Chem Chapter 4
What percentage of solar radiation that reaches Earth's atmosphere is absorbed by Earth?
46
In order for a molecule to absorb IR radiation, the energy of the IR radiation must _____.
match one of the vibrational energy modes of the molecule
Match each of the following polyatomic ions with its correct name.
Acetate : C2H3O2- Bicarbonate : HCO3- Carbonate : CO32- Hypochlorite : ClO- Ammonium : NH4+
Which of the following options correctly describe the enhanced greenhouse effect? Select all that apply.
Atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat radiated by Earth. This effect has resulted in an increase in average global temperatures on Earth.
Which greenhouse gas listed has the highest molar mass?
CF2Cl2
Which of the following options describe possible strategies to reduce atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases? Select all that apply.
Geological sequestration of CO2 Reducing and/or phasing out the use of CFCs Development of technology that does not depend on fossil fuels
Which of the following are examples of positive radiative forcings? Select all that apply.
Increasing levels of ozone in the troposphere An increase in atmospheric CO2 Melting of snow and ice
Which of the following correctly reflects Avogadro's number?
There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms in 12 g of carbon-12.
Influences on the environment resulting from human activities are called _____ influences.
anthropogenic
The most electronegative element is _______.
fluorine
A gas that is able to absorb and trap infrared radiation, resulting in a warming of the atmosphere, is called a(n) : : gas.
greenhoues
The chemistry of carbon-based compounds is called ______ chemistry.
organic
What is the correct systematic name for the compound Na2CO3?
sodium carbonate
Methane has a _____ shape.
tetrahedral
Degasification is _______.
the loss of a gas from a liquid solution
The production of nitric acid (HNO3) is closely linked to the manufacture of fertilizers, and it is estimated that 60 million tons of this substance was produced worldwide in 1999. What is the mass of nitrogen in this quantity of nitric acid?
13 million tons
The correct answer to the mathematical expression 1016 x 1014 is 10 _____. The correct answer to the mathematical expression 1016101410161014 is 10 _____.
30; 2
A molecule will absorb IR radiation if it is capable of vibrational mode _____. (Select all that apply.)
A C D
Which of the following options correctly relate the number of outer electron groups in a molecule to its observed shape? Select all that apply.
A molecule with two bonding and two nonbonding electron pairs will be bent. A linear shape is observed for a molecule with two bonding electron groups and no lone pairs.
Which of the following options correctly describe how aerosols interact with radiation and affect Earth's temperature? Select all that apply.
Aerosols promote cloud formation, allowing more solar radiation to be reflected. This has a cooling effect. Aerosols scatter incoming radiation efficiently, decreasing the amount of radiation available for greenhouse gases to absorb.
What is meant by the term "carbon footprint" when applied to an individual?
An estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by the individual in a given time frame
The most abundant isotope of : : is the internationally accepted standard for determining atomic mass.
Blank 1: carbon, C, carbon-12, C-12, or carbon 12
Which of the following statements correctly describe the carbon cycle? Select all that apply.
CO2 is generated by the combustion of fossil fuels. The main atmospheric form of carbon is CO2.
Which of the following elements will form a cation? Select all that apply.
Ca Rb
Small changes in the average global temperatures are expected to have a(n) _______ impact on our climate.
Huge
Any gas that can absorb _____ radiation can act as a greenhouse gas.
IR
Which of the following options correctly describe the interaction of a molecule with IR radiation? Select all that apply.
IR radiation causes the bonds in a molecule to vibrate in various ways. The wavelengths of IR radiation absorbed depends on the structure of the molecule. IR radiation can excite both bending and stretching vibrations.
Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by nonmetal elements in Groups 15, 16, and 17?
The nonmetal gains enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.
Which of the following options correctly interpret the information given? Select all that apply. Molar mass of NO2 = 46.0 g/mol; molar mass of nitrogen = 14.0 g/mol; molar mass of oxygen = 16.0 g/mol.
The percentage oxygen in NO2 is equal to 32.046.032.046.0 x 100%. There are 14.0 g of nitrogen in every 46.0 g of NO2. The percentage of nitrogen in NO2 is equal to 30.4%.
Which of the following factors influence the ability of a molecule to act as a greenhouse gas?
The shape of the molecule
Which change would be considered climate mitigation?
Using energy-efficient appliances
All atomic masses are determined relative to the mass of an atom of _____.
carbon-12
A gas that absorbs and traps infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere
co2
Which greenhouse gases were specifically targeted by the Kyoto Protocol? Select all that apply.
hydrofluorocarbons N2O CO2
A unit that contains two or more elements covalently bonded together but that has an overall charge is called a(n) ______ ion. Many ______ compounds contain such units.
polyatomic; ionic
Ice core data shows that atmospheric CO2 levels _____.
were relatively constant from the beginning of the last millennium until around 1800
Which of the following ion combinations will result in an ionic compound that has a balanced number of positive and negative charges? (Select all that apply.)
2 Li+ and S2- Na+ and Br - Ca2+ and 2 F -
How much sulfur dioxide (SO2) can be produced by the combustion of 21 tons of sulfur (S)?
21 tons x 64.032.064.032.0 = 42 tons
The CO2 molecule (shown) has a linear shape, which is consistent with _____ electron groups around the central carbon atom. The four electrons of each double bond therefore count as _____ electron group.
2; 1
Match the number of outer electron groups correctly to the molecular shape observed.
4 bonding pairs : tetrahedral 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair : trigonal pyramidal 2 bonding pairs : linear 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs : bent 3 bonding pairs : trigonal planar
The atomic mass of magnesium is 24.31 g. Given that Avogadro's number is 6.02 x 1023, what is the average mass of one Mg atom?
4.04 x 10-23 g
The biologically productive space in Australia is estimated to be 162 million hectares. Calculate the ecological footprint of Australia in 2006 in hectares per person, when the population was estimated at 20.8 million people.
7.8
How can ice-core data provide information about changes in atmospheric CO2 levels over time?
Air bubbles trapped in the ice are analyzed to determine the CO2 content at a particular time period.
Which of the following are considered possible effects of climate change?
An increase in the incidence of insect-borne diseases Changes in freshwater distribution Rise in sea levels
An atom may lose or gain electrons to form an ion. Match each description of ions and their charges correctly.
An ion with more electrons than its neutral atom is called a(n) : anion. An ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is called a(n): cation. The charge of an ion with more electrons than its neutral atom is: negative. The charge of an ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is: positive
Which of the following options correctly describe the greenhouse effect? Select all that apply.
Atmospheric gases on Earth trap about 80% of the infrared radiation produced by the Earth, warming the planet. The greenhouse effect is a natural process. The greenhouse effect causes the average temperature on Earth to be higher than predicted when considering its distance from the Sun.
Which of the following options correctly describe atomic mass? Select all that apply.
Atomic masses are defined relative to the mass of a carbon-12 atom. The atomic mass of an element can be read from the periodic table.
The process whereby a solid forms and separates from solution is called : :
Blank 1: precipitation, percipitation, or precipitate
Which human activity has the GREATEST net effect on atmospheric CO2 levels?
Burning fossil fuels
What type of radiation is absorbed by all greenhouse gases?
IR radiation
Match each type of radiation to the effect it has on a molecule.
IR radiation : Causes the molecule to vibrate UV radiation : Breaks bonds, causing the molecule to dissociate Microwave : Causes the molecule to spin faster
Match each forcing with the effect it has on global temperatures on Earth.
Increasing atmospheric CH4 : causes a warming effect. Increasing cloud cover : causes a cooling effect. An example of a positive forcing is : increasing levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. An example of a negative forcing is : increasing levels of aerosols in the troposphere.
Which of the following statements correctly describe ions? Select all that apply.
Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons. F- is an example of an anion.
A : : figure is a digit that represents the accuracy with which an experimental quantity is known.
Significant
Which of the following statements correctly define a solution? Select all that apply.
Solutes may be liquids, solids, or gases. A solution is a homogeneous mixture. A solution can contain one or more solutes.
Which of the following are three-dimensional representations of a molecule? Select all that apply.
Space-filling model Wedge-dash representation
Which event corresponded with an increase in the rate of accumulation carbon dioxide in ice cores?
The Industrial Revolution
Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an ionic compound? Select all that apply.
The cation is named first and the anion second. When naming the anionic portion of the ionic compound, the element name is changed to end in -ide.
The periodic table lists the atomic mass of nitrogen as 14.01. Which of the following options correctly interpret this value? Select all that apply.
This is the average mass of an atom of nitrogen. This value takes into account the masses and abundances of the isotopes of nitrogen.
Which of the following options correctly describe the isotope Cr-53,if the element Cr (chromium) has an atomic number of 24? Select all that apply.
This isotope contains 29 neutrons in its nucleus. The element contains 24 protons in its nucleus.
Which of the following options correctly describe the expected greenhouse gas activity of CH2Cl2? Select all that apply.
This molecule can undergo bending vibrations that will absorb IR radiation. This molecule will absorb IR radiation and can behave as a greenhouse gas.
Which of the following options correctly describe the electron groups and geometry of the molecule shown? Select all that apply.
This molecule is trigonal pyramidal in shape. There are 4 electron groups around the central P atom.
A precipitate is _______.
a solid that separates from solution
Natural locations that store carbon, usually in the form of one of its compounds, and that naturally exchange carbon with each other are known as ______.
carbon reservoirs
Match each labeled bond in the wedge-dash representation shown to its correct meaning.
in the plane of the page : A in front of the plane of the page : B behind the plane of the page : C
Increased temperatures correlate with ____ atmospheric concentrations of methane.
increased
What is the approximate value of the marked bond in the structure shown?
less than 109.5o
Aerosols scatter incoming radiation very effectively, so that _____ IR radiation is absorbed and trapped by atmospheric greenhouse gases. This leads to a _____ effect.
less; cooling
Which of the following options are correct systematic names for ionic compounds? Select all that apply.
potassium chloride copper(II) oxide
Factors that influence the balance of Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation are called _____.
radiative forcings
The most common strategies currently being developed to reduce levels of atmospheric CO2 generally focus on ______.
technologies and fuels that produce less atmospheric CO2
Match each molecular shape correctly to its associated bond angle.
tetrahedral : 109.5 trigonal planar : 120 linear : 180 trigonal pyramidal : less than 109.5
Organic chemistry is _______.
the study and production of carbon-containing compounds
The molecule shown has a _____ shape and the marked bond angle is approximately _____.
trigonal planar; 120o
Match each ecological footprint with the correct value, according to estimates made in 2014.
8.4 : average ecological footprint in the United States 2.7 : average ecological footprint in the world 1.7 : maximum sustainable ecological footprint on Earth
The atomic mass of calcium is 40.08 g. Given that Avogadro's number is 6.02 x 1023, what is the average mass of 15 Ca atoms?
9.99 x 10-22 g
Which of the following options correctly describes a greenhouse gas?
A gas that absorbs and traps infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere
There are exactly : : x 1023 atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 (given to TWO places after the decimal). This number is called : : number.
Blank 1: 6.02 Blank 2: Avogadro's, Avogadros, or Avogadros number
For any element, the atomic mass recorded on the periodic table is not a whole number since it is a(n) : : of the masses of its naturally occurring isotopes.
Blank 1: average or weighted average
The most stable molecular arrangement is the one in which the : : electron groups are as far apart as possible, to minimize electron-electron : :.
Blank 1: outer, valence, mutually repelling, or repelling Blank 2: repulsion, repulsions, or interaction
A : : is a homogeneous mixtures of a solvent and one or more solutes.
Blank 1: solution
The component that is the most abundant in a solution is called the: :, whereas any dissolved substance is called a : :.
Blank 1: solvent Blank 2: solute
Which of the following human activities increase the levels of atmospheric CO2?
Burning fossil fuels Replacing trees with cultivated crops Respiration
Which carbon and oxygen containing compound has a molar mass of 44.01 g?
CO2
Match each element with the appropriate charge in its ionic form.
Cl : -1 Sr: +2 s: -2 Al: +3
True or false: When mathematically manipulating pieces of data, the quantity with the most significant figures determines the accuracy of the calculation.
False
Which of the following CANNOT act as a greenhouse gas? Select all that apply.
H2 Cl2
Which of the following statements correctly describe isotopes? Select all that apply.
Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons. Each element's atomic mass is a weighted average of the masses of the elements' isotopes.
In order for a molecule to absorb IR radiation, which of the following must be true?
Its bond vibrations must involve a change in charge distribution.
Which of the following has the greatest impact on global warming?
Levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases
Rank the following countries in order of increasing ecological footprint. Start with the country that has the lowest ecological footprint at the top of the list.
Mexico China France US
Chemists use the _____ as a unit of amount of substance.
Mole
One : : of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles.
Mole or Mol
Which of the following options correctly describe each type of chemical compound? (Select all that apply.)
Molecular compounds tend to contain nonmetals only. Nonmetals combine with metals to form ionic compounds.
Which polyatomic ions are anions? (Select all that apply.)
Nitrite Bicarbonate Hydroxide Acetate Hypochlorite
Match each of the following polyatomic ions with its correct name. Instructions
OH- : hydroxide NO2- : nitrite NO3- : nitrate PO43- : phosphate SO42- : sulfate SO32- : sulfite
Which of the following options correctly describe the effect of different types of radiation on a molecule?(Select all that apply.)
Radiation that has a longer wavelength than IR radiation causes molecules to spin faster. Bonds can be broken by radiation with higher frequencies than visible light. UV radiation may cause a molecule to dissociate.
Which of the following options correctly describe variations in solar irradiance and its effect on Earth's climate?
Seasonal variations in sunlight intensity affect local temperatures significantly. Changes in the Earth's orbit can affect the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth.
Which of the following options correctly describe the steps required to determine the shape of a molecule? Select all that apply.
The Lewis structure of the molecule must be drawn first. The shape of the molecule is dictated by the most stable arrangement of the outer electron pairs. Both bonding and nonbonding electron pairs must be considered.
Which of the following options correctly describe albedo? Select all that apply.
The albedo of the Earth affects global temperatures. A more reflective surface will have a higher albedo than a less reflective one. Albedo is the fraction of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface.
Which of the following options correctly interpret the information given? (Select all that apply.) Molar mass of SO2 = 64.1 g/mol; atomic mass of sulfur = 32.1 g; atomic mass of oxygen = 16.0 g.
The percentage oxygen in SO2 is equal to 32.064.132.064.1 x 100. The mass ratio of sulfur in SO2 is equal to 0.501. There are 32.1 g of sulfur in every 64.1 g of SO2.
Which of the following statements correctly describe molar mass? Select all that apply.
The periodic table can be used to calculate the molar mass of any substance. The molar mass of a molecular substance is the mass per mole of its molecules. The molar mass of oxygen is 16.00 g/mol. This means that 1 mole of oxygen atoms has a mass of 16.00 g.
Which of the following options explain why the term "global warming" is considered inaccurate by some scientists? Select all that apply.
The term "global warming" could be thought to describe a benign influence. The effects of global warming vary across the globe.
Both Venus and Earth have higher average surface temperatures than expected because _____.
both planets have atmospheres that trap radiation
The most important greenhouse gas on Earth is carbon
dioxide
An estimate of the biologically productive space necessary to support a particular standard of living is called a(n) _____.
ecological footprint
Carbon reservoirs _______. (Select all that apply.)
exchange forms of carbon with each other usually contain carbon in the form of one of its compounds
An infrared spectrum records ______.
intensity of transmitted radiation vs. wavelength
The accuracy of a calculation is limited by the quantity that has the _____ number of significant figures.
least
The central oxygen atom in H2O is surrounded by four electron pairs. The two lone pairs occupy more space than the bonding pairs, causing the bond angle in H2O to be _____ the ideal angle of 109.5o.
less than
What is the correct systematic name for the ionic compound Li3N?
lithium nitride
Nonbonding electron pairs are also referred to as : : pairs
lone
Which of the following are common greenhouse gases? Select all that apply.
methane (CH4) H2O CO2
H2O molecules containing the isotope 2H condense _____ readily than H2O molecules containing 1H, causing snow and ice to be enriched in _____ when compared to ocean water. The 2H/1H ratio in ice depends on temperature, and this value can be measured and used to estimate the temperature at the time the ice formed.
more; 2H
In general, a lone pair occupies _____ space than a bonding electron pair, and will therefore _____ the bond angle between bonding pairs.
more; decrease
Consider the balanced equation 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. The coefficients (numbers in front of the formulas) correspond to the number of particles of each substance involved in the reaction, which is proportional to the _____ of each substance.
number of moles
The bond angle for a tetrahedral molecule (such as CH4) is equal to _____.
109.5o
What ratio is analyzed to provide data for estimating temperatures?
2H:1H
Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
N2
Contrast weather and climate by matching each term to the correct definition.
Weather : describes events of relatively short duration, including daily high and low temperatures. Climate : describes regional events recorded over longer periods.
Ozone is able to act as a greenhouse gas because its _____ shape allows it to vibrate in ways that involve _____ in overall charge distribution.
bent; change
Match each type of bond to the correct description given.
covalent bond : attraction between two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons ionic bond : attraction between oppositely charged ions
The process of _______ is the loss of a gas from a liquid solution, such as the loss of CO2 from a carbonated beverage or from the oceans.
degasification
Correctly order the steps required to determine the shape of a molecule, starting with the first step at the top of the list.
1. Determine the number of outer electrons 2. Arrange the outer electrons 3. Determine the shape
Sunspots typically occur about every _____.
11 years
Which of the following reflects the correct procedure to calculate the molar mass of CH2Cl2?
12.0 + 2(1.0) + 2(35.5) = 85.0 g/mol
A chlorofluorocarbon has a chemical formula of CF2Cl2 and a molar mass of 120.9 g/mol. The atomic mass of carbon is 12.0 g/mol. The mass ratio of carbon in this compound is correctly expressed as _____.
12.0g C120.9g CF2Cl2
The molar mass of CH2Cl2 is 85.0 g/mol, while the molar mass of carbon is 12.0 g/mol. The percent of carbon in this compound is correctly expressed as _____.
12.0g C85.0g CH2Cl212.0g C85.0g CH2Cl2 × 100%
The isotope Mg-25 isotope has _____ protons and _____ neutrons in its nucleus. Mg has an atomic number of 12.
12; 13
Which of the following options correctly interpret the information provided by the balanced equation CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O? (Select all that apply.)
15 mol of CH4 will produce 15 mol of CO2 when burned completely in O2. 1 mole of CH4 produces 1 mole of CO2 when reacted with 2 moles of O2. 1 molecule of CH4 reacts with 2 molecules of O2.
Which of the following options correctly describe the "cap-and-trade" system for reducing greenhouse gas emissions? Select all that apply.
A "cap" or upper limit is set for the emissions from the industries run by a given company. A company that produces less CO2 may trade its excess allowances to another company. Companies may trade their annual allowances with each other.
Which of the following correctly describe how Roman numerals are used in naming and writing chemical formulas? Select all that apply.
A Roman numeral is included for any metal that can form more than one monatomic cation. The ion designated Fe(III) has a charge of +3.
Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by a main-group element?
A metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.
Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by an element? (Excludes groups 3-12.)
A metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.
Which of the following is an anthropogenic influence on the environment? (Select all that apply.)
Airline transportation Landfills Diamond mining Cattle farming
The proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface is called the : : . This quantity is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface.
Albedo
One system used in the United States to encourage reduction in CO2 emissions is the : : -and- : : system, which sets an upper limit for CO2 emissions for the year for a given company. A company may purchase extra allowances from a company that is under its limit for the year.
Blank 1: cap Blank 2: trade
The process by which atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by Earth is called the : : greenhouse effect, resulting in an increase in average global temperatures.
Blank 1: enhanced
Any action undertaken with the purpose of permanently eliminating or reducing the long-term risks and hazards of climate change is called climate
Blank 1: mitigation
Which of the following greenhouse gases would require a wedge and dash representation in order to accurately depict its shape?
CCl2F2
Match each compound correctly to its molar mass. (Round all atomic masses read from the periodic table to one place after the decimal.)
CCl4 : 154.0 g/mol PF3 : 88.0 g/mol SO2 : 64.1 g/mol
Which of the following options correctly explain how carbon-14 levels can provide information about the source of atmospheric CO2? Select all that apply.
CO2 produced by burning of fossil fuels contains virtually no carbon-14. CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels causes the carbon-14 levels in the atmosphere to decrease.
Which of the following formulas for ionic compounds are correct? Select all that apply.
Ca3N2 CaO
Which of the following formulas for ionic compounds are written correctly? Select all that apply.
CaCO3 NaNO3 Mg3(PO4)2
The atomic mass of an element is the mass in grams of the same number of atoms found in exactly 12 g of : : -12.
Carbon
Which of the following processes release CO2 into the atmosphere? Select all that apply.
Combustion Respiration Decomposition
Which statements describe an ionic compound? (Select all that apply.)
Compounds formed when metals combine with nonmetals. Compounds that contain no molecules.
In the compound CrCl3 _______. (Select all that apply.)
Cr has a +3 charge Cl has a -1 charge
Which regions are included in the calculation of biologically productive land? (Select all that apply.)
Croplands Fishing zones
Which of the following will increase the Earth's albedo, causing a cooling effect? Select all that apply.
Deforestation for the purposes of crop cultivation An increase in snow or ice cover
Which of the following are examples of an adaptive climate method? (Select all that apply.)
Developing new crop varieties Constructing new coastline defense systems
Which of the following sources provide information about atmospheric CO2 levels over time? Select all that apply.
Direct atmospheric measurements Data obtained from air bubbles trapped in ice cores
Which of the following options correctly describes the underlying principle used to determine molecular shape from a Lewis structure?
Each group of outer electrons around a central atom is located as far from the others as possible.
What is the difference between the terms global warming and climate change?
Global warming is one aspect of climate change.
Which of the following conclusions were reached by the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change)? Select all that apply.
Human activities play an important role in climate change. The average global temperature of the Earth is increasing. The burning of fossil fuels has a major impact on climate change.
An ecological footprint estimates the biologically productive space required to support a particular lifestyle. Which of the following are included in this estimate? Select all that apply.
Land Fresh water Sea surface
Match each representation of sulfur dioxide to the correct description.
Molecular formula : C Lewis structure : B Space-filling model : A
Which gases have shown concentration changes in the atmosphere that correlate with global temperature changes? Select all that apply.
N2O CO2 CH4
In order to predict if a given molecule can act as a greenhouse gas, we must determine its molecular : : using the Lewis structure.
Shape
What was the role of the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change), established in 1988?
The IPCC was to assess both scientific and socioeconomic data relating to climate change.
Which of the following options correctly describe the changes observed in global temperature over time? Select all that apply.
The average global temperature of the Earth has increased over the past century. The average global temperature has increased over the same period as atmospheric CO2 levels have increased.
Consider the formula for the ionic compound Na2O. Which of the following statements correctly interpret this formula? Select all that apply.
The compound contains 2 Na+ ions for every O2- ion. The cation in this compound is Na+.
Select the options that correctly reflect the mass ratios and mass percentages of the elements in SO3.
The mass percentage of O is 60.0%. The mass ratio of S is 0.400.
Which of the following options describe the correct format used to represent a chemical compound? Select all that apply.
The number of atoms/ions in the formula is indicated by a subscript. In the formula of an ionic compound the cation is always placed first.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the mole? Select all that apply.
The number of particles in a mole is called Avogadro's number. One mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023 particles.
Which of the following options correctly differentiate between weather and climate? Select all that apply.
The term "weather" refers to events that have a relatively short duration. The term "climate" refers to regional trends in temperatures, rainfall, etc. Weather includes daily variations in temperature and rainfall at a single location.
Which of the following describe the purpose of the Kyoto Protocol? Select all that apply.
To set legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions To set targets for reduced greenhouse gas emissions for participating countries
True or false: The image shown is an example of an IR spectrum.
True
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same _____ number but a different _____ number. This is because isotopes have the same number of protons but a different number of _____.
atomic; mass; neutrons
When naming an ionic compound, the _____ is always named first. To name the anion, the root of the nonmetal name is added to the suffix _____.
cation; -ide
An estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual in a given time frame is referred to as that individual's carbon : :
footprint
Greenhouse gases have a _____ effect on global warming than other anthropogenic forcings.
greater
The natural process by which Earth's atmospheric gases trap the infrared radiation radiated by Earth is called the _____ effect. This causes Earth's average surface temperature to be _____ than that predicted when considering the distance of the Earth from the Sun.
greenhouse; higher
Any process that decreases the Earth's reflectivity causes the amount of radiation absorbed to _____ and temperatures to _____.
increase; increase
In a(n) _____ compound electrons are transferred from one atom or group of atoms to another. Conversely, in a(n) _____ compound electrons are shared.
ionic; covalent
In chemistry, the mole _______. Select all that apply.
is abbreviated mol indicates amount of substance
The wavelength of radiation that the Earth re-emits is _____ the radiation it absorbs.
longer than
In the formation of ionic compounds a metal will ______ electrons and a nonmetal will ______ electrons to form an ion with the same number of electrons as the nearest ______ gas.
lose; gain; noble
In the formation of ionic compounds a metal will ______ electrons to form an ion with the same number of electrons as the nearest ______ gas.
lose; noble
The organic material that decomposed to form fossil fuels has a very _____ level of carbon-14. Burning fossil fuels therefore causes a(n) _____ in the levels of carbon-14 in atmospheric CO2.
low; decrease
Match each element in the compound NH3 to its correct mass ratio and mass percentage.
mass ratio of N : 0.824 mass percent of N : 82.4 mass ratio of H : 0.176 mass percent of H : 17.6
Direct measurements of atmospheric CO2 levels in Hawaii show that since 1960 _____. (Select all the options that complete the sentence correctly.)
the annual average CO2 levels have increased steadily the CO2 levels in a given year fluctuate depending on the time of year
In order to be a greenhouse gas, a molecule must _____. (Select all that apply.)
undergo a change in overall charge distribution during vibration be composed of three or more different atoms
Electronegativity generally increases _______ on the periodic table, excluding noble gases.
up and to the right
Match each metal ion to the correct Roman numeral that would be used when naming an ionic compound when appropriate.
(III) : Fe3+ (II) : Cr2+ None : Zn2+ (I) : Cu+
What charge will the ion formed from barium have?
+2
In the compound MgO, the Mg ion has a charge of _____, while the O ion has a charge of _____.
+2; -2
How many significant figures should the answer to the following calculation contain? 2.3 x 5.46 = _____
2
What is a significant figure?
A digit that represents the precision with which an experimental quantity is known
The molar mass of any substance is the mass of 1 : : of the particles of that substance.
Blank 1: mole, mol, or g/mol
Which chlorofluorocarbon has the greatest carbon mass ratio?
C2Cl2F4
Which of the following options correctly describes the effects of the observed increase in global temperatures over the last century?
On average the planet is warmer than it was a century ago.
Match each component of a solution with the correct description.
Solvent : The majority component of the solution Solute : The minority component of the solution
Which of the following can be attributed to the atmosphere of planet Earth?
The Earth's average temperature is higher than expected when considering its distance from the Sun.
What is climate adaptation?
The ability of a system to adjust to climate change, in order to moderate potential damage
Which of the following options correctly describe a polyatomic ion? Select all that apply.
The charge on a polyatomic ion belongs to the whole unit. The atoms of a polyatomic ion are held together by covalent bonds.
Which statement about ice cores is correct?
The deepest layers are the oldest layers.
Radiative forcings _____. (Select all the options that complete the sentence correctly.)
are factors that influence the balance of incoming and outgoing radiation on Earth may have either a cooling or a heating effect on Earth
Match each type of electron pair to the correct designation. Instructions
bonding electron pair : B lone pair : A
True or false: The central oxygen atom of the ozone molecule (shown) is surrounded by three electron groups.
true
