chapters 8-11 CSEs
The early spread of Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula was caused primarily by a. Belief in Muhammad's divinity b. Military conquest c. Mercantile activity d. Creation of a protected non-Muslim class
B
"Darius I of Persia [reigned 522-486 B.C.E.] proceeded to establish twenty governments of the kind which the Persians call satrapies, assigning to each its governor, and fixing the tribute which was to be paid him by the several nations. And generally he joined together in one satrapy the nations that were neighbors. The following is an account of these governments, and of the yearly tribute which they paid to the king: The Greeks and the Syrians paid a tribute of seven hundred and sixty talents* of silver. All Phoenicia, Palestine, and Cyprus to the borders of Egypt paid a tribute of three hundred and fifty talents of silver. From Egypt, and the neighboring parts of Libya, the tribute which came in was seven hundred talents of silver. From Babylonia, and the rest of Assyria, were drawn a thousand talents of silver. The Indians—360 talents of gold-dust.... Such was the revenue which Darius derived from Asia and a small part of Libya." *A talent was a measure of weight equal to approximately 60 pounds. Large tribute obligations like the ones described in the passage would eventually contribute most to which of the following problems facing imperial societies in the period 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.? (A) Alienation of local elites (B) Increasing gender inequality (C) Proliferation of religious conflicts (D) Decline of interregional trade
A
"I am a griot ... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past." - An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E. The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes? a. To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past b. To exalt the Malian kings above previous dynasties c. To highlight the griot's unique abilities as compared to other griots d. To portray Mali as a progressive society that is improving on the past
A
Malian Emperor Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 can best be understood in the context of which of the following? (A) The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia (B) The development of new transportation technologies (C) The diffusion of African culture to the Middle East (D) The territorial expansion of West African empires
A
The Primordial Beginning "Heaven is everlasting; Life itself is brief; The world is fleeting, but the Way eternal. 'Tis the road of meditation that begins the distant journey, While the sea of craving sets adrift the lighter crafts. Before the dust of bondage has been cleared away, How can the plantings of the mind be contemplated? Yet, what need is there to wash away the grime of passion? In the waters of the Truth there is a tranquil flow." - Wang Jung, Chinese poet, "Songs of Religious Joy," fifth century C.E. The poem most clearly illustrates which of the following? (A) The integration of Buddhism into Chinese religious beliefs (B) Popular discontent at the collapse of the Qin dynasty (C) The rise of Neoconfucianism during the Tang dynasty (D) Chinese state policies aimed at suppressing Confucianism
A
The appeal of Buddhism under Ashoka was a result of which of the following? (A) Buddhism's core beliefs derived from Vedic teachings yet provided a unifying alternative to local and caste divisions. (B) Buddhism's teachings derived from Confucian principles. (C) Buddhism's core beliefs shared commonalities with the religious beliefs of the Greek states of Central Asia. (D) Buddhism's teachings shared commonalities with Greco-Roman philosophy and science.
A
The map above indicates that a. Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade b. Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa c. Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East d. Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold
A
The most important global impact of Islam coming to Sub-Saharan Africa was that (A) The region practiced more in interregional trade than before (B) The Islamic faith became more militant (C) Religious wars erupted in the region (D) Disease indigenous the African continent spread throughout Eurasia
A
The photograph above shows a fourteenth century C.E. mosque in the city of Xi'an, central China. This image most clearly supports which of the following conclusions about the spread of Islam? a. Early Muslim communities in China adopted local architectural styles for their religious buildings. b. Political instability in fourteenth-century China encouraged the spread of Islam. c. Islam spread to China before Buddhism did. d. Early Muslim communities in China disguised their mosques as Confucian academies.
A
Which of the following is a major difference between the classic periods in Rome and the Islamic civilizations? a. While Roman society had strict social class delineations and little mobility, Islam was egalitarian with few barriers to social mobility. b. The Islamic civilization was more dependent on agriculture and therefore more susceptible to fluctuations in food supply. c. While the Roman Empire fell as a result of internal warfare over succession to the throne, Islamic dynasties faced few internal divisions. d. Islamic scientific thought and art forms borrowed heavily from Hellenistic sources, while Rome's scientific, philosophical, and artistic advancements were unique to its culture.
A
Which of the following provides the best evidence of the extent of the migrations of Bantu peoples? (A) Similarities of languages (B) Similarities of political structures (C) Continuity of religious organizations (D) Archaeological remains of religious buildings
A
[Edict 1] "Emperor Ashoka speaks thus: Twelve years after my coronation this has been ordered—everywhere in my domain the officials shall go on inspection tours every five years." Based on Edict 1, the Mauryan Empire exhibited which of the following characteristics common to empires in the period 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.? (A) Facilitating the organization of subjects through centralized government and bureaucracy (B) Conducting the expansion of trade through merchant-friendly policies (C) Incorporating local elites into expanding imperial armies through coercion and commercial incentives (D) Practicing diplomacy with neighboring states
A
"O ye who believe! Strong drink and games of chance and idols... are only an infamy of Satan's handiwork. Leave it aside in order that ye may succeed."- The Qur'an, Sura 5: 89 "When once you hear the roses are in bloom, Then is the time, my love, to pour the wine." - The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám The second passage does not support the first because the second passage a. Shows a noted Muslim author arguing in favor of gambling. b. Shows a noted Muslim author favoring a practice discouraged by the Qur'an. c. Shows a noted Muslim author in violation of the Qur'an's injunction against writing verse. d. Shows a noted Muslim expressing atheistic sentiments.
B
A historian researching the timeline of the spread of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa would find which of the following sources most useful? a. Bantu-language oral histories transmitted through generations b. Archaeological evidence of early forges and smelting operations c. European travelers' accounts from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries describing African industrial practices d. North African Muslim merchants' account books detailing purchases of iron tools
B
By instituting civil service examinations for entrance into the government bureaucracy, the Song a. Ensured that only the wealthy elite would retain positions of power. b. Recruited the most talented men for government service. c. Tried to limit the number of civil servants. d. Severely limited its ability to get competent civil servants.
B
Some historians argue that the development of Islamic beliefs and practices in the seventh century reflected the influence of which of the following religions? a. Christianity, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism b. Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism c. Buddhism, Judaism, and Hinduism d. Buddhism, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism
B
The Primordial Beginning "Heaven is everlasting; Life itself is brief; The world is fleeting, but the Way eternal. 'Tis the road of meditation that begins the distant journey, While the sea of craving sets adrift the lighter crafts. Before the dust of bondage has been cleared away, How can the plantings of the mind be contemplated? Yet, what need is there to wash away the grime of passion? In the waters of the Truth there is a tranquil flow." - Wang Jung, Chinese poet, "Songs of Religious Joy," fifth century C.E. The poem is most heavily influenced by which of the following Chinese cultural traditions? (A) Confucianism (B) Daoism (C) Ancestor worship (D) Legalism
B
The map above shows what significant economic developments? a. Trade connections that linked the Hellenistic and Mauryan empires to African cities from 300 through 150 B.C.E. b. Trading networks that promoted the growth of new cities from 600 C.E. through 1450 C.E. c. Chinese dominance of Indian Ocean trading networks because of the voyages of Zheng He in the 1400s C.E. d. Changes in Indian Ocean trading networks that resulted from technological innovations from 1450 C.E. through 1750 C.E.
B
The map above shows which of the following? a. The most significant trade routes in late medieval Europe b. Barbarian migrations into the Roman Empire c. The spread of Christianity within the Roman Empire d. The spread of iron-working technology
B
Explain ONE similarity between the spread of Christian communities and the spread of Jewish communities in the period 600 b.c.e.-600 c.e.
Both were oppressed by the Roman Empire. They had to practice in secret and their spread was slowed
"Darius I of Persia [reigned 522-486 B.C.E.] proceeded to establish twenty governments of the kind which the Persians call satrapies, assigning to each its governor, and fixing the tribute which was to be paid him by the several nations. And generally he joined together in one satrapy the nations that were neighbors. The following is an account of these governments, and of the yearly tribute which they paid to the king: The Greeks and the Syrians paid a tribute of seven hundred and sixty talents* of silver. All Phoenicia, Palestine, and Cyprus to the borders of Egypt paid a tribute of three hundred and fifty talents of silver. From Egypt, and the neighboring parts of Libya, the tribute which came in was seven hundred talents of silver. From Babylonia, and the rest of Assyria, were drawn a thousand talents of silver. The Indians—360 talents of gold-dust.... Such was the revenue which Darius derived from Asia and a small part of Libya." *A talent was a measure of weight equal to approximately 60 pounds. The passage best exemplifies which of the following processes? (A) The creation of an elaborate military infrastructure (B) The creation of social hierarchies (C) The creation of institutions to organize subject peoples (D) The creation of an infrastructure to promote trade
C
Gunpowder Weaponry: Europe vs. China In Western Europe during the 1200s through the 1400s, early cannon, as heavy and as slow to fire as they were, proved useful enough in the protracted sieges that dominated warfare during this period that governments found it sufficiently worthwhile to pay for them and for the experimentation that eventually produced gunpowder weapons that were both more powerful and easier to move. By contrast, China, especially after the mid-1300s, was threatened mainly by highly mobile steppe nomads, against whom early gunpowder weapons, with their unwieldiness, proved of little utility. It therefore devoted its efforts to the improvement of horse archer units who could effectively combat the country's deadliest foe. According to this passage, why did the Chinese, despite inventing gunpowder, fail to lead in the innovation of gunpowder weaponry? a. They were discouraged by Confucian traditionalism from doing so. b. They put too much faith in the numerical strength of their armed forces to feel the need for new weapons. c. They logically decided to develop weapons systems better suited to their immediate military needs. d. They could not afford the initial expense of converting to a new technological system.
C
One similarity between the increase of trade across the Sahara and trade along the eastern coast of Africa was that both (A) Developed new technologies that used iron (B) Depended primarily on networks among Bantu-speaking peoples (C) Resulted in the spread of Islam (D) Led to a rapid increase in a new form of labor, slavery
C
Sociologists who study religion have noted that religions that emphasize individual faith will sometimes spread rapidly in societies experiencing disorder and a decline in influence of traditional sources of authority. Which of the following is the clearest example of this tendency? (A) The adoption of Buddhism by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka (B) The spread of Islam along the trans-Saharan trade routes (C) The spread of Buddhism in China after the end of the Han dynasty (D) The spread of Christianity into northern and western Europe during the early Roman Empire
C
Which of the following conclusions about early Islamic architecture is best supported by the eighth-century mosque shown above? a. Use of new building materials b. Development of new construction technologies c. Adoption of some Greco-Roman architectural features d. Fusion of Mesopotamian and Egyptian architectural styles
C
Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of cities throughout Afro-Eurasia from 800 C.E. to 1350 C.E.? (A) The spread of mercantilism (B) The decline in epidemic diseases (C) The rise of interregional commerce (D) The decreasing need for agricultural workers
C
[Edict 2] "Ashoka honors both ascetics and the householders of all religions, and he honors them with gifts and honors of various kinds. But Ashoka does not value gifts and honors as much as he dislikes condemning the religion of others, without good cause. It is better to honor other religions; therefore, contact between religions is good. One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others. The fruit of this is that one's own religion grows and the dharma* is illuminated also." Based on Edict 2, Ashoka's policies toward practitioners of other religions had which of the following purposes? (A) The creation of a syncretic religion that embraced Buddhism, Hinduism, and Greek religious traditions (B) The development of a legal code containing specific penalties for insulting other religious traditions (C) The incorporation of diverse populations into an expanding empire (D) The establishment of a central treasury to store gifts and tribute collections
C
Explain ONE difference between the spread of Christian communities and the spread of Jewish communities in the period 600 b.c.e.-600 c.e.
Christians were proselytizing, meaning they actively looked for converts from different regions and backgrounds. Judaism was non-proselytizing and the religion remained mainly in the ethnic community.
"Darius I of Persia [reigned 522-486 B.C.E.] proceeded to establish twenty governments of the kind which the Persians call satrapies, assigning to each its governor, and fixing the tribute which was to be paid him by the several nations. And generally he joined together in one satrapy the nations that were neighbors. The following is an account of these governments, and of the yearly tribute which they paid to the king: The Greeks and the Syrians paid a tribute of seven hundred and sixty talents* of silver. All Phoenicia, Palestine, and Cyprus to the borders of Egypt paid a tribute of three hundred and fifty talents of silver. From Egypt, and the neighboring parts of Libya, the tribute which came in was seven hundred talents of silver. From Babylonia, and the rest of Assyria, were drawn a thousand talents of silver. The Indians—360 talents of gold-dust.... Such was the revenue which Darius derived from Asia and a small part of Libya." *A talent was a measure of weight equal to approximately 60 pounds. Which of the following represents a significant cultural impact that the Persian Empire had on Afro-Eurasia? (A) The spread of animist beliefs (B) The codification of Jewish scripture (C) The founding of Buddhism (D) The development of Zoroastrianism
D
"What they [the Franks] learned from the Arabs was indispensable in their subsequent expansion. The heritage of Greek civilization was transmitted through Arab intermediaries. In medicine, astronomy, chemistry, geography, mathematics, and architecture, the [Franks] drew their knowledge from Arabic books, which they assimilated, imitated, and then surpassed. . . . In the realm of industry, the Europeans first learned and then improved upon the processes used by the Arabs in paper making, leather-working, textiles, and the distillation of alcohol and sugar." - Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, 1984 The passage above best illustrates which of the following? (A) Muslims' examination of their own cultural and economic decline after the Crusades (B) The debt the Arab world owed Europe for preserving Arab scientific knowledge and cultural history (C) The reason European industrial expertise far surpassed that of the Arab world (D) The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology
D
From the founding of each religion, Christians and Muslims shared a belief in a. The principle of separation of church and state b. The legal equality of men and women c. Equality of opportunity d. A single omnipotent deity
D
[Edict 3] "Ashoka conquered the Indian kingdom of Kalinga eight years after his coronation; now Ashoka feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas. Now it is conquest by dharma that Ashoka considers to be the best conquest. And conquest by dharma has been won here, on the northwestern borders of my state where the Greek king Antiochos [a successor of Alexander] rules. Here in the king's domain, everywhere people are following Ashoka's instructions in dharma." The interaction between Ashoka's Mauryan Empire and Antiochos' kingdom mentioned in Edict 3 was a long-term result of which of the following? (A) The Roman conquest of Southwest Asia (B) The expansion of Han China into Central Asia (C) The expansion of Central Asian nomads into South Asia (D) The expansion of Hellenistic empires
D
Identify ONE way in which Judaism influenced the development of Christianity in the period 600 b.c.e.-600 c.e.
Monotheism