Chem Chapter 10 Section 1, 2, 3
supercooled liquids
substances that retain certain liquid properties even at temperatures at which they appear to be solid
total kinetic energy of the two particles remains the same as long as the
temperature is constant
Noble gases show essentially ideal gas behavior over a wide range of _____ and _____. the particles of these gases are monatomic and thus _____
temperatures and pressures. nonpolar
average speeds and kinetic energies of gas particles increase with an ____ in temperature and decrease with a ____ in temperature
increase decrease
temperature of a liquid is ______, diffusion occurs more rapidly.
increased
Water is one of the few substances that becomes ____ dense when it solidifies,
less
liquids are ____ common than solids and gas
less
Liquids are much _____ compressible than gases because liquid particles are more _____ packed together.
less closely
this ability to flow causes gases to behave as ___ do
liquids do
Because of proportionality molecules of ___ mass effuse faster than molecules of ___ mass
low high
In the equation, m is the ___ of the particle and v is its ___.
mass speed
The kinetic energy of the particles overcomes the attractive forces between them, except
near the temperature at which the gas condenses and becomes a liquid.
The kinetic-molecular theory of gases is based on the five assumptions
1. Gases consist of large numbers of tiny particles that are far apart relative to their size. 2. Collisions between gas particles and between particles and container walls are elastic collisions. 3. Gas particles are in continuous, rapid, random motion. They there- fore possess kinetic energy, which is energy of motion 4. There are no forces of attraction between gas particles 5.The temperature of a gas depends on the average kinetic enegy of the particles of the gas.
the density of the same substance at atmospheric pressure is about _____ the density of the same substance in liquid or solid state
1/1000
_______ solids maintain a definite shape, but they do not have the distinct geometric shapes.
Amorphous
The kinetic energy of any moving object, including a particle, is given by the following equation:
KE = 1/2 mv^2
freezing
The physical change of a liquid to a solid by removal of energy as heat
vaporization
The process by which a liquid or solid changes to a gas
meniscus
The same process is responsible for the concave liquid surface,
melting point.
The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid
elastic collision
a collision in which there is no net loss of total kinetic energy
surface tension
a force that tends to pull adjacent parts of a liquid's surface together, thereby decreasing surface area to the smallest possible size.
real gas
a gas that does not behave completely according to the assumptions to the kinetic molecular theory.
ideal gas
a hypothetical gas that perfectly fits all the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory.
effusion
a process by which gas particles pass through a tiny opening
A crystal
a substance in which the particles are arranged in an orderly, geometric, repeating pattern.
fluid
a substance that can flow and therefore take the shape of its container
The theory provides a model of what is called
an ideal gas
all gases at the same temperature have the same
average kinetic energy
kinetic-molecular theory
based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion.
particles in a liquid are ____ together than the particles in a gas are.
closer
kinetic energy is transferred between two particles during
collisions
particles in a liquid are in _____ motion.
constant
______ solids are geometrically regular
crystalline
There are two types of solids:
crystalline solids and amorphous solids.
volume of a given sample of gas can be greatly
decreased
When a liquid is cooled, the average energy of its particles ______.
decreases
At the same temperature and pressure, different liquids can differ greatly in ______.
density
The higher the force of attraction, the higher the surface tension. Water has a higher surface tension than most liquids.
due to hydrogen bonds water molecules can form with each other
Particles with higher-than-average energies move _____. Some surface particles with higher-than-average energies can overcome the intermolecular forces that bind them to the liquid. They can then escape into the gas state.
faster
liquids and gas both flow--> both referred to as
fluids
at ___ pressures and ___ temperatures, the gas particles will be ____ together and their kinetic energy will be insufficient to overcome completely the attractive forces
high low closer
many gases behave nearly ideally if pressure is not very ____ and temperature is not very ____
high low
at the same temp, lighter gas particles have _____ average speeds than do heavier gas particles
higher
particles of gases occupy space and exert attractive forces on each other all real gasses deviate to some degree from
ideal gas behavior
kinetic molecular theory applies only to
ideal gases
amorphous solid
one in which the particles are arranged randomly
The more ___ a gas's molecules are the greater the attractive forces between them and the more the gas will deviate from ideal gas behavior
polar
gases diffuse readily into one another and mix together due to the
rapid motion of the molecules and the empty space between the molecules
gases do not have definite
shape or volume
diffusion is much _____ in liquids than in gases because liquid particles are _____ together
slower closer
all particles of a specific gas have the same mass their kinetic energies depend only on
speed
diffusion
spontaneous mixing of the particles of two substances caused by their random motion
Liquids are more ordered than gases because of the _____ inter- molecular forces and the _____ mobility of the liquid particles.
stronger lower
Capillary action
the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid,
scientists developed the kinetic- molecular theory of matter to account for
the behavior of the atoms and molecules that make up matter.
Boiling
the change of a liquid to bubbles of vapor that appear throughout the liquid.
Melting
the physical change of a solid to a liquid by the addition of energy as heat.
Evaporation
the process by which particles escape from the surface of a non-boiling liquid and enter the gas state.
crystalline solids
they consist of crystals
A liquid can be described as a form of matter that has a definite
volume and takes the shape of its container.