Chapters 6, 7, and 8 Study Set

Members of a reform movement that began in the late 1800s. They believed that education should be more individualized and teach students the skills that would improve the ills of society.

Progressives

A federal government program designed to help preschool children from low-income families develop the skills they need for success in kindergarten and beyond.

Project Head Start

What was the Quaker's response to educating disenfranchised people?

Quaker Schools were open to girls, African Americans, and Native Americans as early as 1600.

Which text contributed to the standardization of American Education?

The McGuffey readers contributed to the standardization of American education.

spending per pupil

The average amount of money a school spends to educate a student for one year.

achievement gap

The differences in learning and graduation rates among schools, often linked to differences in school populations and funding.

Does the history of America's schools explain much about today's schools?

The history of America's schools DOES explain much about today's schools.

school funding gap

The problem that occurs when schools in districts with lower levels of income from property taxes have a higher proportion of students who are low-income and need a higher level of services.

Did Thomas Jefferson believe that free public education should extend to post secondary education (college)?

Thomas Jefferson did not believe a college education should be available to all students without cost.

Describe how the preparation, roles, training, and status of teachers changed from 1600's to the twentieth century.

Training became more formalized and teachers were expected to meet high academic standards. They were able to earn better pay and, while highly regarded, they were not as restricted as they were in the early days.

True or false, control of public education is part of the role of federal, state, and local government.

True

True or false, in many cases, property taxes fund education and, therefore, the communities that need the most often have the least amount of funds.

True

True or false, older students living in poverty may be the sole providers for their families.

True

True or false, since it is not addressed in the Constitution, states have the primary control of public education.

True

True or false, to be effective, schools need to maintain good relationships with parents and the community.

True

expulsion

When a student loses the right to attend school for a specified period of time.

Providing proof that standards, such as educational goals, are being achieved.

accountability

Someone who learns a skilled trade by watching and helping someone in that trade.

apprentice

The great increase in births after the end of World War II.

baby boom

Move toward focusing teaching on reading, writing, and math.

back-to-basics movement

Education in two languages.

bilingual education

The Civil Rights Act of 1954 _____.

called for an end to segregation in schools

Courses of study that prepare students for careers related to a specific trade or occupation.

career and technical education

Sixteen general career areas, each having a wide range of related opportunities.

career clusters

A public school that operates with freedom from many of the regulations that apply to traditional public schools.

charter school

Public schools available to children from all levels of society.

common schools

Teaching methods that require students to demonstrate their abilities in subject areas.

competency-based education

In early America, schools run by women in their own homes. Parents paid a fee for their children to attend.

dame schools

Title IX, which was passed in 1972, prohibited

discrimination based on gender.

Money beyond that needed for basic necessities, allowing people to buy or do things that they want.

disposable income

Statements of what students are expected to know and be able to do at certain points in their education. They are set by national organizations, states, and many school districts. Sometimes called instructional goals.

educational standards

In the 1950s, many educators _____.

embraced B.F. Skinner's theory of behaviorism, used rewards and punishments to control students, and believed that by controlling the environment, they would produce well-educated students

The interconnection of nations around the world through finance, international companies, and trade.

global economy

Unable to read or write.

illiterate

The goal of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, was the creation of

integrated schools.

The goals of No Child Left Behind included _____.

more choices for parents when choosing schools for their children

The increase in population after WWII resulted in the need for

more schools and teachers.

Levels of knowledge and skills to be mastered in specific subject areas.

national standards

Schools that prepared men and women with the necessary skills to become teachers.

normal schools

The computer revolution _____.

occurred due to the decline in cost of computers

The launching of the satellite Sputnik by the Soviets caused Congress to

pass the National Defense Education Act.

The Equal Opportunity in Education Act _____.

prohibited discrimination based on gender

Limits. Immigration laws set limits for people coming to the United States from other countries.

quotas

The Goals 2000 Act of 1974 included

six educational goals to be reached by the year 2000.

Tests that measure students' performance compared to that of thousands of other students.

standardized tests

In the 1983 report, A Nation at Risk, it was reported that

the rate of illiteracy in America had increased.

During the 1940s and 1950s, education in America _____.

was affected by world events and social change

zero tolerance policy

A policy that states that prohibited behaviors and actions will not be tolerated—no exceptions.

Poverty affects school children in which of the following way(s)? A. At risk for school failure. B. Positive self-esteem. C. High attendance rate. D. All of the above.

A. At risk for school failure.

List 3 points about education for African Americans after the Civil War.

After the Civil War: 1. Educated African Americans set up schools. 2. Some northern churches sent missionaries to the South to set up schools. 3. The first African American colleges were founded.

mentor

An adult who commits to a long-term relationship with a student to provide support, guidance, and help.

corporate-education partnership

An arrangement in which a business or industry provides support for a school. This support may involve financial resources, sharing expertise, or a variety of other forms of help.

On a local level, the most common structure for dividing responsibilities for the school district includes all of the following except _____. A. school board B. taxpayer oversight C. district superintendent D. school administrators

B. taxpayer oversight

What type of educational opportunities were available to African Americans before the Civil War?

Before the Civil War laws existed to keep African Americans from receiving an education because whites feared that education would lead to rebellion.

Which of the following about bullying and intimidating is not true? A. They involve spreading false rumors. B. They are physical and/or verbal. C. They are of little concern to the teacher. D. They cause children to become withdrawn.

C. They are of little concern to the teacher.

School dropouts face many challenges in the job market including _____. A. high employability due to flexible schedule B. competitive wages C. lower lifetime earnings D. None of the above.

C. lower lifetime earnings

The amount of money spent on education varies widely from district to district. The most common reason(s) for this discrepancy is _____. A. teacher salaries B. federal funding C. property values D. private funding

C. property values

List 3 facts about career and technical education.

Career and technical education _____. 1. Established by the Smith-Hughes Act in 1917. 2. Trains people for career opportunities in specific trades. 3. Widespread in today's educational system

Schools can help prevent violence or gang activity by doing which of the following? A. Sticking to a strict zero tolerance policy. B. Implementing dress codes for students. C. Eliminating lockers. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Education in grades K-12 on a state level includes all of the following except _____. A. commissioner of education B. state board of education C. state department of education D. state/district liaison

D. state/district liaison

at risk

Describes students or groups with characteristics that make them more likely to fail academically.

List 3 characteristics of the American Colonial Period.

During the American Colonial Period: 1. Schools that existed were primarily elementary grades only. 2. Many people learned a trade as an apprentice. 3. Each cultural group developed their own schools.

List 3 characteristics of the American Early National Period?

During the American Early National Period: 1. America was primarily a rural nation with people living on farms or in small towns. 2. Schools were seen as a vehicle to make society better. 3. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson helped shape the development of schools.

How did educational reform spread throughout America?

Educational change and reform began in urban areas and spread to the rural areas.

What was the Morrill Act? How did it change education in the United States?

Enacted in 1862, the Morrill Act gave each state land for a college to provide practical education. These were called Land-Grant colleges. They made higher education available to Americans nationwide.

True or false, education cannot break the cycle of poverty.

False

True or false, education is available to all people throughout the world regardless of gender, race, and economic situation.

False

True or false, school districts receive sufficient funds for federally mandated programs.

False

True or false, the use of metal detectors in schools is illegal as it violates the constitutional rights of students.

False

Who developed the idea for kindergarten and how did he/she feel that children best learn?

Froebel developed the idea for kindergarten based on the belief that children learned best through play.

What did Horace Mann do to help fund education? Why?

Horace Mann believed that everyone had a right to an education, so he used state taxes to help fund education.

What was Horace Mann's job and how did this position influence education?

Horace Mann served as the first secretary of the State Board of Education of Massachusetts, which enabled him to make an impact on education in his own state and nationally.

A flat wooden board with a handle. A sheet of paper—usually containing the alphabet, a prayer or two, and Roman numerals— was pasted on the board. A thin, flat piece of clear animal horn was attached to cover and protect the paper. Used during the Colonial Period.

Hornbook

What impact does the economy have on schools? Compare and contrast the issues faced by schools during the Great Depression Era and the economy of today.

In good economic times schools expand in number and offerings. In hard economic times people have difficulty paying taxes. Schools respond and save money by closing schools, eliminating programs, reducing staff, and so on.

cyberbullying

Intimidation or bullying through e-mail, social networking sites, text messaging, or other electronic means.

Where enslaved people (slaves) educated during the early history of America?

It was illegal to educate enslaved people during much of America's history.

The first widely used textbooks published during the American Common School Period. They included moral lessons along with science, grammar, and other subjects.

McGuffey readers

Select either the McGuffey Readers or "Dick and Jane" books. Explain the influence of these books on education today.

McGuffey readers taught moral lessons along with reading, spelling, etc. Subsequent books taught history, biology, botany, literature, and speech, along with lessons on proper behavior. They contributed to the standardization of American education. Dick and Jane readers taught reading skills along with simple stories about family. They showed a brighter view of the world despite the Great Depression. They helped standardize education.

The teaching principles developed by an Italian doctor, emphasizing self-directed learning through sensory experiences.

Montessori method

Discuss the problem of unequal funding for education. Why does this happen?

Much funding for education comes from property taxes. When property values are lower, there is less money available for education, yet these are most often the districts that have the most "at risk" and other children with greater needs.

Describe the type and availability of education during the American Colonial Period.

Opportunities were varied and included schools with elementary grades only. There were few universities, including Harvard and William & Mary, and only a few students attended. Many worked in apprenticeships to learn trades. Quakers settled around Philadelphia and established first schools that were open to all. In Southern colonies, only the wealthy were educated. There were fewer opportunities for middle-class and poor children.