Chem 1100 UT Chapters 1-2

The composition of air by volume is about 21% oxygen. For every 100 molecules, how many molecules are not oxygen?

79

Express the quantity 0.0000000000835 correctly in scientific notation.

8.35 × 10^-11

Which of the following options correctly defines a secondary pollutant?

A secondary pollutant is a pollutant produced from one or more other pollutants.

Which of the following actions are permitted in balancing a chemical equation?

Adding coefficients to formulas of reactants and products Multiplying all coefficients by a common factor

Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture Element Compound

Air Pasta Salad O2 CO2

Match each group in the periodic table with the correct name as indicated. Group 1 --> Group 2 --> Group 17 --> Group 18 -->

Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Halogens Noble gases

What products may be formed when a hydrocarbon undergoes combustion? Select all that apply.

CO CO2 heat

Which of the following species are the two products of respiration?

Carbon dioxide Water

Which of the following pollutants are generally produced by the majority of cars? Select all that apply.

Carbon monoxide Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Nitrogen oxides

What are the environmental challenges to extracting metals from recycled electronic devices? Select all that apply.

Contaminated groundwater could contribute to an increase of cancers in surrounding communities. Groundwater could be contaminated with heavy metals. The solvents used to remove the plastics are not generally environmentally friendly.

Megacities contain _____ people or more.

10 million

1 ppm is _____ times smaller than 1%.

10,000

The correct formula for the compound dichlorine pentoxide is Cl _____ O ______. Enter your answer in the correct format.

2; 5

Which of the following air samples are toxic? (Select all that apply. Refer to the table provided.)

5.0 × 102 μg/m3 of NO2 0.9 ppm SO2

Match the number of protons and electrons with the appropriate element. Xe --> K --> F --> Co -->

54 protons, 54 electrons 19 protons, 19 electrons 9 protons, 9 electrons 27 protons, 27 electrons

If a mixture of quartz and bauxite contains 78% quartz, this means that _______. (Select all that apply.)

there are 78 g of quartz for every 22 g of bauxite there are 78 g of quartz in 100 g of the mixture 150 g of this mixture contains 117 g of quartz

Which of the following are layers of the Earth's atmosphere? Select all that apply.

thermosphere stratosphere mesosphere troposphere

When an electronic device is recycled, the metals are recovered by _____.

treatment with strong acid

Which of the following options correctly describe the mass number of an atom? (Select all that apply.)

The mass number is given by the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The mass number may vary between atoms of a particular element.

Which of the following statements correctly describe subatomic particles? Select all that apply.

The mass of an electron is much smaller than the mass of a proton. Protons are positively charged. The electrons are located outside the nucleus of an atom.

Which of the following form the focus of the "cradle-to-grave" approach to consumer goods? Select all that apply.

The raw materials from which the goods are made The energy consumed to produce the goods The waste products created when the goods are made

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name a compound containing two nonmetals? Select all that apply.

The second element is named with its root and the suffix -ide. The name of the first element remains unchanged, except for the addition of a prefix where appropriate. A Greek numerical prefix is always used when more than one atom is present to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound.

Which of the following statements correctly describe a properly balanced chemical equation? Select all that apply.

The total number of atoms of each element must be the same in the reactants and products. The physical states of the reactants may be different than the physical states of the products.

Which of the following options correctly describe the troposphere? Select all that apply.

The troposphere is the region of the atmosphere in which humans live. 75% of our air is found within the troposphere. An inversion layer in the troposphere occurs when cooler air is trapped below warm air.

Which of the following options correctly describe the factors that affect air quality? (Select all that apply.)

Weather patterns have an affect on air quality. The number of people living in a region affects air quality.

Is the chemical equation depicted in the illustration balanced? Why? (Select all that apply.)

Yes, there are the same number and type of atoms on each side of the chemical equation. Yes the chemical equation is balanced.

The process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome is called _________ assessment.

risk

A carcinogenic compound is one that causes _____.

cancer

Organic compounds always contains the element _____.

carbon

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only _____ and _____.

carbon hydrogen

A(n) _______ is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed. This type of substance is often used up but regenerated during the reaction.

catalyst

A(n) ________ is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed. This type of substance is often used up but regenerated during the reaction.

catalyst

The periodic table is organized such that elements with similar _____ properties fall into vertical columns called _____.

chemical; groups

Which of the following is the primary source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2)?

coal-burning power plants

A chemical equation that is properly balanced obeys the law of ______.

conservation of mass

A solid that has a highly ordered structure at the atomic level is referred to as a(n) ______, whereas solids with a relatively disordered structure are described as _______.

crystal; amorphous

Greek numerical prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of a particular element present in a covalent compound. The prefix ______ indicates 10 atoms of the same element, while the prefix hexa- is used to indicate _______ atoms of the same element.

deca; 6

Greek numerical prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of a particular element present in a covalent compound. The prefix _____ indicates 10 atoms of the same element, while the prefix hexa- is used to indicate _____ atoms of the same element.

deca; six

A chemical ______ (e.g., CO2) represents the elementary composition of any pure substance.

formula

Elements in Group 17 are called _______, whereas elements in Group 18 are called ________ gases.

halogens; noble

Match each type of solid with the correct description. crystal --> amorphous -->

highly ordered arrangement of constituent particles disordered/random arrangement of constituent particles

Percent means parts per _____.

hundred

The composition of a mixture may be expressed as a percentage. Percent means parts per _____.

hundred

Compounds that are made up of only hydrogen and carbon are called _____.

hydrocarbons

Match each type of element with its location on the periodic table. Metals --> Nonmetals --> Metalloids -->

large green area to the left of the "stair step" small blue area to the right of the "stair step" narrow orange strip located on both sides of the "stair step"

In a combustion reaction, a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Note that the oxygen found in the reactants ends up in both products. In order to balance the chemical equation in the most efficient manner it is best to balance the oxygen atoms _____.

last

A volatile substance readily undergoes a phase change from _____.

liquid to gas

Even in very small concentrations ozone can affect _____ function in humans. Ozone also damages _____, which are essential to human life.

lung; crops

Sustainability is correctly defined as _____.

meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same

Silicon is a key component of electronic devices. This element is a(n) ______, a type of element also called a(n) ______.

metalloid; semiconductor

For low concentrations, it is more convenient to use units of parts per (ppm), instead of percent. This unit is of a concentration 10,000 times smaller than 1%.

million

A molecule that always contains carbon and may contain hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen is called a(n) _______ compound.

organic

Which of the following are common types of minerals found in rocks and soil? Select all that apply.

oxides aluminates silicates

We often use units of ppm, ppb, and ppt to express very low concentrations. Match each unit to the correct definition. ppm --> ppb --> ppt -->

parts per 10^6 parts parts per 10^9 parts parts per 10^12 parts

Match each air pollutant to the correct description. Instructions Sulfur dioxide --> Carbon monoxide --> Ozone --> Nitrogen dioxide --> Particulate matter -->

sharp, unpleasant odor; produced by burning coal colorless, tasteless, and odorless, the "silent killer" sharp odor; a pollutant in the immediate atmosphere but essential at high altitudes characteristic brown color; emitted from car engines classified by size rather than composition

Managing human consumption of natural resources so that these resources are not exhausted is called _____.

sustainability

Equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of atoms or molecules, as long as the samples are at the same _____ and _____.

temperature; pressure

A "cradle-to-cradle" approach to analysis of the life cycle of an item includes the idea that ______.

the end of the life cycle of one item leads naturally into the beginning of the life cycle of another

The most common elemental form of nitrogen is ______.

N2

Which of the following options correctly describe the chemical symbols for elements? Select all that apply.

Chemical symbols are also called atomic symbols. & Chemical symbols are abbreviations for elements named for properties, planets, places, and people.

Which of the following options correctly describe the form(s) in which elements exist in nature? Select all that apply.

Nonmetals such as oxygen and nitrogen may occur either in elemental form or in the form of compounds. Many metals exist as compounds of oxygen, or oxides.

Equal volumes of molecular gases (such as N2 or O2) at a given temperature and pressure will always ______.

contain equal numbers of molecules

What is a catalyst?

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction

Which of the following options correctly describe atoms? Select all that apply.

Atoms are extremely small. Compounds contain two or more different types of atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable, independent entity.

Which of the following are examples of chemical changes? (Select all that apply.)

Burning a candle Rusting of iron

Which of the following are rare earth metals? Select all that apply.

Cerium (Ce) Gadolinium (Gd)

What accounts for the fact that Los Angeles has more days of poor air quality than New York City despite having half its population.

Los Angeles has a geography that traps the air.

Air Oxygen (O2)

Mixture Pure Substance

What is is the correct chemical formula for sulfur tetrafluoride?

SF^4

Which of the following options correctly describe silica? Select all that apply.

Silica is a naturally occurring substance. Quartz is a form of silica. Silica has a well-ordered structure composed of repeating linkages between Si and O.

Which metalloid is a key component of electronic devices?

Silicon

Na N S Si Ag

Sodium Nitrogen Sulfur Silicon Silver

Which of following options correctly describe the periodic table? Select all that apply.

The periodic table contains the chemical symbols that represent the elements. The elements in the periodic table are arranged based on similar chemical properties.

True or false: After the completion of a chemical reaction the number of substances may change but the total mass of matter present remains constant.

True

The smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable independent entity is a(n) _____.

atom

A molecule is an independent structure composed of two or more _____ chemically bonded together.

atoms

Classify each substance correctly according to type. O3 --> H2O --> air -->

element compound mixture

Risk assessment involves _____.

evaluating scientific data and making predictions about an outcome

Gas molecules are in constant random motion and are extremely _____ under normal atmospheric conditions. If the gas molecules in a sample of air were condensed, their actual volume would be very _____.

far apart; small

A __________ mixture is uniform throughout, whereas a __________ in not uniform and different components can be distinguished.

homogeneous; heterogeneous

In a glass of flat coca cola, the cola is considered a _______ mixture because its composition is ________.

homogeneous; uniform

On a typical periodic table, the rare earth elements are found _______.

in the first row below the main body of the table

Synthetic sapphire ______. (Select all that apply.)

is denser than glass is produced by heating aluminum oxide powder to very high temperatures

Which of the following is the correct name for the compound NO2?

nitrogen dioxide

A chemical equation must be balanced. This means that the same _____ and _____ of atoms must appear on both sides of the equation.

number; type

The process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome is called ______ assessment.

risk

The common name for the compound H2O is _____, while the compound NH3 is commonly known as ______.

water; ammonia

Rank the following elements correctly according to its number of protons, starting with the element that has the least number of protons at the top of the list.

1. He 2. Al 3. Zn 4. Rn

When balancing a combustion reaction, which element should be balanced last?

Oxygen

Which of the following options correctly describe the formation and control of pollutants produced by cars? Select all that apply.

Volatile organic compounds are connected to the formation of nitrogen dioxide. Catalytic converters have reduced the CO emissions from cars.

When considering the most responsible end-use of a product, sustainability should take into account _______. (Select all that apply.)

environmental aspects such as preventing pollution the fair distribution of resources the need to improve the quality of life for all members of society

Many metals occur as minerals in rocks and soil. A mineral in which a metal is bonded to oxygen is called a(n) ______, whereas a mineral containing oxygen and silicon together is called a(n) ________.

oxide; silicate

Which of the following are common units of concentration used when reporting the level of common air pollutants? Select all that apply.

ppm ppb μg/m3

Each element has a unique number of _____, which is called the atomic number. For a neutral atom, this number is also equal to the number of _____ present.

protons; electrons

Silica is a naturally occurring oxide of silicon, SiO2, which is transparent. Pure crystallized SiO2 is known as ______.

quartz

The process of quickly cooling molten glass has the effect of ________ the material.

strengthening / hardening / tempering

Chemistry is the study of ______. (Select all the options that correctly complete the sentence.)

the changes of matter the properties of substances matter and its composition

A species that passes easily from the liquid to the vapor phase is called a(n) _____ substance.

volatile

Scientific notation expresses a quantity with a single digit before the decimal point and followed by ________ raised to the appropriate power.

10; ten; or x10

Match each Greek numerical prefix with the correct number of atoms/entities it indicates. di- --> penta- --> hexa- --> mono- --> hepta- -->

2 5 6 1 7

Which of the following options correctly describe gases? (Select all that apply.)

Gases are mostly empty space. Gas molecules are extremely small. Gas molecules are in constant random motion.

Which of the following are pure substances? (Select all that apply.)

N2 H2O

Which of the following statements correctly describe the atomic number of an element? Select all that apply.

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Each element has its own unique atomic number.

Which of the following chemical symbols are correct? Select all that apply.

The chemical symbol for argon is Ar. & The chemical symbol for carbon is C.

Minerals are _______.

chemical compounds found in rocks and soil

Most elements occur in nature as ______.

compounds

Match each type of pure substance to the correct description. Element --> Compound -->

contains only one type of atom consists of two or more elements, chemically bound

An approach to consumer goods that aims at recycling, so that the end of the life cycle of one item leads naturally into the beginning of the life cycle of another, is the ______ approach.

cradle-to-cradle

An approach to analyzing the life cycle of an item, beginning with the raw materials from which it is made to its ultimate disposal, is called the _____ approach.

cradle-to-grave

A chemical equation is a statement using chemical ________ that expresses both the identities and the relative ________ of the reactants and products involved in a chemical or physical change.

formulas; quantity

A chemical equation is a statement using chemical that _______ expresses both the identities and the relative ________ of the reactants and products involved in a chemical or physical change.

formulas; quantity

Chemistry is the study of matter, which is commonly defined as anything that has __________ and occupies __________.

mass & space

The _____ number of an atom is equal to the total number of protons and _____ in the nucleus of the atom.

mass; neutrons

Which of the following elements commonly occur as diatomic molecules? Select all that apply.

nitrogen oxygen fluorine hydrogen

In the process of ______, the foods that we eat are metabolized to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

respiration

Combustion is correctly described as _____.

the process in which a substance burns in oxygen

Express 2.6 × 104 in decimal notation (i.e., as a "regular" number).

26,000

Which of the following is not one of the pillars of sustainability?

International

Which of the following options correctly describe ozone exposure and its effects? Select all that apply.

Ozone reacts with the rubber on car tires. Ozone reduces lung function.

Which of the following are considered air pollutants? Select all that apply.

Particulate matter Ozone Nitrogen dioxide Carbon monoxide

Which of the following options correctly describe elements and compounds? (Select all that apply.)

There are many more known compounds than elements. A compound contains two or more different elements. Elements and compounds are both pure substances.

What is the term used to define the lower region of the atmosphere in which we live, which lies directly above the surface of the Earth?

Troposphere

Which of the following activities do NOT cause indoor air pollution? Select all that apply.

Turning on the television Running the washing machine

Sapphire is a natural gemstone that is harder than quartz. Sapphire is composed of ______.

aluminum oxide

A species capable of causing cancer is called a(n) _______ compound.

carcinogenic

A(n) __________ pollutant is produced from chemical reactions involving one or more other pollutants.

secondary

Rank the pollutants from the most to the least toxic, based on the values given in the accompanying table. Be careful; note that these numbers are the concentration levels deemed unsafe. Start with the most toxic pollutant at the top of the list.

1. PM2.5 2. O3 2. CO

Classify each of the samples of matter according to type as indicated. A --> B-->

Compound Element

Which of the following are essential parts of a life cycle analysis? (Select all that apply.)

Fabrication Recycling/disposal Use by consumers

Silica glass is made by ________.

Heating sand to a temperature high enough to melt it and then cooling the liquid until it hardens.

Which of the following cities are megacities? (Select all that apply.)

Istanbul Delhi Moscow Sao Paulo Beijing

Which of the following is the correct molecular formula for dinitrogen pentoxide?

N^2O^5

Which of the following options correctly describe the characteristics and role of oxygen? Select all that apply.v

O^2 is a necessary reactant in burning and rusting. Oxygen atoms are the most abundant atoms by mass in the human body. O^2 is absorbed into our blood via the lungs.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the sources and environmental effects of SO2 (sulfur dioxide)? Select all that apply.

SO^2 can react with water to produce acid rain. SO^2 can lead to the formation of aerosols.

Which of the following options correctly describe different samples of matter? Select all that apply.

Tap water is an example of a mixture. CO2 is an example of a compound.

_____ glass is strengthened glass that has been heated to high temperatures and cooled, which results in internal stresses.

Tempered

Different forms of the same element (such as O2 and O3) are called ______. These forms differ in the way the atoms are bonded together.

allotropes

Solid compounds of metals found in rocks and soil are called _____.

minerals

A chemical reaction is process whereby substances called _____ are transformed into different substances called ________.

reactants; products

Combustion is an example of a type of chemical _______, where reactants are transformed into products.

reaction

During a chemical reaction, the number of different substances may or may not change, but the total mass of matter present _____.

remains unchanged

The number 10,000 can be expressed as 1 × 104. This second form is called _____ notation.

scientific

Match each component of the atom with the correct description. Instructions nucleus --> electron --> proton --> neutron -->

small region that contains almost all the mass of an atom negatively charged particle positively charged particle found within the center of the atom uncharged dense particle located in the center of the atom

Place the layers of Earth's atmosphere in the correct order, starting with the layer that is closest to Earth at the top of the list.

troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere exosphere

When naming a compound composed of two nonmetals, the number of atoms of each element is indicated by a Greek numerical _______.

prefix

Combustion is an example of a type of chemical ______, where reactants are transformed into products.

reaction

Which of the following statements correctly defines a molecule?

A molecule is independent structure consisting of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.

Match each set of concentration units with its appropriate meaning. ppm --> ppb --> micro -->

1 part1×10^6 parts 1 part1×10^9 parts Choice 1 x 10^-6

Which of the following options describe the correct format used when writing the chemical formula of a substance? Select all that apply.

A chemical formula is a symbolic way to represent the composition of a substance. & The number of atoms of a particular element is indicated by a subscript.

Which of the following elements are commonly added to sand when making glass, to improve its thermal properties? Select all that apply.

Boron Potassium Aluminum

Which of the following statements correctly describe different forms of matter? Select all that apply.

Both mixtures and pure substances are forms of matter. Mixtures can consist of any four phases of matter.

Which of the following are physical changes? (Select all that apply.)

Breaking a bottle Melting ice

Match each form of matter with the correct description. Mixture --> Pure substance -->

Physical combination of two or more species Form of matter with a definite composition

True or false: In order to balance the reaction of hydrogen gas (H2) with oxygen gas (O2) to form liquid H2O a student adds a subscript of 2 to the oxygen in H2O. This is an acceptable method of balancing the above reaction.

False

Match each indoor air pollutant correctly with its common source. Instructions Tobacco smoke --> Paints and varnishes --> Basements --> Ventilation systems -->

Formaldehyde, benzene VOCs Radon O3, NO2, SO2, CO

The conversion of sand into high-purity silicon for computer chip fabrication would fall under which stage of the life cycle analysis for a laptop computer?

Material extraction and processing

Which of the following options shows the correct format for writing an element symbol composed of two letters?

Mg

Match each of the following species with the correct classification. Air --> Oxygen (O2) -->

Mixture Pure substance

Which of the following are elements? Select all that apply.

Na, O2, Cu

Which of the following options correctly describe N2 (nitrogen gas)? Select all that apply.

Nitrogen is the most abundant substance in air. Nitrogen is colorless and odorless.

Classify each element according to its position on the periodic table. Instructions S Ca Si

Nonmetal Metal Metaloid

Which of the following are allotropes of oxygen?

O2 O3

Which of the following statements correctly describe the information gained from a balanced chemical equation? Select all that apply.

Often the physical states of reactants and products Relative quantities of substances involved Identities of substances involved

Which of the following options correctly describe air pollutants? Select all that apply.

Particulate matter is an example of an air pollutant. Some air pollutants are hazardous at levels well below 1 ppm.

Which of the following options correctly describe common air pollutants? Select all that apply.

SO2 may be produced when coal is burned. Nitrogen dioxide can combine with moisture in the atmosphere to produce acid rain. Carbon monoxide may be produced by charcoal grills or propane camping stoves.

Which of the following options correctly describe aerosols? Select all that apply.

SO^3 can combine with water to create sulfuric acid aerosols. Aerosols are liquid and solid particles that remain suspended in the air. Aerosols can contribute to pollution.

Which of the following are examples of mixtures? Select all that apply.

Soil Tap water

Which of the following options correctly describe mixtures? Select all that apply.

The components can be separated by physical means. The proportions of the components can vary.

Droplets that contain suspended solid and liquid particles are called _____.

aerosols

Some compounds are so common that they are named using "common" or "trivial" names instead of systematic names. Match each of the following compounds with its correct name. Instructions NH^3 --> H^2O --> CH^4 --> O^3 -->

ammonia water methane ozone