Chem 1100 - Test 1 - Review

Know what the four quantum numbers are, what they represent, and their relationship to each other

(n), principal quantum number (l),orbital angular momentum quantum number (ml), magnetic quantum number (ms) electron spin quantum number

Know the postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory

1) All matter is made of atoms. 2.) Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. 3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.

Know the different steps of the scientific method and how they are applied

1.) Make an Observation 2.)Form a Question 3.)Form a Hypothesis 4.)Conduct an Experiment 5.)Analyse the Data and Draw a Conclusion

Know how to determine the number of atoms from the number of moles Example(number of atoms in 2.45 mol of copper)

2.45 mol cu x 6.022x10^23 = 1.48 x 10^24 cu atoms

Know the meaning of the unit prefixes

A unit prefix is a specifier or mnemonic that is prepended to units of measurement to indicate multiples or fractions of the units. Units of various sizes are commonly formed by the use of such prefixes. The prefixes of the metric system, such as kilo and milli, represent multiplication by powers of ten.

Know where you find the metals, non-metals, inert (noble) gases, main group elements, transition elements

Alkali metals: The alkali metals make up Group 1 of the table, and comprise lithium (Li) through francium (Fr). These elements have very similar behavior and characteristics. Hydrogen is Group 1, but it exhibits few characteristics of a metal and is often categorized with the nonmetals. Alkaline earth metals: The alkaline earth metals make up Group 2 of the periodic table, from beryllium (Be) through radium (Ra). The alkaline earth metals have very high melting points and oxides that have basic alkaline solutions. Lanthanides: The lanthanides comprise elements 57 — lanthanum (La), hence the name of the set — through 71, lutetium (Lu). They, along with the actinides, are often called "the f-elements" because they have valence electrons in the f shell. Actinides: The actinides comprise elements 89, actinium (Ac), through 103, lawrencium (Lr). They, along with the lanthanides, are often called "the f-elements" because they have valence electrons in the f shell. Only thorium (Th) and uranium (U) occur naturally with significant abundance. They are all radioactive. Transition metals: The transition elements are metals that have a partially filled d subshell and comprise Groups 3 through 12 and the lanthanides and actinides. Post-transition metals: The post-transition elements are aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), Tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi). As the name implies, these elements have some of the characteristics of the transition metals, but they tend to be softer and conduct more poorly than the transition metals. Metalloid: The metalloids are boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po). They sometimes behave as semiconductors (B, Si, Ge) rather than as conductors. Metalloids are also called "semi-metals" or "poor metals." Nonmetals: The term "nonmetals" is used to classify hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O), sulfur (S) and selenium (Se). Halogens: The halogen elements are a subset of the nonmetals. They comprise Group 17 of the periodic table, from fluorine (F) through astatine (At). They are generally very chemically reactive and are present in the environment as compounds rather than as pure elements. Noble gases: The inert, or noble, gases comprise Group 18. They are generally very stable chemically and exhibit similar properties of being colorless and odorless.

Know what the Aufbau principle, Hund's Rule and Pauli Exclusion Principle are

Aufbau principle states that, hypothetically, electrons orbiting one or more atoms fill the lowest available energy levels before filling higher levels Hund's rule: every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin. Pauli exclusion principle states that two or more identical fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously.

Know what density is, and how to do problems with it

Density = Mass/Volume example; Density is mass divided by volume, so that the density is 45 g divided by 15cm3, which is 3.0 g/cm3

Know how to calculate moles from grams or vise versa

Grams = Moles x Atomic weight

Know the names and symbols of the elements required by the instructor

H Hydrogen ( 1) He Helium ( 2) Li Lithium ( 3) Be Beryllium ( 4) B Boron ( 5) C Carbon ( 6) N Nitrogen ( 7) O Oxygen ( 8) F Fluorine ( 9) Ne Neon (10) Na Sodium (11) Mg Magnesium (12) Al Aluminum (13) Si Silicon (14) P Phosphorus (15) S Sulfur (16) Cl Chlorine (17) Ar Argon (18) K Potassium (19) Ca Calcium (20) Cr Chromium (24) Mn Manganese (25) Fe Iron (26) Co Cobalt (27) Ni Nickel (28) Cu Copper (29) Zn Zinc (30) Se Selenium (34) Br Bromine (35) Kr Krypton (36) Rb Rubidium (37) Sr Strontium (38) Ag Silver (47) Cd Cadmium (48) I Iodine (53) Xe Xenon (54) Ba Barium (56) Au Gold (79) Hg Mercury (80) Pb Lead (82

Know what ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity are

Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions Electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released or spent when an electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form a negative ion. Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

Know the two different isotopic notations

Isotope notation tells us several things: mass number = A; atomic number = Z; element symbol = X Example . Given the isotopic notation 48Ti 22 identify the following: a) Name of the isotope b) Mass number c) Atomic number d) Number of protons e) Number of neutrons. Answers: a) titanium-48 b) 48 c) 22 d) 22 e) 48−22=26

Know what isotopes and ions (anions and cations) are

Isotopes. they have the same number of protons (and electrons), but different numbers of neutrons. Ion; An ion is an atom in which the number of electron s is different from the number of protons Cations (positively-charged ions) and anions (negatively-charged ions) are formed when a metal loses electrons, and a nonmetal gains those electrons.

Know how to use significant figures

Non-zero digits are always significant. Any zeros between two significant digits are significant. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant.

Know the periodic law

Periodic Law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements recur in a systematic and predictable way when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

Be able to write the electron configuration of an element or ion and Be able to fill an orbital diagram for an element

S has the first tow rows ex. Li is 1s2 2S1 d has the middle rows ex. Co is 3d7 p has the last 6 rows ex. C is 1s2 2s2 2p2 ex. Ne is 1s2 2s2 2p6 f has the bottom row ex. La

Know how to use scientific notation

Scientific notation is the way that scientists easily handle very large numbers or very small numbers. For example, instead of writing 0.0000000056, we write 5.6 x 10-9

Know the three states of matter and how to distinguish them

Solid, gas, liquid

Know the difference between weight and mass

There is a basic difference, because mass is the actual amount of material contained in a body and is measured in kg, gm, etc. Whereas weight is the force exerted by the gravity on that object mg. Note that mass is independent of everything but weight is different on the earth, moon, etc.

Know who the following are and what they did, Planck, Einstein, DeBroglie (lambda =h/(m v) ), Heisenberg, and Schrödinger

Wavelength of a photon (λ=h/mv) λ = Wavelength of a photon h = Plank's constant m = mass v = velocity

Know how to determine the molar mass of a compound

add up masses of each atom example; H2SO4 = 2x1.008+32.07+4x16=98.09grams/mol

Know the four kinds of radiation

alpha radiation +, beta radiation -, gamma radiation , and x radiation.

Know the polyatomic ions

carbonate ion; CO32- nitrate ion; NO3- nitrite ion; NO2- phosphate ion; PO43- phosphite ion; PO33- sulfate ion; SO42- sulfite ion; SO32- perchlorate ion; ClO4- chlorate ion; ClO3- chlorite ion; ClO2- hypochlorite ion; ClO- hydroxide ion; OH- cyanide ion; CN- ammonium ion; NH4+ hydronium ion: H3O+

Know the laws of conservation of mass and energy

law of conservation of mass states that mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations.

Know what the duality of light and matter are

light is a particle and wavelenght

Know what the accepted International System of Units are

meters, kilograms, seconds, ampere, kelvin, mole

Know what group, families and periods are

period (horizontal row) families (vertical columns) group (also known as a family)

Know the three subatomic particles are, what their relative mass, charges and symbols are

proton p +1 1 electron e⁻ -1 0 neutron n 0 1

Know the laws of definite and multiple proportions

statement that when two elements combine with each other to form more than one compound, the weights of one element that combine with a fixed weight of the other are in a ratio of small whole numbers.

Know how to convert form Fahrenheit to Celsius to Kelvin

°C = (°F - 32) * 5 / 9. °F = (°C * 1.8) + 32. K = °C + 273.15. °C = K - 273.15.