Chem Chapter 10 Section 1, 2, 3

supercooled liquids

substances that retain certain liquid properties even at temperatures at which they appear to be solid

total kinetic energy of the two particles remains the same as long as the

temperature is constant

Noble gases show essentially ideal gas behavior over a wide range of _____ and _____. the particles of these gases are monatomic and thus _____

temperatures and pressures. nonpolar

average speeds and kinetic energies of gas particles increase with an ____ in temperature and decrease with a ____ in temperature

increase decrease

temperature of a liquid is ______, diffusion occurs more rapidly.

increased

Water is one of the few substances that becomes ____ dense when it solidifies,

less

liquids are ____ common than solids and gas

less

Liquids are much _____ compressible than gases because liquid particles are more _____ packed together.

less closely

this ability to flow causes gases to behave as ___ do

liquids do

Because of proportionality molecules of ___ mass effuse faster than molecules of ___ mass

low high

In the equation, m is the ___ of the particle and v is its ___.

mass speed

The kinetic energy of the particles overcomes the attractive forces between them, except

near the temperature at which the gas condenses and becomes a liquid.

The kinetic-molecular theory of gases is based on the five assumptions

1. Gases consist of large numbers of tiny particles that are far apart relative to their size. 2. Collisions between gas particles and between particles and container walls are elastic collisions. 3. Gas particles are in continuous, rapid, random motion. They there- fore possess kinetic energy, which is energy of motion 4. There are no forces of attraction between gas particles 5.The temperature of a gas depends on the average kinetic enegy of the particles of the gas.

the density of the same substance at atmospheric pressure is about _____ the density of the same substance in liquid or solid state

1/1000

_______ solids maintain a definite shape, but they do not have the distinct geometric shapes.

Amorphous

The kinetic energy of any moving object, including a particle, is given by the following equation:

KE = 1/2 mv^2

freezing

The physical change of a liquid to a solid by removal of energy as heat

vaporization

The process by which a liquid or solid changes to a gas

meniscus

The same process is responsible for the concave liquid surface,

melting point.

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid

elastic collision

a collision in which there is no net loss of total kinetic energy

surface tension

a force that tends to pull adjacent parts of a liquid's surface together, thereby decreasing surface area to the smallest possible size.

real gas

a gas that does not behave completely according to the assumptions to the kinetic molecular theory.

ideal gas

a hypothetical gas that perfectly fits all the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory.

effusion

a process by which gas particles pass through a tiny opening

A crystal

a substance in which the particles are arranged in an orderly, geometric, repeating pattern.

fluid

a substance that can flow and therefore take the shape of its container

The theory provides a model of what is called

an ideal gas

all gases at the same temperature have the same

average kinetic energy

kinetic-molecular theory

based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion.

particles in a liquid are ____ together than the particles in a gas are.

closer

kinetic energy is transferred between two particles during

collisions

particles in a liquid are in _____ motion.

constant

______ solids are geometrically regular

crystalline

There are two types of solids:

crystalline solids and amorphous solids.

volume of a given sample of gas can be greatly

decreased

When a liquid is cooled, the average energy of its particles ______.

decreases

At the same temperature and pressure, different liquids can differ greatly in ______.

density

The higher the force of attraction, the higher the surface tension. Water has a higher surface tension than most liquids.

due to hydrogen bonds water molecules can form with each other

Particles with higher-than-average energies move _____. Some surface particles with higher-than-average energies can overcome the intermolecular forces that bind them to the liquid. They can then escape into the gas state.

faster

liquids and gas both flow--> both referred to as

fluids

at ___ pressures and ___ temperatures, the gas particles will be ____ together and their kinetic energy will be insufficient to overcome completely the attractive forces

high low closer

many gases behave nearly ideally if pressure is not very ____ and temperature is not very ____

high low

at the same temp, lighter gas particles have _____ average speeds than do heavier gas particles

higher

particles of gases occupy space and exert attractive forces on each other all real gasses deviate to some degree from

ideal gas behavior

kinetic molecular theory applies only to

ideal gases

amorphous solid

one in which the particles are arranged randomly

The more ___ a gas's molecules are the greater the attractive forces between them and the more the gas will deviate from ideal gas behavior

polar

gases diffuse readily into one another and mix together due to the

rapid motion of the molecules and the empty space between the molecules

gases do not have definite

shape or volume

diffusion is much _____ in liquids than in gases because liquid particles are _____ together

slower closer

all particles of a specific gas have the same mass their kinetic energies depend only on

speed

diffusion

spontaneous mixing of the particles of two substances caused by their random motion

Liquids are more ordered than gases because of the _____ inter- molecular forces and the _____ mobility of the liquid particles.

stronger lower

Capillary action

the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid,

scientists developed the kinetic- molecular theory of matter to account for

the behavior of the atoms and molecules that make up matter.

Boiling

the change of a liquid to bubbles of vapor that appear throughout the liquid.

Melting

the physical change of a solid to a liquid by the addition of energy as heat.

Evaporation

the process by which particles escape from the surface of a non-boiling liquid and enter the gas state.

crystalline solids

they consist of crystals

A liquid can be described as a form of matter that has a definite

volume and takes the shape of its container.