Chem and Society Chapter 14/ 15
pure heptane would have an octane rating of
0
what percentage of the electricity produced in the world today comes from nuclear fusion?
0%
the EPA drinking water standard for arsenic I 0.040 mg/L. what is this concentration in ppm?
0.040
rivers constitute --- % of the surface water and other freshwater
0.49
a watt is
1 joule/s
what percentage of public water supplies in the US do NOT meet one or more of the EPA water standards?
10%
pure isooctane would have an octane rating of
100
the EPA drinking water standard for toluene is 1mg/L. What is this concentration in ppb?
1000
the efficiency of current solar cells is approximately
15%
burning one mole of propane according to the following reaction C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g)--> 3 CO2 + 4H2O liberates 526 kcal of energy. if all of the coefficients are tripled, how much energy will be released?
1578 kcal
what percentage of water on earth is fresh water?
2%
at present, what approximate percentage of electricity generated in US comes from nuclear energy?
20%
approximately what percentage of solar radiation is used to power the water cycle?
23%
the US is estimated to have approximately what percentage of the world's coal reserve?
25%
consider the following EROEI values for different fuel processes. which would result in the greatest increase in CO2 emissions?
2:1
the EPA drinking water standard for toluene is 3 mg/L. what is this concentration in ppm?
3
the overall efficiency of biomass as a method of harvesting solar energy is approximately
3%
contaminated water supplies and lack of adequate sanitation kill
3.6 million
approximately what percentage of the total solar radiation that falls upon the earth is immediately reflected back into space?
30%
during the past three decades, American industry has reduced its consumption of energy per product by nearly
30%
burning 1 mol of methane in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water produces 803 kJ of energy. how much energy is produced when 4 mol of methane is burned?
3212 kJ
how many joules of energy will a stock tank heater rated at 400 watts use in a 48 hour period?
400x48x3600
approximately what percentage of US electricity is generated by the burning of coal?
45%
the EPA drinking water standard for arsenic is 0.050 mg/L. what is this concentration in ppb?
5.0 x 103
fracking accounts for--- percent of the natural gas production in the US
50
at any given time, what proportion of the world's hospital beds are occupied by people with waterborne disease
50%
when the overall equation for the photosynthesis process is written and balanced, how many molecules of water are required to make one glucose molecule, C6H12O6?
6
approximately what percentage of the chemical energy of a fossil fuel electrical plant is "lost" as heat energy?
60%
approximately what percentage of electricity generated in the US is hydroelectric?
7%
about--- of the worlds fresh water supply is used in agriculture
70%
approximately what fraction of the earth's surface is covered with water?
75%
---million people on earth do not have access to adequate quantities of fresh water
875
a gasoline with an octane rating of 90 would give the same performance in a standard test engine as a mixture of
90% isooctane and 10% heptane
given the following analysis of coal samples, which is the best fuel?
95% carbon, 5% O
what percentage of water on earth is seawater, and hence, unfit for drinking?
98%
which of the following is a fuel?
C
which of the following is a nonfuel
CCI4
the conversion of coal to gas results in the production of synthesis gas. synthesis gas is a mixture of
CO and H2
which country leads in percentage of electricity produced by nuclear energy?
France
which of the following is NOT a property of water
It has a lower density than most liquids do.
which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?
O2
one of the advantages of treating sewage effluent with ozone as opposed to chlorine is
O3 is more effective in killing viruses
what metal, when added as a compound, increases octane rating of gasoline
Pb
which of the following situations would be an example of KE?
a nuclear explosion
the use of biomass as a solution to all energy needs is limited by
a shortage of land to grow plants for energy consumption
which of the following does NOT result in an increase in entropy
a student cleans his dorm room
control rods in a nuclear reactor are used to
absorb neutrons and slow down fission
breeder reactors allow for the use of
abundant and naturally occurring U-238 as a nuclear fuel
geothermal energy cannot meet all of our energy needs because
access to geothermal energy is limited to certain regions
lakes and streams with granite rock bottoms are more susceptible to
acidification
lakes and streams with limestone rock bottoms are less susceptible to
acidification
in secondary treatment of sewage, which removes organic matter?
aerobic bacteria
which of the following is NOT a problem associated with nuclear power plants
air pollution
the effects of acid rain include all of the following EXCEPT
algae blooms in lakes
according to kinetic- molecular theory, reactions occur more rapidly at higher temperatures because molecules
all of the above
aeration of drinking water
all of the above
the water cycle acts to purify water by
all of the above
which of the following alternative energy sources is not intermittent and does not require energy storage
all of the above
which of the following human activities contribute significantly to increased water pollution?
all of the above
which of the following will cause the rate of a chemical reaction to speed up
all of the above
the metal ion found in clays and other minerals that appears to be deadly to young fish is
aluminum
a lake that has a foul odor has most likely undergone
anaerobic decay
the highest grade of coal is
anthracite
biomass does NOT produce
asphalt
when petroleum is separated in a distillation tower, the fraction that does not vaporize is
asphalt
the most serious threat to human health from water supplies is
bacteria
the thin film of air, water, and soil in which all life exists is only about 15 km thick and is called the
biosphere
which of the following statements about bottled water is true?
bottled mineral water often contains more dissolved ions than tap
the most energy efficient method for converting biomass into useful energy is to
burn the plant material directly
zeolites can be modified to remove healthy metal from drinking water. How is this accomplished?
calcium and magnesium cations are replaced with sodium and potassium cations
the primary element in coal is
carbon
when natural gas is burned in insufficient air, --- can be a major product
carbon and soot
under aerobic conditions, the carbon in decaying vegetation in a lake ends up primarily as
carbon dioxide, CO2
the yield of gasoline from crude petroleum can be increased by
catalytic cracking of lighter fractions
the structural material of plants is largely
cellulose
when coal burns,
chemical energy is converted to heat energy
municipal water supplies are disinfected by treatment either with chlorine or with ozone. one advantage which chlorine has over ozone is that
chlorine continues to provide protection against microorganisms even after the water leaves the treatment plant
the solar energy-absorbing molecules of plants that power photosynthesis are called
chlorophylls
the most abundant fossil fuel in the US is
coal
which of the following forms of energy is the dirtiest?
coal
which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using coal as a fuel source
coal is the least abundant of the fossil fuels
when coal is heated in the absence of air, the condensed vapor collected during the heating is called
coal tar
when coal is heated in the absence of air, the solid left behind is called
coke
petroleum is best described as a
complex mixture
gasoline is a
complex mixture of C5- C12 hydrocarbons
ppm and ppb are
concentration units
the first law of thermodynamics is sometimes called the law of
conservation of energy
the saltiness of the oceans is
constant
a fuel cell is an electrochemical device that
converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy
which of the following uses the greatest amount of water in the US?
cooling for electric power plants
the heating of large hydrocarbon compounds with a catalyst in the absence of oxygen is called
cracking
coal can be cleaned before it is burned the flotation method separates coal from its major impurities by taking advantage of the difference in--- of these materials
density
the principal fuel(s) for nuclear fusion would be
deuterium and tritium (2H and 3H)
pathogenic is
disease causing
anaerobic degradation of organic material in water systems occurs in the absence of
dissolved oxygen
to make crude petroleum more useful, it must be
distilled
wood, crop residues and--- still remain the main sources of heat for one third of the world's people
dried dung
which of these common human activities contribute to BOD
dumping detergents in a lake or pond
electricity produced from nuclear power is especially important in which part of the US
eastern seaboard and the upper midwest
for most uses, the most convenient form of energy is
electrical
all of the following examples are classified as PE EXCEPT
energy of a moving object
--- is the measure of the dispersal of energy in a system
entropy
the second law of thermodynamics defines
entropy
algae growth and death in a lake can increase the BOD of water. this process is called
eutrophication
heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to
evaporate a liquid
which of the following is an endothermic process
evaporation of water
secondary treatment of sewage involves
filtering and aeration
a substance that burns readily and releases significant amounts of energy is an
fuel
which physical state has the greatest entropy?
gas
when coal containing sulfur is burned, the sulfur is converted to
gaseous sulfur oxides that go up the smokestack
a major source of groundwater contamination is leaking underground storage tanks. most of these tanks once held
gasoline
which of the following is NOT powered by the sun
geothermal energy
which part of the water supply is most isolated from the purifying capacity of the water cycle
groundwater
in any conversion of energy from one form to another, some of the energy ends up as
heat
which of the following is considered to be a disadvantage of fluoridating drinking water?
high fluoride consumption in early childhood can cause mottling in teeth
the dramatic temperature changes on the moon between day and night are not seen on the earth because of what property of water?
high heat capacity
lakes and oceans affect climate by moderating variations in air temperature. the property of water moderating temperature variations is its
high heat of vaporization
the main components of petroleum are
hydrocarbons
the major components of petroleum are
hydrocarbons
as the amount of organic material in a water system increases, the BOD
increases
in general, a higher proportion of branded chain hydrocarbons In a gasoline formulation
increases octane rating
consumption of water with high levels of nitrate is particularly hazardous to
infants
liquefaction of coal produces a fuel that
is more conveniently transported
you cannot make a bomb from reactor grade uranium because it
is not enriched enough in uranium- 235
hydrogen gas has been proposed as a fuel of the future because
it burns to produce water
all of the following statements are true of hard water except
it contains only NA+ and K+ions
the SI unit of energy is
joule
The fraction from the distillation of crude petroleum that is slightly heavier than gasoline is called
kerosene
the number of hydrocarbons that make up the mixture called gasoline is
less than 1000
acidic water is neutralized when --- is present
limestone
which of the following is NOT an advantage of using hydrogen as a fuel for cars
liquid hydrogen must be stored at very low temperatures
catalytic reforming is a process fr converting
low octane rated alkanes into high octane rated aromatics
which of the following petroleum fractions has the highest boiling point
lubricants
when coal is burned, mineral impurities are converted to
metal oxide solids that remain behind as ash
the major component of natural gas is
methane
which substance is likely to be produced when the dissolved oxygen in a lake is depleted
methane
many well in the US are contaminated with the gasoline additive
methyl term- butyl ether
a compound that replaced tetraethyllead as an octane booster is
methyl tert-butyl ether
volatile organic compounds (VOC) make up one category of contaminants in groundwater. Which one of the following is NOT a VOC?
mica
recent evidence indicates that petroleum is derived from
microscopic marine animals
the location of most of the hydroelectric power in the US is in the
mountainous western states
if very pure silicon is doped with a small amount of arsenic, the resulting crystal is called a
n- type semiconductor
hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is widely used to produce
natural gas
the petroleum fraction that has the lowest boiling point is
natural gas
all of the following atoms are found in the framework of naturally occurring zeolites EXCEPT
neon
a contaminant in well water in many areas is
nitrates
secondary treatment of wastewater is not effective for removal of
nitrates and phosphates
natural gas burns with a relatively clean flame. which of the following potential pollutants is produced in significant quantities during the combustion of natural gas in air?
nitrogen oxides
a breeder reactor converts
non fissionable U-238 to fissionable Pu- 239
which technology is NOT used at all today for the production of electricity?
nuclear fusion
which of the following statements best describes the status of nuclear fusion as an energy source?
nuclear fusion may help solve our energy problems in the future
a characteristic of a lake dying from acidification is that the only surviving fish are
old
charcoal filtration of wastewater is an excellent method for the removal of
organic molecules
super bugs are
organisms that are resistant to antibiotics
one of the major difficulties in developing nuclear fusion as a possible source of continuous energy is that temperature of --- are needed to initiate fusion reactions
over 100,000,000 degrees celsius
most of the coal that exists today was formed--- years ago
over 300 million
approximately what percentage of the energy used to support our current lifestyle comes from fossil fuels?
over 85%
aerobic decomposition of organic matter requires
oxygen
biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of the amount of
oxygen required to degrade organic material in the water
municipal water supplies are generally treated either with chlorine or with ozone. which of the following statements is true?
ozone is more expensive, but less of it is needed
if very pure silicon is doped with a small amount of boron, the resulting crystal is called a
p- type semiconductor
the lowest grade of coal is
peat
along with fertilizers which increase BOD, which class of agricultural chemicals often contaminate water?
pesticides
the state of matter characterized by atomic nuclei and free electrons is called a
plasma
which of the following statements about plutonium and breeder reactors is correct?
plutonium is relatively easy to separate from uranium because they are chemically different
the majority of fresh water is found in
polar ice caps
soft water contains relatively large concentrations of
potassium ions
fluorides are added to water to
prevent tooth decay
one of the potential problems with chlorination of waste water is that it
produces low levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons
tailings are the name for
radioactive waste produced during the mining of uranium
the internal heat from the earth is due to
radioactivity and gravitation forces in the earth's mantle and core
Heat capacity is a measure of the heat required to
raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C
fuels are--- forms of matter
reduced
the decomposition of 2 mol of water to hydrogen and oxygen requires 137 kcal of energy. the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form 2 mol of water
releases 137 kcal
algae bloom can be stimulated on a lake or pond by
runoff fertilizers from crops and lawns
advanced treatment of wastewater can include any of the following EXCEPT
sand and gravel filtration
the --- law of thermodynamics states that in a spontaneous process, energy is degraded from more useful forms to less useful forms
second
the fact that a refrigerator requires energy tome heat from a colder object (inside of fridge) to a hotter object (outside of fridge) is which law
second
primary sewage treatment involves
settling
most solar cells are composed primarily of
silicon
rainwater is
slightly acidic because it reacts with dissolved CO2 gas
many communities are beginning to use sludge on farm fields. what is the biggest problem with using sludge on fields?
sludge is often contaminated with toxic metals that could be taken up by plants
photovoltaic cells convert
solar energy into mechanical energy
a major inconvenience of coal as a fuel is that it is a
solid
the number of possible micro states will be highest for
solid
which physical state has the lowest entropy?
solid
the EROEI for ethanol has been estimated to be between 1.67:1 to 0.78:1 which of the following is NOT a reason for the low ethanol EROEI values?
some ethanol is changed to methane (CH4) during the distillation process, so less ethanol is recovered
which of the following will have the greatest amount of entropy?
steam
acid rain contains
sulfuric acid
which company's industrial waster water would have a relatively high BOD
tasty tomato canning company
which substance is most effective in raising the octane rating of gasoline?
tetraethyllead
an advantage of natural gas as a fuel is that it is
the cleanest of the fossil fuels
Biomass may be burned directly or chemically converted to a more convenient form (liquid or gas). Which of the following statements is true?
the conversion of biomass to a more convenient form decreases the overall efficiency of the energy conversion
the statement "you can't get something from nothing" is another way of expressing
the first law of thermodynamics
water's unique properties, including its high heat capacity, high density, and a solid phase that is less dense than its liquid phase, can be best attributed to
the polarity of the molecule and hydrogen bonding between the molecules
the basic process for converting coal to a synthetic gaseous fuel involves
the reduction of carbon by hydrogen
the fact that a heat pump requires energy to move heat from a colder object (the outside of a house) to a hotter object (the inside of a house) is a real life observation of which thermodynamic law?
the second law
the inevitable energy lost as heat in the generation of electrical energy in the most efficient fossil fuel based power plant is a result of
the second law of thermodynamics
bottled water is becoming an increasingly popular drink in the US. which of the following statements about bottled water is true?
the testing of the bottled water is generally less rigorous than the testing of municipal water supplies
one of the advantages of hydrogen fuel cells as an energy source for space travel is that
the water produced by the cell can be used for other purposes
which of the following did NOT contribute significantly to the conversion of plant material to coal?
there was sufficient oxygen for the cellulose in the plant materials to decay completely
which problem do all power plants have in common?
thermal pollution
which of the following is a characteristic of zeolites that enables them to clean up and conserve water?
they are catalysts and are easily removed
which of the following products is NOT made from petroleum
tires
a volatile organic compound that is widely used as a dry cleaning solvent and degreasing compound and is now found in trace amounts in groundwater is
trichloroethylene
Given the potential benefits and risks associated with nuclear power, the desirability quotient for electrical generation by nuclear power is probably best described as
uncertain
Water commonly exists in large amounts in which of the following physical states?
water exists in large amounts of all of the above
which of the following statements about using ocean energy generate electricity is NOT true
water will drive a turbine to generate electricity when it flows out of a reservoir at high tide
dissolved oxygen is added to streams and rivers by
waterfalls and rapids
perhaps the first mechanical device used to convert energy into a more useful form was the
waterwheel
the fastest growing energy source in the US is
wind power
--- were introduced into Western Europe in the middle ages
windmills
the first fuel was
wood
which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?
wood