Chem and Society Chapter 14/ 15

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pure heptane would have an octane rating of

0

what percentage of the electricity produced in the world today comes from nuclear fusion?

0%

the EPA drinking water standard for arsenic I 0.040 mg/L. what is this concentration in ppm?

0.040

rivers constitute --- % of the surface water and other freshwater

0.49

a watt is

1 joule/s

what percentage of public water supplies in the US do NOT meet one or more of the EPA water standards?

10%

pure isooctane would have an octane rating of

100

the EPA drinking water standard for toluene is 1mg/L. What is this concentration in ppb?

1000

the efficiency of current solar cells is approximately

15%

burning one mole of propane according to the following reaction C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g)--> 3 CO2 + 4H2O liberates 526 kcal of energy. if all of the coefficients are tripled, how much energy will be released?

1578 kcal

what percentage of water on earth is fresh water?

2%

at present, what approximate percentage of electricity generated in US comes from nuclear energy?

20%

approximately what percentage of solar radiation is used to power the water cycle?

23%

the US is estimated to have approximately what percentage of the world's coal reserve?

25%

consider the following EROEI values for different fuel processes. which would result in the greatest increase in CO2 emissions?

2:1

the EPA drinking water standard for toluene is 3 mg/L. what is this concentration in ppm?

3

the overall efficiency of biomass as a method of harvesting solar energy is approximately

3%

contaminated water supplies and lack of adequate sanitation kill

3.6 million

approximately what percentage of the total solar radiation that falls upon the earth is immediately reflected back into space?

30%

during the past three decades, American industry has reduced its consumption of energy per product by nearly

30%

burning 1 mol of methane in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water produces 803 kJ of energy. how much energy is produced when 4 mol of methane is burned?

3212 kJ

how many joules of energy will a stock tank heater rated at 400 watts use in a 48 hour period?

400x48x3600

approximately what percentage of US electricity is generated by the burning of coal?

45%

the EPA drinking water standard for arsenic is 0.050 mg/L. what is this concentration in ppb?

5.0 x 103

fracking accounts for--- percent of the natural gas production in the US

50

at any given time, what proportion of the world's hospital beds are occupied by people with waterborne disease

50%

when the overall equation for the photosynthesis process is written and balanced, how many molecules of water are required to make one glucose molecule, C6H12O6?

6

approximately what percentage of the chemical energy of a fossil fuel electrical plant is "lost" as heat energy?

60%

approximately what percentage of electricity generated in the US is hydroelectric?

7%

about--- of the worlds fresh water supply is used in agriculture

70%

approximately what fraction of the earth's surface is covered with water?

75%

---million people on earth do not have access to adequate quantities of fresh water

875

a gasoline with an octane rating of 90 would give the same performance in a standard test engine as a mixture of

90% isooctane and 10% heptane

given the following analysis of coal samples, which is the best fuel?

95% carbon, 5% O

what percentage of water on earth is seawater, and hence, unfit for drinking?

98%

which of the following is a fuel?

C

which of the following is a nonfuel

CCI4

the conversion of coal to gas results in the production of synthesis gas. synthesis gas is a mixture of

CO and H2

which country leads in percentage of electricity produced by nuclear energy?

France

which of the following is NOT a property of water

It has a lower density than most liquids do.

which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?

O2

one of the advantages of treating sewage effluent with ozone as opposed to chlorine is

O3 is more effective in killing viruses

what metal, when added as a compound, increases octane rating of gasoline

Pb

which of the following situations would be an example of KE?

a nuclear explosion

the use of biomass as a solution to all energy needs is limited by

a shortage of land to grow plants for energy consumption

which of the following does NOT result in an increase in entropy

a student cleans his dorm room

control rods in a nuclear reactor are used to

absorb neutrons and slow down fission

breeder reactors allow for the use of

abundant and naturally occurring U-238 as a nuclear fuel

geothermal energy cannot meet all of our energy needs because

access to geothermal energy is limited to certain regions

lakes and streams with granite rock bottoms are more susceptible to

acidification

lakes and streams with limestone rock bottoms are less susceptible to

acidification

in secondary treatment of sewage, which removes organic matter?

aerobic bacteria

which of the following is NOT a problem associated with nuclear power plants

air pollution

the effects of acid rain include all of the following EXCEPT

algae blooms in lakes

according to kinetic- molecular theory, reactions occur more rapidly at higher temperatures because molecules

all of the above

aeration of drinking water

all of the above

the water cycle acts to purify water by

all of the above

which of the following alternative energy sources is not intermittent and does not require energy storage

all of the above

which of the following human activities contribute significantly to increased water pollution?

all of the above

which of the following will cause the rate of a chemical reaction to speed up

all of the above

the metal ion found in clays and other minerals that appears to be deadly to young fish is

aluminum

a lake that has a foul odor has most likely undergone

anaerobic decay

the highest grade of coal is

anthracite

biomass does NOT produce

asphalt

when petroleum is separated in a distillation tower, the fraction that does not vaporize is

asphalt

the most serious threat to human health from water supplies is

bacteria

the thin film of air, water, and soil in which all life exists is only about 15 km thick and is called the

biosphere

which of the following statements about bottled water is true?

bottled mineral water often contains more dissolved ions than tap

the most energy efficient method for converting biomass into useful energy is to

burn the plant material directly

zeolites can be modified to remove healthy metal from drinking water. How is this accomplished?

calcium and magnesium cations are replaced with sodium and potassium cations

the primary element in coal is

carbon

when natural gas is burned in insufficient air, --- can be a major product

carbon and soot

under aerobic conditions, the carbon in decaying vegetation in a lake ends up primarily as

carbon dioxide, CO2

the yield of gasoline from crude petroleum can be increased by

catalytic cracking of lighter fractions

the structural material of plants is largely

cellulose

when coal burns,

chemical energy is converted to heat energy

municipal water supplies are disinfected by treatment either with chlorine or with ozone. one advantage which chlorine has over ozone is that

chlorine continues to provide protection against microorganisms even after the water leaves the treatment plant

the solar energy-absorbing molecules of plants that power photosynthesis are called

chlorophylls

the most abundant fossil fuel in the US is

coal

which of the following forms of energy is the dirtiest?

coal

which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using coal as a fuel source

coal is the least abundant of the fossil fuels

when coal is heated in the absence of air, the condensed vapor collected during the heating is called

coal tar

when coal is heated in the absence of air, the solid left behind is called

coke

petroleum is best described as a

complex mixture

gasoline is a

complex mixture of C5- C12 hydrocarbons

ppm and ppb are

concentration units

the first law of thermodynamics is sometimes called the law of

conservation of energy

the saltiness of the oceans is

constant

a fuel cell is an electrochemical device that

converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy

which of the following uses the greatest amount of water in the US?

cooling for electric power plants

the heating of large hydrocarbon compounds with a catalyst in the absence of oxygen is called

cracking

coal can be cleaned before it is burned the flotation method separates coal from its major impurities by taking advantage of the difference in--- of these materials

density

the principal fuel(s) for nuclear fusion would be

deuterium and tritium (2H and 3H)

pathogenic is

disease causing

anaerobic degradation of organic material in water systems occurs in the absence of

dissolved oxygen

to make crude petroleum more useful, it must be

distilled

wood, crop residues and--- still remain the main sources of heat for one third of the world's people

dried dung

which of these common human activities contribute to BOD

dumping detergents in a lake or pond

electricity produced from nuclear power is especially important in which part of the US

eastern seaboard and the upper midwest

for most uses, the most convenient form of energy is

electrical

all of the following examples are classified as PE EXCEPT

energy of a moving object

--- is the measure of the dispersal of energy in a system

entropy

the second law of thermodynamics defines

entropy

algae growth and death in a lake can increase the BOD of water. this process is called

eutrophication

heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to

evaporate a liquid

which of the following is an endothermic process

evaporation of water

secondary treatment of sewage involves

filtering and aeration

a substance that burns readily and releases significant amounts of energy is an

fuel

which physical state has the greatest entropy?

gas

when coal containing sulfur is burned, the sulfur is converted to

gaseous sulfur oxides that go up the smokestack

a major source of groundwater contamination is leaking underground storage tanks. most of these tanks once held

gasoline

which of the following is NOT powered by the sun

geothermal energy

which part of the water supply is most isolated from the purifying capacity of the water cycle

groundwater

in any conversion of energy from one form to another, some of the energy ends up as

heat

which of the following is considered to be a disadvantage of fluoridating drinking water?

high fluoride consumption in early childhood can cause mottling in teeth

the dramatic temperature changes on the moon between day and night are not seen on the earth because of what property of water?

high heat capacity

lakes and oceans affect climate by moderating variations in air temperature. the property of water moderating temperature variations is its

high heat of vaporization

the main components of petroleum are

hydrocarbons

the major components of petroleum are

hydrocarbons

as the amount of organic material in a water system increases, the BOD

increases

in general, a higher proportion of branded chain hydrocarbons In a gasoline formulation

increases octane rating

consumption of water with high levels of nitrate is particularly hazardous to

infants

liquefaction of coal produces a fuel that

is more conveniently transported

you cannot make a bomb from reactor grade uranium because it

is not enriched enough in uranium- 235

hydrogen gas has been proposed as a fuel of the future because

it burns to produce water

all of the following statements are true of hard water except

it contains only NA+ and K+ions

the SI unit of energy is

joule

The fraction from the distillation of crude petroleum that is slightly heavier than gasoline is called

kerosene

the number of hydrocarbons that make up the mixture called gasoline is

less than 1000

acidic water is neutralized when --- is present

limestone

which of the following is NOT an advantage of using hydrogen as a fuel for cars

liquid hydrogen must be stored at very low temperatures

catalytic reforming is a process fr converting

low octane rated alkanes into high octane rated aromatics

which of the following petroleum fractions has the highest boiling point

lubricants

when coal is burned, mineral impurities are converted to

metal oxide solids that remain behind as ash

the major component of natural gas is

methane

which substance is likely to be produced when the dissolved oxygen in a lake is depleted

methane

many well in the US are contaminated with the gasoline additive

methyl term- butyl ether

a compound that replaced tetraethyllead as an octane booster is

methyl tert-butyl ether

volatile organic compounds (VOC) make up one category of contaminants in groundwater. Which one of the following is NOT a VOC?

mica

recent evidence indicates that petroleum is derived from

microscopic marine animals

the location of most of the hydroelectric power in the US is in the

mountainous western states

if very pure silicon is doped with a small amount of arsenic, the resulting crystal is called a

n- type semiconductor

hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is widely used to produce

natural gas

the petroleum fraction that has the lowest boiling point is

natural gas

all of the following atoms are found in the framework of naturally occurring zeolites EXCEPT

neon

a contaminant in well water in many areas is

nitrates

secondary treatment of wastewater is not effective for removal of

nitrates and phosphates

natural gas burns with a relatively clean flame. which of the following potential pollutants is produced in significant quantities during the combustion of natural gas in air?

nitrogen oxides

a breeder reactor converts

non fissionable U-238 to fissionable Pu- 239

which technology is NOT used at all today for the production of electricity?

nuclear fusion

which of the following statements best describes the status of nuclear fusion as an energy source?

nuclear fusion may help solve our energy problems in the future

a characteristic of a lake dying from acidification is that the only surviving fish are

old

charcoal filtration of wastewater is an excellent method for the removal of

organic molecules

super bugs are

organisms that are resistant to antibiotics

one of the major difficulties in developing nuclear fusion as a possible source of continuous energy is that temperature of --- are needed to initiate fusion reactions

over 100,000,000 degrees celsius

most of the coal that exists today was formed--- years ago

over 300 million

approximately what percentage of the energy used to support our current lifestyle comes from fossil fuels?

over 85%

aerobic decomposition of organic matter requires

oxygen

biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of the amount of

oxygen required to degrade organic material in the water

municipal water supplies are generally treated either with chlorine or with ozone. which of the following statements is true?

ozone is more expensive, but less of it is needed

if very pure silicon is doped with a small amount of boron, the resulting crystal is called a

p- type semiconductor

the lowest grade of coal is

peat

along with fertilizers which increase BOD, which class of agricultural chemicals often contaminate water?

pesticides

the state of matter characterized by atomic nuclei and free electrons is called a

plasma

which of the following statements about plutonium and breeder reactors is correct?

plutonium is relatively easy to separate from uranium because they are chemically different

the majority of fresh water is found in

polar ice caps

soft water contains relatively large concentrations of

potassium ions

fluorides are added to water to

prevent tooth decay

one of the potential problems with chlorination of waste water is that it

produces low levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons

tailings are the name for

radioactive waste produced during the mining of uranium

the internal heat from the earth is due to

radioactivity and gravitation forces in the earth's mantle and core

Heat capacity is a measure of the heat required to

raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C

fuels are--- forms of matter

reduced

the decomposition of 2 mol of water to hydrogen and oxygen requires 137 kcal of energy. the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form 2 mol of water

releases 137 kcal

algae bloom can be stimulated on a lake or pond by

runoff fertilizers from crops and lawns

advanced treatment of wastewater can include any of the following EXCEPT

sand and gravel filtration

the --- law of thermodynamics states that in a spontaneous process, energy is degraded from more useful forms to less useful forms

second

the fact that a refrigerator requires energy tome heat from a colder object (inside of fridge) to a hotter object (outside of fridge) is which law

second

primary sewage treatment involves

settling

most solar cells are composed primarily of

silicon

rainwater is

slightly acidic because it reacts with dissolved CO2 gas

many communities are beginning to use sludge on farm fields. what is the biggest problem with using sludge on fields?

sludge is often contaminated with toxic metals that could be taken up by plants

photovoltaic cells convert

solar energy into mechanical energy

a major inconvenience of coal as a fuel is that it is a

solid

the number of possible micro states will be highest for

solid

which physical state has the lowest entropy?

solid

the EROEI for ethanol has been estimated to be between 1.67:1 to 0.78:1 which of the following is NOT a reason for the low ethanol EROEI values?

some ethanol is changed to methane (CH4) during the distillation process, so less ethanol is recovered

which of the following will have the greatest amount of entropy?

steam

acid rain contains

sulfuric acid

which company's industrial waster water would have a relatively high BOD

tasty tomato canning company

which substance is most effective in raising the octane rating of gasoline?

tetraethyllead

an advantage of natural gas as a fuel is that it is

the cleanest of the fossil fuels

Biomass may be burned directly or chemically converted to a more convenient form (liquid or gas). Which of the following statements is true?

the conversion of biomass to a more convenient form decreases the overall efficiency of the energy conversion

the statement "you can't get something from nothing" is another way of expressing

the first law of thermodynamics

water's unique properties, including its high heat capacity, high density, and a solid phase that is less dense than its liquid phase, can be best attributed to

the polarity of the molecule and hydrogen bonding between the molecules

the basic process for converting coal to a synthetic gaseous fuel involves

the reduction of carbon by hydrogen

the fact that a heat pump requires energy to move heat from a colder object (the outside of a house) to a hotter object (the inside of a house) is a real life observation of which thermodynamic law?

the second law

the inevitable energy lost as heat in the generation of electrical energy in the most efficient fossil fuel based power plant is a result of

the second law of thermodynamics

bottled water is becoming an increasingly popular drink in the US. which of the following statements about bottled water is true?

the testing of the bottled water is generally less rigorous than the testing of municipal water supplies

one of the advantages of hydrogen fuel cells as an energy source for space travel is that

the water produced by the cell can be used for other purposes

which of the following did NOT contribute significantly to the conversion of plant material to coal?

there was sufficient oxygen for the cellulose in the plant materials to decay completely

which problem do all power plants have in common?

thermal pollution

which of the following is a characteristic of zeolites that enables them to clean up and conserve water?

they are catalysts and are easily removed

which of the following products is NOT made from petroleum

tires

a volatile organic compound that is widely used as a dry cleaning solvent and degreasing compound and is now found in trace amounts in groundwater is

trichloroethylene

Given the potential benefits and risks associated with nuclear power, the desirability quotient for electrical generation by nuclear power is probably best described as

uncertain

Water commonly exists in large amounts in which of the following physical states?

water exists in large amounts of all of the above

which of the following statements about using ocean energy generate electricity is NOT true

water will drive a turbine to generate electricity when it flows out of a reservoir at high tide

dissolved oxygen is added to streams and rivers by

waterfalls and rapids

perhaps the first mechanical device used to convert energy into a more useful form was the

waterwheel

the fastest growing energy source in the US is

wind power

--- were introduced into Western Europe in the middle ages

windmills

the first fuel was

wood

which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?

wood


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