characteristic properties of substances
at what temp does water have its max density
4 degrees celsius
how many water molecules can water link to
4 others -creates tetrahedral structure
are bromides soluble or insoluble in water
all are soluble except those combined with Pb2+
water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane that transports the water through proteins called
aquaporins
stores energy in the phosphate bonds that hold the molecule together
atp molecules
what happens to all substances when they are heated
becomes less dense
what happens to all substances when they are cooled
becomes more dense
occurs when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons with each other
bonds holding together non polar covalent bond
can diffuse across the plasma membrane directly
carbon dioxide and hydrogen
-is a passive process -osmosis is an example of this process -gas exchange in tissues is an example of this
diffusion
gas exchange for photosynthesis in an example of
diffusion
gas exchange in the alveoli is an example of
diffusion
is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of higher to lower concentration
diffusion
type of passive transport where particles are transported from higher to lower areas of concentration -when equilibrium is reached, this transport stops -ex: gas exchange during photosynthesis
diffusion
why does water have a high surface tension
due to hydrogen bonding
can change depending on the size of a system and the amount of matter within it which makes it an extensive property
entropy
the degree of disorder within a system -how random and unpredictable something is -measured by the amount of energy unavailable in a closed thermodynamic system
entropy
which physical property includes : volume, mass, weight, energy, entropy, number of moles, and electrical charge
extensive
the length of a material is an example of intensive or extensive property
extensive -bc it depends on the amount of the used material
this physical property does depend on the amount of matter and quantity of the sample -does change if the sample size is increased or decreased -if sample size increases, property increases etc. -ex: mass: one oz of orange juice is diff from one gallon of orange juice
extensive property
in this process, membrane proteins (channels or carries) help to facilitate the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane
facilitated diffusion
type of diffusion where specific molecules are transported by a specific carrier protein
facilitated diffusion
can alter chemical properties of the molecules involved, such as raising the melting point of a solid
hydrogen bonding
occurs between molecules when at least one contains a hydrogen atom and both molecules have a small electric charge because the molecule is polar
hydrogen bonding
occurs btwn molecules when at least one contains a hydrogen atom and both molecules have a small electric charge because the molecule is polar
hydrogen bonding
when the atom of a molecule interacts with a hydrogen atom in the same area -can also form btwn two diff parts of the same molecule
hydrogen bonding
are responsible for the organized structure of solid water that makes ice less dense than liquid water
hydrogen bonds
forms between a partial positively charged region on one molecule and the partial negatively charged region on another molecule -weak and short lived, but the strongest weak bond -gives water many important properties -also important component of proteins, nucleic acids, dna
hydrogen bonds
generally insoluble
hydroxides
forms a solid larger hexagonal structure as the molecules form hydrogen bonds with one another
ice
are phosphates soluble or insoluble in water
insoluble
when a substance will not dissolve into solution by breaking apart into ions
insoluble
is boiling point an example of intensive or extensive property
intensive
which physical property includes: color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, density, ductility, malleability, specific heat, temp, concentration, magnetization
intensive
this physical property does not depend on the amount of matter or quantity of the sample -will not change if the sample size is increased or decreased -ex: color: one oz or one gallon of orange juice will still be orange
intensive property
highly soluble in water
ionic compounds
when this kind of substance dissolved in water, it is broken up into individual cations and anions which are surrounded by water and molecules
ionic substances
the energy that possesses due to its motion ex: a thrown ball falling
kinetic energy
is the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock. or mineral
lustre/luster
is a substances ability to deform under pressure -ex: material can be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling
malleability
is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work -ex: energy in an object due to its motion or position
mechanical energy
temp at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid -this depends on pressure
melting point
what are the 2 types of luster/lustre
metallic and non metallic
why is it easier for water molecules to form hydrogen bonds when freezing
molecules move slowly -the hydrogen bonds arrange themselves into an open hexagonal structure
chemical bond that exists btwn 2 atoms -bond is formed when electrons are equally shared btwn 2 atoms -bond can be formed either btwn 2 identical atoms or btwn 2 diff atoms
non polar covalent bonds
during this , the membranes allow non polar, hydrophobic molecules, and small molecules to cross
osmosis
type of passive transport that involves diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane from an area of lower to higher solute concentration -water moves across the membrane until there are equal concentrations of water and solute on each side -ex: absorption of water through plant roots
osmosis
is the main cause of support in many plants -the osmotic entry of water raises the turbo pressure exerted against the cell wall until it equals the osmotic pressure, creating a steady state
osmotic pressure
any property of matter than can be obscured or measured
physical property of matter
bonds that do not share electrons equally and therefore contains atoms with partial positive and negative charges
polar covalent bonds
the more phosphate bonds present in a molecule, the more __________ it contains
potential energy
what type of energy is stored in atp -this energy can be stored at one location and then moved to another location in the cell where it can be released to drive biochemical reactions
potential energy
what are these the properties of: high polarity hydrogen bonding cohesiveness adhesiveness high specific heat high latent heat high heat of vaporization
properties of water
what are the forms of water
solid (ice) liquid (water) gas (steam)
the amount of heat that one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temp by one degree celsius
specific heat
type of radiant energy, much like the light we see, but with a smaller wave length and higher energy
ultraviolet radiation
-polar molecule, which means that the atoms within each molecule carry partial charges -polarity allows it to dissolve a wide variety of diff substances and makes it a good solvent
water
besides mercury, what liquid has the highest surface tension
water
its ability to dissolve so many solutes that it is called the universal solvent
water
what is a unique property of water
when freezing, water molecules can form hydrogen bonds more easily