Chapters 7,8 & 9 Bio Gen

The petiole joins

the blade to the stem

Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection?

Large Molecules

Decomposers break down what?

Sexual recombination

During the formation of sperm and eggs, chromosomes can exchange pieces of DNA, shuffling genes

Sunlight helps plants grow by keeping them warm

FALSE

Fixed

Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations. If a certain allele frequency reaches 1.0 (100%), then that allele is said to be ?

mutation

Genetic variation in a gene pool can arise through

Any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time

HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans in some populations. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that...

Behavioral isolation

Members of a species often identify each other through specific rituals

Toxoplasmosis

Most common in kittens and New World NHPS, not covered.

Pollen

Protects sperm, allowing them to be carried by wind or animals

Evolved 2.1 billion years ago

Protista

Plant

Provides sugars as nourishment for fungus

Fungus

Provides the plant with water and minerals absorbed from the soil

Mutations

Random changes to DNA which can create new genes

Single celled yeasts

Reproduce asexually by budding

SPORE

SIMPLE SEED

Birds and Fish

Same Population

true

Soap and water are more effective at killing germs than antibacterial hand sanitizers

Parts of the shoot

Stems Leaves Flowers

Cell Wall

Surrounds the plasma membrane

Rat-bite fever

Symptoms usually occur 3-10 days after exposure

Diversity

The Earth is filled with a wide ..... of organisms.

tectonic plates

The Earth's crust is composed of large

Observation: Limited resources

The amount of resources in the environment - living space, water, sunlight, etc. - Stays relatively constant, for example, new watering holes are not created each year

Kingdoms

The domain Eukarya is divided into this

Gametic incompatibility

The gametes (sperm and egg of different species usually cannot fertilize each other

FALSE

The only good bacterium is a dead bacterium

Protists

a highly diverse taxonomic grab bag

graduated model

a species acquires small adaptations to its environment over millions of years

The terminal bud

has newly forming leaves at the tip of the stem and helps increase exposure of the plant to sunlight

Bryophytes

have adaptions for land and they are the mosses and they don't have seeds, shoots, or roots

natural selection

the process by which organisms with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than other organisms

- Genetic drift - Bottleneck and founder effect - Gene flow - Sexual selection

there are other mechanisms that can also contribute to evolution in gene pools

Equation for photosynthesis

6CO2+6H2O+light energy -> C6 H12 O6+6O2

Camplylobacter

A common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the United States where in most of the cases occur as isolated, sporadic events, not as part of recognized outbreaks, is...

A.R. Wallace

A contemporary of Charles Darwin, who also came up with the idea of evolution by natural selection was?

microevolution

A generation-to-generation change in the gene pool is

Wide variety of fungi, both helpful and harmful

-Penicillium mold is an antibiotic - Yeast leavens bread - Bread mold spoils food - Athlete's foot is a fungal disease - Fungi are also a food source

Europe

Evolutionarily, the horse lineage originated in.... This lineage exemplifies the graduated model of evolution.

Plant leaves take in water

False

radiometric dating

Fossils can be dated using their geological position or through

Below ground

Fungi bodies consist of a mycelium that digest food

Can do photosyntheses, Both absorb nutrients from their environment through their entire body surface, Both have stiff stems that support the organism against gravity, Both have extensive root systems

In what way are plants similar to algae?

Observation: Variability

Individuals in a population var in many inherited traits. You know that no two people are the same; careful observation reveals that no tow individuals of any population (including ladybugs and gazelles are exactly alike.)

Examination of animal forelimbs

shows they are all constructed from similar bones

In some fungi

specialized cells on the underside of the mushroom cap produce spree that contain a single haploid set of chromosomes

evolution

Lamarck was one of the first to suggest that species change over time

During the day

Leaf stomata remain open

1. Has no Cells 2. Cannot reproduce on its own

Life is defined by five characteristics. What are TWO that are not found in viruses?

Leaves

are main site of photosynthesis and gas exchange through pores

Protozoans

are protests that obtain nutrients primarily by eating.

Mating time differences

Many species are able to reproduce only at specific times

Sexual selection

is a form of natural selection that depends on an individual's ability to obtain a mate

Cuticle

is a waxy coating that prevents water loss

Mechanical incompatibility

Members of different species often cannot mate because their anatomies are incompatible

E. Coli

Most of these bacteria are homeless and actually are an important part of a healthy human intestinal tract.

Above ground

Mushrooms produce spores for reproduction

Individuals don't evolve

Natural selection acts on individuals, but only populations evolve.

Transitional forms

provide evidence of change within lineages

punctuated equilibrium model

there are periods of stasis interrupted by occasional bursts of speciation

Traits that enhance survival and reproduction will be represented

with increasing frequency in the gene pool

Observation: Overproduction

Every population has the potential to greatly increase its numbers very quickly. Rabbits, like most populations, can multiply rapidly

NO

Evolution can occur within an individual over its lifetime.

Evolution does not have a goal

Evolution occurs in response to local environmental conditions, not future ones

In any population of bacteria, some individuals are more resistant to particular antibiotics and some individuals are less resistant. In the presence of an antibiotic, susceptible individuals die off. Over time, the frequency of resistant bacteria within the population increases.

How does antibiotic resistance evolve in bacterial populations?

3.5 MYA

How many years ago did life evolve on planet earth?

founder effect

If a few individuals migrate to a new isolated habitat

bottleneck

If a population is drastically reduced in numbers

Habitat isolation

If species live in slightly different habitats, they may never meet

Sugars could not be transported from leaves to roots

If the phloem in a tree trunk were to become blocked, how would this affect the plant?

Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with-and overcome-his or her unique immune system responses.

Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the four patients compare?

Punctuated equilibrium

In ....... there are periods of stasis interrupted by occasional bursts of speciation.

Will be the one who produces most offspring

In a pride of lions, the fittest individual is likely to be?

Genetic drift

Is a change in a gene pool due to chance. For example, genes may be lost if a few individuals die or migrate at random. This is important in small, or isolated, populations

Tularemia

Is a disease of animals and humans caused by the bacterium Francisellsa often die in large numbers during outbreaks

Origin of Species Darwin introduced

the concepts of evolution and natural selection.

The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation.

The human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat?

taxonomic hierarchy

an ordered series of progressively smaller categories

Sexual reproduction

ensures that genes are randomly mixed

mantle

floating atop a very hot layer of rock called the

Stems

generally grow above the ground and support the leaves and flowers

population

is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

species

is a population that is capable of interbreeding to produce healthy, fertile offspring

A flower

is a reproductive structure; other types of plants use different structures

Root System

is below ground anchorage structures exposed to water and minerals in soil

Eukaryotes

is divided into kingdoms

Macroevolution

is genetic change on a large scale

Darwinian fitness

is the contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation in comparison to the contributions from other individuals

Speciation

is the evolutionary formation of new species

The blade

is the flattened portion of the leaf

Gene flow

is the genetic exchange among populations due to migration

Taxonomy

is the identification, naming, and classification of species

Chloroplast

is the site of photosynthesis

Sympatric speciation

may occur quite suddenly due to large-scale genetic changes

Allopatric speciation

may occur when a physical barrier isolates populations

Giardia

most common non bacterial cause of diarrhea in the US, most commonly transmitted via contaminated water.

Vascular system

network of tubes that transports water, sugar, and minerals

reproductive barriers

prevent members of different species from breeding

Egg

remains in female reproductive organ, allowing the embryo to develop within the mother plants body

Phloem

Dissolved sugars (sap) down or around in the plant and primarily transports sugars.

Plasmodesmata

are channels from cell to cell

Bioinformatics

employs computational tools to process genetic data

The shoots of the plant

Above Ground structures

Photosynthetic Protists

Algae that are able to produce their own food from sunlight

domains

All life is classified into one of three large groups called

Prokaryotes

Bacteria and archaea and one domain of eukaryotes

- Transformation - Transduction - Conjunction - Plasmids

Bacteria have several mechanisms for transferring DNA between cells, including...

TRUE

Bacteria reproduce asexually

Conclusion: Competition

Because more individuals are born than can possibly be supported by the environment, there is a constant competition amount organisms for the limited resources available. not every gazelle that is born can possibly survive to adulthood.

Conclusion: Evolution

Because traits are passed from one generation to the next, and because certain members are more likely to survive and reproduce, a population will change over time, becoming better suited to its environment. Darwin called this decent with modification. We call it evolution by natural selection.

Hyphae

Both pars are made of fibers

Campylobacteriosis

Common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the US

Salmonella

Commonly found in turtles, iguanas, other lizards, snakes, avoid direct or even indirect contact between reptiles and infants

comparative anatomy

Comparisons of the body structures of modern organisms is called

Squirrels

Different Population

Hybrid weakness

Offspring of two species may be unfit, or they may be sterile

Charles Darwin Published

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

Natural selection works with heritable traits

Only genetically coded traits are subject to natural selection

- Giardiasis - Cryptosoporidiosis - Amebiasis - Balantidiasis - Toxoplasmosis

Parasitic and protozoal diseases

- Staph - Lyme Disease - Bubonic Plague - Anthrax - Salmonella

Pathogens are the relatively few species of bacteria that can cause serious illness.

Leptospirosis

People contract the disease by contact

Where does the bulk of its mass come from?

Photosynthesis

Transformation

Pieces of DNA may be taken up by other bacteria and integrated

Observation: Heritability

The traits of an organism are likely to be passed to the next generation. For example, fast gazelles are likely to have, on average, fast offspring.

Rapid diversifications

There have been five mass extinctions in the history of life. These large mass extinctions have been followed by ?

- Penicillin - Parasitic Fungi - Yeast - Lichen - Edible fungi - Molds

There is a wide variety of fungi, both helpful and harmful

Saprobes

These organisms are protists that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle

Adolf Hitler

This person invoked Social Darwinism to justify his or her political agenda

Conclusion: Natural Selection

Those individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment will, on average, be more likely to survive and reproduce. Darwin named this unequal reproductive success "natural selection." For example, faster gazelles will more often escape lions.

Mycorrhizae

Together, fungi and plant roots form a symbiotic association

Inter-sexual selection

Two stallions fighting each other for access to mares would be exhibiting the evolutionary process of

Xylem

Water up from roots and primarily transport water and minerals from the roots

1. Rabies 2. Lyme Disease 3. Cat Scratch disease 4. Ebola 5. Hanta virus 6. Plague

What are Zoonoses ?

Fish

Which of these vertebrate organisms has the most efficient pumping heart and circulatory system?

Tetanus

Wounds contaminated with dirt, feces, or saliva

Unity

Yet there is also great .... among living things

The roots of a plant

anchor it in the soil, absorb water and minerals, transport nutrients to other parts of the plant, and store food.

Decomposers break down large molecules

and absorb the resulting small molecules

Lignin

are chemical in the walls of some cells that stiffens them, increasing structural support

The leaves

are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants

Tissues

can join together to form organs and can be organized by tissue systems

gene pool

consists of all versions of all the genes carried by all the individuals in a population

Central Vacuole

contains fluid that helps maintain the cells rigidity

Protista

used to describe all eukaryotes that do not belong to the plant, animal, or fungus kingdoms. They are unicellular, but some are not.

Plant cells

work together to form tissues