed through interactions with others, primarily family members, at a very young age—and it remains a lifelong project even though the category to which people belong rarely changes. -You could say that adopting a gender identity requires learning the behavior expected of a biological sex and then expressing it through individual action. Gender expression: One's pattern of outward behavior in relation to common standards of a gender category. -For example, through types of clothing or the use of a given name associated with one gender or the other. ***Usually sexual identity, gender identity, and gender expression all correspond closely, so the simple terms gender is sufficient to get a rise people and most interactions. Sociologists distinguish between them for two reasons: First, different labels apply to different experiences as stages of development; And second, because there is a minority of people for home sexual and gender identities do not correspond, and understanding the different forms of identity is important for understanding those situations. (Using separate terms allows us to identify, for example, people who have a man's gender identity but display a woman's gender or those whose gender identity does not match their sex.)

The History of Marriage (video)

Stephanie coontz -The history: For most of history the most preferred marriage form was not one man one woman but one man many women. That was throughout majority of cultures in the world, and it's the one most referred to in the first five books of the Bible. the theme song for most weddings could've been what's love got to do with it. Marriage with some thing you did in order to make alliances, to expand your family labor force, it was the main way they signed a peace treaty's.) Through the ages the story of Anthony and Cleopatra has come down with great love stories of the world. (So not a love story) Anthony and Cleopatra belong to the two most powerful nations in the world so the idea was how do you get this alliance. -church vs. state: As societies became more complex and marriage was such an important political and economic institution, there was huge battles between church and state over who could validate or invalidated a marriage. (The Catholic Church was kind of unprecedented: by saying that you have to have monogamy, and you can't have divorce. It took 9 centuries for it to work and the Catholic Church to win and establish monogamy.) -Marrying for love: The love match begin to emerge in the late 18 century and begin to be accepted; The first draft of the love match involved redefining women and men as total opposites. Women became re-defined as virtuous, moral, and asexual. Men were expected to not cry, not to take care of emotional things, and become the strong male economic providers. So a woman was supposed to now fall in love before she married, but she had to marry somebody who could support her. So even after men and women were supposed to marry for love; for the next 150 years it was very hard because marriage was still about the dominance of men over women. In the 1950s the advice to a woman was pretend to be interested in your husbands work and don't tell him about your day at home; he won't be interested in that. It's only recently that we have tried not only to build marriages that are based on love; but to build marriages based on equality which we've only been trying to do for the last 40 years; We are doing it without any roadmaps.

Gender Revolution: A Journey with Katie Couric (video) part 2

hypothalamus: What it tells us is that there are areas in the brain that correlate with gender identity and not with external body parts.

chapter 6 textbook definitions

sexual orientation: The pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to others in relation to one's own gender identity. stigma: a quality that is perceived as undesirable and that sets a person apart from others in his or her social category. homophobia: fear of or antipathy toward homosexuality in general (and gays and lesbians in particular.) coming out:The process of revealing one's gay sexual orientation to the significant people in one's life. sexual double standard:The practice of applying stricter moral or legal controls to women's sexual behavior than men's. adolescence: The period of development between childhood and adulthood.

Chapter 7 (textbook definitions)

social script: a commonly understood pattern of interaction that serves as a model of behavior in familiar situations. love: a deep affection and concern for another, with whom one feels a strong emotional bond. romantic love: the passionate devotion and attraction one person feels for another. utilitarian love: the practical, rational dedication of one person to another based on shared understanding and emotional commitment. romantic relationships: mutually acknowledge, ongoing interactions featuring heightened affection and intensity. hooking up: a casual sexual or romantic encounter without explicit commitment or exclusivity. mate selection: the process by which people choose each other for sexual or romantic relationships. homophily: the principle by which similar people have more of a given kind of contact than dissimilar people. "love of the same" "birds of a feather flock together"

Understanding Sexuality and Gender Diversity (video)

- transgender is an umbrella term used for hundreds of gender possibilities. -This can include drag queens, who dress up in another gender for performance or fun. -This can also include cross-dressers who are often straight men who enjoy or find pleasure in dressing up in another gender part-time. -This can include transgender men and transgender women, who have this internal felt sense of who they are and express this through their outward appearance. -This also includes gender queer people who self-identify in a way that is not based on the gender binary, not just masculine, not just feminine. (It might include something that's more androgynous.) -Gender diversity is really important for us to accept, acknowledge and celebrate. Sexuality: Includes the sexual desires, behaviors, and identities of a person. -Sexual orientation: The internal felt sense of who you're attracted to. Either the same gender or another gender; it's also usually an enduring pattern of attractions including sexual, emotional, affectional, romantic, psychological, spiritual, intellectual; all kinds of different ways that we can be attracted to someone. (It's also not a lifestyle, a choice, or a behavior. You can either act on it or not, and it usually is enduring; it usually lasts a very long time but it also can be fluid.) What is important to notice here is the distinction that it can organically change over time, often doesn't for people but it can, and it's not something that you can't force. You cannot force yourself to be straight if you're gay. (Etc.) -sexual behavior: This is who you have sex with and what kind of sex you have. Motivations can include: love, pleasure, affection, loneliness, experimentation, societal expectations, religious expectations and/or coercion. It's important here to recognize that it is not a determiner of sexual orientation or identity. There's a difference between doing and being. (so for example there could be a man who sexual orientation is gay but married to a woman and only have sex with her. He might fantasize about other men, but he's only sexually with her.) It also could be someone who is a male sex worker, who haves sex with men for money but is only attracted to women and only dates women. -Sexual identity: this is who you say you are to the world. (How do you identify) This can include: Being lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, straight, Asexual, pansexual, polysexual, polyamorous, and or kinky. Asexual: No or low sexual attraction or interest in sexual activity; although they can be interested in romantic or emotional relationships though. Polysexual: is someone who sexually attracted to multiple genders and sexes but not necessarily all. Pansexual: Sexual attraction towards people of all genders and biological sexes. Polyamory: Having more than one intimate relationship at a time with the consent of all involved. (Sometimes referred to as ethical non-monogamy.) Kinky can include BDSM and other kinds of kinky behavior.

Inquizitive

-Place each racial-ethnic group in order from least to most likely to marry across racial-ethnic lines (whites, blacks, hispanics, asians, american indians.) -Marriage rates have declined overall since the 1960s, but they have fallen faster for some groups over others. (higher chance: the wealthy and college degree holders. Lower Chance: African Americans and the poor.) -Identify which characteristics are associated with endogamy and which are associated with exogamy. Endogamy: useful for maintaining distinct cultures and traditions AND less extreme today than in ancient times Exogamy: useful for communication and exchange across groups AND difficult to engage in across race/ethnicity, religion, and social class. -Identify the reasons why married couples with children are much less likely to be poor than single mothers with children. reasons: Marriage is more common for people with college degrees than those without college degrees. AND People tend to marry others with similar levels of education. Not Reasons: Single mothers spend more on raising their children. AND Employers are allowed to discriminate against single women in hiring decisions. -The modern era is defined by the importance of individualism, which makes lifelong marriage somewhat of a paradox. However, as the textbook explains, this paradox is resolved by portraying love as the result of individual choice. -Educational endogamy means that college-educated men tend to marry women who have a college degree. Marriage partners today are also often similar in their career expectations. Together, these trends contribute to increased similarity within couples and increased inequality among couples. -Place the women from the following racial-ethnic groups in order from the lowest to the highest marriage rates. (Blacks, latina, whites, asians) -Identify the arguments made by the court in support of marriage rights for same-sex couples. Argument(s) of the Court: -There is no comparison between no-fault divorce and same-sex marriage. -Same-sex and heterosexual couples alike may decide either to procreate or not to procreate. -No evidence exists to suggest that children raised by same-sex couples would fare worse than those raised by heterosexual couples. Not Argument of the court: Same-sex couples are able to earn as much income as heterosexual couples and provide for their children in the same manner. -Identify the reasons why a large majority of adults eventually marry. Reasons: Media, family, and religious leaders pressure people to marry.People tend to do what others around them have done.Marriage brings both legal and symbolic rewards. Not Reasons: Most people try to conform to the expectation that sex belongs within marriage.

Sex & Sexuality: Crash Course Sociology (video) part 2

-Symbolic interactionism perspective: (most fundamental): Believes that sexuality is socially constructed. So physically identical acts can have a Radically different social and subjective meaning. (Such as sexual scripts) Sexual scripts: These are cultural prescriptions that dictate the when, where, how, and with-whom of sex, and what that sex means when it happens. (The idea that sex happens at home with two willing partner's (for example)is apart of a generic sexual script in our society.) - Structural functionalism perspective: Since sexual reproduction is necessary for the reproduction of society, this view says that sex has to be organized in someway in order for society to function. (Organizes sexuality by using sexual scripts.) Before contraception was widespread it was these norms that controlled how many people were born by determining when and how often people had sex. (And by controlling who had sex with whom, they also generally made sure that those kids were born into families that could support them.) Reproduction between family members would ultimately break down kinship relations. -Social conflict theory: Regulating sexuality is also a matter of creating and reinforcing inequalities. (In particular our society is traditionally built around heteronormativity) Heteronormativity: This is the idea that there are only two genders, that gender corresponds to biological sex, and that the only natural and acceptable sexual attraction is between these two genders. Heteronormativity makes heterosexuality seem like it's directly linked biological sex, but heterosexuality is just as much a social construction as any other sexuality. (Its defined by dominant sexual scripts, privileged by law, and normalized by social practices like religious teachings.) So it comes to be understood as natural in a way that other sexualities are not. Queer theory: challenges this naturalness, and especially shows how gender and heterosexuality are tied together. (Heteronormativity is based on the idea of two opposite sexes that naturally fit together like polls of a magnet. (By this logic, men pursue and women are pursued. Men are dominant and women are submissive.) But all of this is socially constructed. (The idea of opposite sexes helps make heterosexuality seem natural to us.)

Sociology of Sexuality (video) part 1

-There is a common thing that sociologists have a ignored talking/research sexuality. Sexual repression discourage or prevented sociologist from studying human sexuality. Sexual repression = taboo topic (Strong social sanctions against its discussion was said to have discouraged sociologists from studying sexuality; And reduced their opportunities from doing so. In the 1960s (Post world period) The sociology of sexuality finally developed. (Because society became less repressive then.) These early sociological figures were writing about sex in the mid 19th century or earlier. (BEFORE it was supposed to have been liberated in the 1960s.) Karl Marx: --Alienated sexuality of bourgeois marriage. --Sex could be humanized and socialized. Auguste Comte: --Marriage is morally educating --Marriage disciplines and satisfies the sexual instinct Herbert Spencer: The passion which unites the sexes. 1880-1910 Institutionalization of sociology (A period of major European and US imperial expansion) Raewyn Connell: --argues that imperial context affected sociology. (Giving it its main theoretical framework, methods, problems, and data.) --Comparing and contrasting (Different societies and cultures) -The concepts of evolution: (1860s-1920) Understanding the differences in their own civilized society's, And other primitive societies; and also how these primitive societies became more advanced. Civilized vs. Primitive Debates ended on whether evolution from primitive societies could be explained in terms of physical, mental, or institutional evolution. Connel states that race, gender, and sexuality were all central concerns under the broader conceptual umbrella of evolution. 1920s: Instead of engaging with a question of comparison, US sociologists became committed to studying social problems. (When sociologists did study sexuality in this period, they tend to use social surveys (And with understanding in solving problems of sexuality.) ------ (Such problems included the increasing premartial sexual activity in young people; and the problem of couples sexually adjusting to each other in marriage.) -Chicago school- (Thomas) wrote about urban problems (female prostitution. Taylor wrote about— how the lack of sex education made young people vulnerable to the temptations of Illicit sexuality.

Andrew Cherlin on marriage, cohabitation, and societal trends in family formation (video)

50-60 years ago, marriage was the only way to live a successful adult life. 95% of people got married, and if you didn't, people thought you were mentally ill. (It was deeply institutionalized in our laws and values and deemed a successful adult life.) NOW, There are other way to have a successful adult life. (You can be single, cohabit, move to partnership to partnership, open gay/lesbian relationship; There are many different ways you can live your family life.) Marriage has become deinstitutionalized meaning it's no longer fully supported by our laws and values. (Sure we support Mary, but we support other ways too.) American don't get married as much as they use to. (Marriage is still popular, but it has a different meaning than it use to have.) ——Marriage used to be the first step into adulthood, today, marriage is almost the last step. (Today, marriage is something that you don't do until you have everything else in good shape or already done; such as you and your partner having a good economic bases.) ----Until you think your partner and you can earn a good living, you tend not to marry (you just cohabit.) ----And some people wait a long time and when they do get married it's after they have had kids, after they had a job for a while. (After they have lived together for a long time, maybe even lived with a couple different people before hand.) BUT THEY STILL DO MARRY. What do marriage mean? Well, marriage use to be very practically important (You couldn't get a job if you were not married, people thought you were weird.) ——Marriage no longer has that practical significance/importance. (It's symbolic value, it's virtue as a symbol of leading the good life) "Its a symbol of saying, I have a personal life, and I want to celebrate that by getting married." Marriage used to be a very formal event, we are two families used to celebrate their families emerging together. (Marriages were put on by two families) Today the marriage is often done by the couples themselves. (The husband and wife more likely pay fro the marriage, which is unheard of 50-60 years ago) People say they are not going to go downtown for a wedding, they want a big wedding, party, reception: they want to have a big party to show themselves and others that they have made it. (Gay and lesbian activist and Britain and France are not so keen on marriage. They say why are we bothering with marriage. ——— Gay and lesbian Americans want to be able to have the symbol "I made it" available to them too.

Inquizitive continued

8. Over the past few decades, sexual inhibitions in marriage have decreased, leading to more adventurous sex and higher expectations. These effects are due in part to increased privacy from family members. 9. Pornography consumption among teens is up and widely considered normal. Some critics worry about the effects of pornography; for example, research finds that college students who watch porn are less likely to use condoms. 10. Identify the factors that contributed to the decline in young people receiving information about birth control between 1995 and 2011-2013. -variation in state laws AND federal government funding preferences 11. Which methods did pharmaceutical companies use to market erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs to men? -METHODS: They stated that many men had discussed ED with their doctors. AND They used spokesmen associated with strength and power. -NOT METHODS: They used educational campaigns that demonstrated the commonness of ED AND They emphasized that ED can be a sign of personal failings. 12.When did the word homosexual first begin to appear as a way to describe someone's identity? late nineteenth century 13.The Victorian moral panic over male masturbation was primarily related to fears that masturbating would make men unable to help produce children. FALSE 14. Identify the factors that contribute to the relatively high rate of HIV infection in the African American population. -lower levels of health care AND less access to education about sex and sexually transmitted diseases AND racial segregation 15. Match each example to the appropriate label. Sexual Identity: Patricia identifies as intersex, having been born with biologically male and female characteristics. AND Adam identifies as male, which matches the sex he was deemed at birth. Sexual Orientation: Isaiah identifies as straight AND Conley has just begun to identify as bisexual. 16. Identify the true statements about sexual orientation. -True: Sexual orientation can be viewed as a continuum of identities AND Sexual orientation may differ from sexual behavior. 17. During the Victorian period, a moral panic over concern with male masturbation spread, leading to the creation of devices that prevented the practice. 18. People who disapprove of gay people share an attitude known as homophobia. When more people in a population feel this way, they isolate gay people as undesirable. This undesirable quality is known as a stigma.

Asexualities 101 (video) part 2

Allosexual: describes people who do experience sexual attraction. (Someone who is not asexual) Asexual (65%) 2017 census Questioning/unsure (10%) The asexual spectrum: Gray-asexual: Experience sexual attraction seldom or in limited circumstances. (14%) Demisexual: Experience sexual attraction only after an emotional bond has been formed. (11%) Aegosexual: Disconnection between the self and a target of sexual arousal; lacking desire to participate in sexual activities but enjoy erotica, pornography, etc. Aromantic: Do not experience a romantic attraction. (Most asexual people do experience a romantic attraction, and maybe want relationships.) Attitudes toward sexual activity: Sex re-pulsed: Against the idea of having sex with someone else. Sex-neutral: Might be open to having sex, but don't really crave it. Sex-favorable: Might enjoy having sex with other people. Attraction versus libido: -Libido: (Or sex drive) resides in the body. Attraction resides in the mind. -There is nothing inherently different about asexual bodies or their function. (They simply do not experience attraction.)

Bullying, Masculinity & The Spectre of the Fag (video)

C.J Pascoe professor. -The statistics show that the people who are being bullied: is often straight identified boys harassing other straight identified boys for being gay. -What's boys are trying to do as they bully one another is to brew up definitions of masculinity. (Boys will target other boys when they exhibit behaviors that are considered feminine, behaviors that are considered incompetent, when they are too touchy, when they're too emotional, and when they exhibit any type of same-sex desire.) Usually Boys who are bullied commit suicide because of homophobia.---Boys say that gay, fag, homo, queer are the worst insults.(Boys believe that these insults are not actually about sexuality.) -The spectre of the fag: This profoundly un- masculine man strikes fear in the heart of these boys. (Because there's no way for them to solidly prove that they are not that man.) So, the way they prove their masculinity is this continual rejection of the spectre of the un-masculine man which takes the form of homophobic taunts and epithets. 40 year old virgin film (joking relationship where they talk homophobia but not in the sexuality way.) What some boys tend to do. **People use the words (fag, gay, queer etc.) mostly to try and digest other peoples masculinity.

Are Married People Better Off? | Is the MGTOW Argument Against Marriage Rational? (video)

Dr Grande Marriage is romantic (But it doesn't necessarily have to be) 53% women are unmarried 46 of men are unmarried -Research states that men and women who are married are generally happier and healthier than those who are not married. ——(There are a sense of more purpose and meaning, more social integration, married couples have the ability to share economic resources, and have more support as compared to being unmarried.) —- Mental Health: It does appear that the only people in higher quality marriages end of with benefit in terms of their mental health. (Individuals in low quality marriages have mental health symptoms that are usually worse than if they were unmarried) ----People who are in a low quality marriage, when they get divorced they tend to have increased life satisfaction. BUT when people in high quality marriages get divorced, their life satisfaction tends to decrease. --THIS is pronounced on women more than men.

chapter 6 (textbook context)

Ellen DeGeneres: Ellen decided to embrace her sexual orientation publicly. (Gay) Her story illustrates the growing acceptance of homosexuality (especially for women) in the United States. Ellen decided to embrace her sexual orientation publicly. (Gay) Her story illustrates the growing acceptance of homosexuality (especially for women) in the United States. -When we are children, the family is where we first learned about sexual identity. (When we are adults, sexual behavior between partners is socially acceptable and expected.) The new openness about sexuality, along with the feeling of a certainty that comes with that growing individual freedom, plays out within the family arena.

Frequency of sex in happy relationships (video)

Everybody thinks that everyone is having more sex than them. One of the biggest problems for finding out what the normal amount of sex people should be having is that when it comes to surveys and research; people lie. And a lot of sex for a married couple could be a couple of times a week. But if you have a couple with a low sex drive, who are very compatible, and very much in love with each other —maybe that couple is having sex once a week or once a month (or once every few of months.) And if it's not a problem for them why shouldn't be a problem. It is a personal choice between a couple: they should be having as much or as little sex as they want to have. (But if you truly feel that you are not sexually satisfied, perhaps you haven't brought it up to your partner in the right way.) So what you want to do is initiate a conversation about sex. (You probably don't want to do it in the bedroom or right after you had sex.) Say I'd really love to have more sex with you, how would you feel about that? Do you want to tell me from your perspective why we don't have much sex? Are you interested in having a more active sex life? If you bring the conversation to your partner like that, the more likely they are to agree to and want more sex.

The Next America: Modern Family (video)

For baby boomers weddings were a right of passage and the first step toward starting a family. Back in 1960, 6 out of every 10 Americans between the ages of 18 and 29 tied the knot Today's weddings may look different, but the real story is that they are happening less and less frequently. (In fact 44% of millennials and 39% of all Americans now say that marriage is becoming obsolete) Marriage as an institution is losing its customer base. (Back in the day 72% of all adults are married, today only 50% are) While young people may have cooled on marriage, they haven't stopped having babies. There are many things at play here: one is that people are marrying later and some people are for going marriage all together. But they haven't stopped having children. (More people are having children outside of marriage) Blacks have the highest rate of having children out of wedlock. Fewer than 1 in 4 households look like a nuclear family; there's cohabitation, divorce, remarriage. A whole plethora of different arrangements now in the family. It just looks a lot different now than it did 50 years ago

Race and ethnicity divides college students' dating lives (video)

How do you race and ethnicity divide the dating behavior of college students? Students revealed a clear pattern of pairing within their own ethnic group. (This is especially common among black students who pair up with other black students. Black students are three times more likely to only date blacks while in college) This is all the more striking because these particular students are mostly young, well educated, racially diverse, and often far from the watchful eyes of their parents. (All of which might be expected to encourage more adventurous romantic pursuits.) This pattern confirms that the tendency for dating within one's ethnic group remain strong even in our diverse and rapidly evolving society.

Why Dating Is Hard for Millennials (video)

How did young people become so stranger adverse and what does that mean for dating? -Technology is taking away the interaction amongst people. (Let's interacting with strangers in public means less flirting with strangers in public.) technology has made the act of meeting people off-line almost obsolete. (tinder—many people rely on apps as the primary way to date.) There is a reason you never wanna put your phone down, the apps are designed to be addictive; which it even harder to stop swiping when you're hooked.(Tinder said they wanted the app to feel like a game, like a deck of cards.) When more and more people are finding dates from the comfort of their couch, the experience of dating become siloed from the rest of social life. - "Stranger danger" public service announcements were popular in the 80s and 90s when millennials were growing up. - Perhaps it's our priorities that have shifted making the search for a mate less important, more people are delaying marriage; meeting someone in any capacity is not necessarily the goal. There's a fear of falling in love that young people come by.. because they have been given a message that education, performance, achievement, and ambition (etc.) comes first (they have all these sorts of boxes checked first before they can even imagine bringing another person into their life.) So what does this mean for love and partnership? —-For one, traditional social networks are broadening: we are much more likely to date across a significant cultural difference then we were in past years. —-But while somethings have changed others remain the same. (The milestones, and big questions are the same) How people find each other is the thing that has changed.

Childhood Gender Roles In Adult Life (video)

If we use childhood gender roles on adults: "David you can't wear that it's a girl color" (The boy stickers located on the blue laptop that was given to David.) Telling the lady to pick the mug that says princess or diva. (And telling the lady to stop fixing the copy machine; that David can do it.) The men's tea and women's energy tea (Both had different teas to drink) Madeline's asks people to clean up after the meeting and it called bossy. David asks for people to clean up after the meeting and is called "good leadership" "Boys will be boys" when the two guys are wrestling at work. At the end they change laptops because David likes the color pink and Madeline favorite color is blue.

Sociology of Sexuality (video) part 2

In the 1930s: Sociology was seen as a weakness in the discipline. — American Sociological Association (atheoretical, funding cuts, in-fighting) Reconstruction of the discipline (cannon) Unified sociological point of view Interpreted in a very particular way: (To exclude or severely constraint the analysis of sexuality in human social-relations.) In the post world period in the US, 2 main sociological traditions were initially prominent. ——First: The continuation of the social survey tradition; which was concerned with who had sex with who, when, where and how. (Sex survey - Alfred Kinsey) ——-Second: Functionalism, which often drew on psychoanalytic theory to explain sexuality. (Functionalism - influenced by psychoanalysis.) The letter examined sexuality within the context of the nuclear family; This tradition focused on the function of sex for society, such as reproduction, and the function of the social control of sexuality for society. (Such as avoiding sexual disorder from the unregulated competition for sexual favors.) By the early 1970s, functionalism was being replaced due to criticism. (By a new approach called social constructionism.) The role of sexuality and imperialism and colonialism is also over-looked. 1. In date of the early sociological writers to discuss these topics in their texts, then these texts were the least likely to be canonized or used in teaching students. 2. The classical cannon altered sociologists conceptions of sociology itself. Before the rise of the classical canon, there were many different kinds of sociology. However, with the rise of a cannon a narrower conception of sociology and sociological theory developed. (Work that was once regarded as sociological, was redefined as belonging to other disciplines; such as anthropology, psychology.) 3. The rise of the classical canon affected many sociologist conceptions of the kind of topics and problems that sociology should be concerned with as a discipline. When the classical cannon gave sociology a new history and a new conception of the discipline; It led sociologists to believe that topics like gender, race, and sexuality were not important and not worthy of studying (Because they appeared to be missing from the Canonical text.) The cannons narrowed conceptions of sociology. The penguin dictionary of sociology (No major entry on sex or sexuality within its pages) ******Summary of video: - First many people thought that sociology ignored the topic of sexuality until the 1960s. -But sociologists paid a lot of attention to sexuality from the 1870s onwards, although the development of a classical canon diverted attention away from sexuality. -Awareness of this helps to understand the role of sexuality and imperialism and colonialism, and how the sociology of sexuality became marginalized, and focused on only some topics. (At the expense of others topics.)

Do Dating Apps Ruin Men's Self-Esteem? (video)

Jullian hugget Shallow swiping could negatively affect how we feel about our bodies and our self worth? Interestingly only tindering men reported lower levels of self-esteem. Apparently the ladies on tinder isn't gonna let the negative body image ruin their self-worth. Men are just as as affected by exploitation as women (if not more) Dr. Jessica suggested that the correlation between tinder and body dissatisfaction could be a result of how the app works. She also speculated that people with lower self-esteem could gravitate towards tinder as a means of validation (It's impossible to know if tinder leads to low self-esteem or if low self-esteem these to tinder) Npc: Non-player character (Virtual relationship with a cartoon character)

Chapter 5 textbook definitions

Socialization: The process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure, making those elements part of their own personality. -Many people think of gender socialization as simply teaching boys to be boys and girls to be girls. But the reality is more complex. -It is not only something taught or done to people; it is something people do to themselves. This includes learning the norms, rules, and beliefs of the culture around them as well as ways to adapt their behavior to get along in that environment. -Gender socialization is the outcome of countless interactions, starting with those between parents and children. (As children age, their socialization continues under a variety of influences, including their own personalities and their interactions with siblings, peers, schools, and the way to culture.) - In adult life, socialization more often occurs in the other institutional arenas (such as the market) -Multiple levels of social contexts for gender socialization: *Cultural context (Media, religion, economic conditions) *Local context (Friends, school, work) ————Individual interactions within families are influenced by the local content as well as by the larger culture around them.

How does gender affect the workplace? (video)

Some of the country's most common occupations (truck driving, construction, secretarial work, and nursing) are almost completely segregated by gender. Even some professions that require a high level of education, such as engineering, law, and medicine, are heavily skewed towards men. Why is that? One reason is that the occupations women dominate are in some way, similar to the work they have historically done at home. (childcare, nursing, teaching.) On the other hand, men are more likely to go into occupations that are NOT domestic work (Such as construction and engineering.) Some of the segregation is the result of personal choice, likes, dislikes, and socialization from childhood.) -- due to sexism by employers and competition between employees of different genders. However, it's still the case that male-dominated jobs pay more than female dominated jobs even when they require the same level of skills and training on the job. Segregation is not simply a matter of personal preference is it's an important part of the story of gender inequality in society.

How are we different?

The biological differences between males and females are based on anatomical and hormonal patterns that appear early during the fetus development. Molecules of DNA, which contain the genetic information used to build a person, are arranged in long threads called chromosomes. Among humans chromosomes, two are used to determine sex, the so-called X and Y chromosomes. A woman's body cells contain two X chromosomes (designated X X), and each of her eggs carries a single X chromosome. A man's body cells contain an X and a Y chromosome (designated XY), And each of his sperm carries either an X or a Y chromosome. If the sperm that fertilizes the egg carries a Y chromosome, then the fetus will develop into a boy XY. During the pregnancy, the fetus will develop testes, which produce male hormones known as androgens. (Including testosterone) Those androgens cause the fetus to develop male sex organs. But if the sperm that fertilizes the egg carries an X chromosome, then the fetus will develop into a girl (XX). With an XX fetus, there are no testes and, therefore, no androgens, so the fetus continues developing as it started as female. *Male and female fetuses begin identically, and even after they develop, there are much more similarities than differences. In fact, early western philosophers believe that male and female bodies were essentially the same, with the female being simply an inferior version of the male.

Girl toys vs boy toys: The experiment - BBC Stories (video)

The experiment: take some boys and girls and swap their clothes for the opposite gender. (Girl where boys clothes, Boys wear girls clothes.) -Give the kids some toys and volunteer an adult to play with them. ----Edward and Sophie. (The children) -The lady thought that the little boy was a little girl because of the clothes he was wearing; she gave "her" only girl toys to play with. The stereotype changed subconsciously influenced her behavior on how to act with the child; she thought he was a girl she gave him girl toys to play with. (Directive behavior) -Results: ALL the adults were biased with the children. (They gave boys the boy toys and girl the pink toys) -At the end the adults said they would be fair, and un-bias, open-minded with children in the future etc.

Gender Revolution: A Journey with Katie Couric (video) part 1

The genderbread person: A helpful way to think about gender (in categories) ———-(Gender identity, gender expression, biological sex)Gender is who you go to bed as, sexual orientation is who to go to bed with. ***The bottom line is your external genitalia does not dictate your gender. -The Phall-o-meter was developed in the 1990s by Intersex activists to illustrate the arbitrary nature of these surgeries. — if a boy was born with a penis smaller than 1 inch he would be castrated and surgically reassigned to as a girl. —If a female child was born with a clitoris longer than 1 cm in length she would have a clitoridectomy, and she would continue her assignment as a girl. -Brian Douglas: (Born Dianne) Born with intersex genitalia. - they thought Dianna was a boy at birth. (But she was a girl) a condition known as CAH. -While in her mothers womb, she was exposed to high levels of testosterone. After years of living as a woman, Brian decided to affirm his gender identity to a male. (Brian started taking testosterone.) -Dr. John money (The protocol for operating on intersex babies (like Brian) was pioneered in the second half of the 20th century by Dr. John money.) Money theorized that nurture could actually supersede nature when it came to gender identity. ————In 1966, Money found an opportunity to test this hypothesis on identical twins. (Both was born male but one had his penis destroyed in a botched circumcision.) -----After working on the one twin and changing him into a female Dr. money claimed his experiment was a success. But what the world didn't know was that little girl Brenda was miserable. At the age of 14, her parents told her the truth, that she was born a male; and she changed back into a male instantly. David Reimer (Brenda) (Sex reassignment patient)The experiment turned into a nightmare, and he took his own life in 2004. ----(the Reimer case had established the rationale for operating on intersex babies. With a theory that you could impose a babies gender simply through surgery and parenting.) A landmark study of intersex children seem to confirm that gender identity is biologically predetermined and cannot be manipulated. --Brian Douglas is living proof that gender identity comes from deep within: because no matter what he was doing, or how he was dressed, or what he may have looked like anatomically, Brian Douglas always believed he was a boy. (stopped video at 24 mins)

Adam Ruins Everything - Why Weddings Are A Total Rip-Off (video)

Weddings represent money. In fact, wedding ceremonies has been hijacked by greedy industries looking to make a buck. Back then my fabric was almost impossible clean, so a white dress was only meant to be worn once. (Poor people can't afford that, they have to make their dresses last) It wasn't until queen Victoria wore a white dress at her wedding, that other wives to be, started to copy to show off their wealth. (But even then it was strictly for the world to do) Even white wedding cakes were all about bragging; white sugar back then was so expensive it was basically edible bling. Even though white doesn't mean being rich or well-off anymore, people are still spending money as if they are. (because of bridal magazines) ------Weddings use to be simple affairs, but then bridal magazines encourage brides to marry like the wealthy; and created a wedding industry of unrelated products like silverware, gifts for the home, and even early wedding gowns. (They did all of this when Americans were at their poorest) Today, weddings keep skyrocketing. the wedding industry systematically overcharges young couple just because they can. (One study showed that the majority of flower shops, photographers, and cake shops charged more for a wedding than they did for a birthday party of the same size.) (Its called the wedding tax) This culture of spending is so pervasive that If you don't do it, your family will be pissed. Reachers at Emory University found that the more you spend on your wedding is the more likely you end up in divorce. ——A century of advertisement has distracted us from what's really important. (It's not about the money or gifts, It's about love.)

Why Engagement Rings Are a Scam - Adam Ruins Everything (video)

you may think of the diamond engagement ring as a timeless symbol of love, but it turns out, this ancient tradition was invented less than a century ago by a diamond corporation. Before the 1930s, nobody exchanged diamond rings when they got engaged. (It wasn't a thing) But in 1938 the de-beers diamonds cartel launched a massive ad campaign, claiming that the only way for a real man to show his love is to buy an expensive hunk of crystallized carbon (diamond ring) and we bought it. In fact, every element of the traditional American engagement was designed to make more money for de-beers. (This has got to be the most successful ad campaign of all time) Diamonds are intrinsically worthless. (DeBeers Chairman Nicky Oppenheimer) —-In fact, the only reason diamonds are even expensive is that DeBeers has a global monopoly on diamond mining, and they artificially restrict the supply to jack the prices up. (In reality they have a ton of them) Which means that time and you just spent your savings on has virtually no resale value. (That's why Debeers want you to think a diamond is forever: if you never try to sell it, you'll never figure out how badly you got screwed.) ---A century of advertising is embedded the idea of a diamond engagement ring so deeply in our culture, that even knowing all that doesn't get you out of buying an engagement ring.