Chemistry - Ch. 0 to Ch. 10 - Full Review
kine- ex. kinetic energy
move, moving, movement ex. energy of motion
NF₃
nitrogen trifluoride
a- ex. amorphous
not, without ex. substance without a crystalline shape
ef- ex. effervescence
out, from, away ex. rapid escape of gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved
pico
p: 0.000000000001 = 10⁻¹²
SiC
silicon monocarbide
litho (G) ex. lithosphere, photolithography
stone
magnetism
the force of attraction or repulsion of magnetic materials
electromagnetic spectrum
the full range of electromagnetic radiation
ground state
the lowest possible energy of an atom described by quantum mechanics
percent error
the percent that a measured value differs from the accepted value
chemistry
the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes
Molar volume
the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP); 22.4 L
use
to carry out a purpose or action by means of
angstrom
Å: 0.0000000001 = 10⁻¹⁰
Silver
Ag
Gold
Au
Boron
B
Iron(III) chloride
FeCl₃
Iron(II) fluoride
FeF₂
Gallium
Ga
Potassium chloride
KCl
Lanthanum
La
Mg₃(PO₄)₂
Magnesium phosphate
Hg²⁺
Mercury (II)
Nitrate
NO₃⁻
Sodium
Na
Neon
Ne
Hydroxide
OH⁻
Osmium
Os
Phosphorus
P
K₂SO₄
Potassium sulfate
Rhenium
Re
Sulfite
SO₃²⁻
Tin
Sn
NaHCO₃
Sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate
Strontium
Sr
Thorium
Th
Volume
The amount of space occupied by matter
Vanadium
V
Zetta
Z: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 10²¹
chemical symbol
a one- or two-letter representation of an element
element
a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
chemical reaction
a reaction in which one or more substances are converted into different substances
reactant
a substance that reacts in a chemical change
Dimensional analysis
a technique of solving physical quantities problems in which units are included and treated as numbers
anion
an atom with more electrons than its neutral state.
Ba(OH)₂
barium hydroxide
180°
bond angle of linear shapes
CO₂
carbon dioxide
CBr₄
carbon tetrabromide
Si₂F₆
disilicon hexafluoride
lip-, lipo- ex. lipoprotein
fat ex. a combination of a fat and a protein
IF₇
iodine heptafluoride
Ni²⁺
Nickel (II)
mon-, mona-, moner-, mono- ex. monomer
single, one ex. single molecular units that can join to form a polymer
NaOH
sodium hydroxide
Polonium
Po
acid ex. hydrochloric acid
sour, sharp ex. acid composed of hydrogen and chlorine
Rubidium
Rb
Rhodium
Rh
Radon
Rn
radi-, radia-, radio- ex. radioactive
spoke, ray, radius ex. produces rays of electromagnetic energy
Molecular formula
The molecular formula of a compound is the actual number of atoms of each element present
vapor-, vapori- ex. vaporization
steam, vapor ex. the process of changing a liquid into a vapor (i.e. gas)
sacchar-, saccharo- ex. monosaccharide
sugar ex. single sugar unit
SO₂
sulfur dioxide
SF₆
sulfur hexafluoride
SO₃
sulfur trioxide
H₂SO₄
sulfuric acid
glyc-, glycer-, glyco- ex. glycogen
sweet ex. a sugar (glucose) based polymer that stores energy in animals
B₄C
tetraboron monocarbide
P₄S₁₀
tetraphosphorus decasulfide
P₄S₃
tetraphosphorus trisulfide
joule (J)
the SI unit of energy; 4.184 J equal one calorie
chemical property
the ability of a substance to undergo a change that transforms it into a different substance
electronegative
the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound
electropositive
the ability of an atom to lose electrons when the atom is in a compound
solid
a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume
product
a substance that is formed by a chemical change
Mole
the amount of a substance that contains 6.02x10²³ representative particles of that substance
quantum
the amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another
SiSe
silicon monoselenide
meter (m)
the base unit of length in SI
accuracy
the closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is being measured
Mass
the amount of matter the object contains
Si₃F₈
trisilicon octafluoride
bi ex. binary compounds
two ex. compound made of two elements
electron configuration
the arrangement of electrons of an atom in its ground state into various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms
energy
the capacity for doing work or producing heat
evaporation
the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas; the process may be used to separate a solution into component solvents and solutes
Room temperature and pressure (RTP)
the conditions under which the volume of a gas can be described; room temperature is regarded as approximately 20 °C (293.15 K) and room pressure is about 1 atmosphere (atm). Under these conditions, one mole of any gas occupies 24 liters of space
Standard temperature and pressure (STP)
the conditions under which the volume of a gas is usually measured; the standard temperature is 0°C (273.15 K) and standard pressure is 101.3 kPa, or 0.986 atmosphere (atm). Under these conditions, one mole of any gas occupies 22.4 liters of space
error
the difference between the accepted value and the experimental value
wavelength
the distance between adjacent crests of a wave
photoelectric effect
the ejection of electrons by certain metals when they absorb light with a frequency above a threshold frequency
ionic bond
the electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions together
bond dissociation energy
the energy required to break the bond between two covalently bonded atoms; this value is usually expressed in kJ per mol of substance
ionization energy
the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state
Dalton's atomic theory
the first theory to relate chemical changes to events at the atomic level
metallic bond
the force of attraction that holds metals together; it consists of the attraction of free-floating valence electrons for positively charged metal ions
amplitude
the height of a wave's crest
formula unit
the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound; in aluminum oxide, the ratio of aluminum ions to oxygen ions is 2 to 3, and the formula unit is Al2O3
kilogram (kg)
the mass of 1 L of water at 4°C; it is the base unit of mass in SI
hybridization
the mixing of several atomic orbitals to form the same total number of equivalent hybrid orbitals
quantum mechanical model
the modern description, primarily mathematical, of the behavior of electrons in atoms
coordination number
the number of ions of opposite charge that surround each ion in a crystal
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
Avogadro's number
the number of representative particles contained in one mole of a substance; equal to 6.02x10²³ particles
frequency
the number of wave cycles that pass a given point per unit of time; frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other
atomic emission spectrum
the pattern formed when light passes through a prism or diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains
malleability
the property of a metal that allows it to be hammered into thin sheets
ductility
the property of a metal that enables it to be drawn into a wire
electrical conductivity
the property of a substance that enables it to conduct an electric current
thermal conductivity
the property of a substance that enables it to transfer heat
isotopic composition
the quantitative makeup of an element's stable isotopes, in terms of percent abundance and mass
calorie (cal)
the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of pure water 1°C
MG: linear (explanation) - 1 Electron Domain - AX
1 bond 0 lone pairs
MG: linear (explanation) - 2 Electron Domains - AXE
1 bond 1 lone pair
MG: linear (explanation) - 3 Electron Domains - AXE₂
1 bond 2 lone pair
MG: linear (explanation) - 4 Electron Domains - AXE₃
1 bond 3 lone pairs
clues that a chemical reaction has occurred
1. The color changes. 2. Formation of a precipitate. 3. Formation of a gas. 4. Heat and/or a flame is produced, or heat is absorbed.
density
the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume
alpha ex. alpha particle
1st letter of Greek alphabet ex. positively charged particle composed of two protons and two neutrons (i.e. nucleus of helium atom) emitted during a certain type of radioactive decay
MG: linear (explanation) - 2 Electron Domains - AX₂
2 bonds 0 lone pairs
MG: bent (explanation) - 3 Electron Domains - AX₂E
2 bonds 1 lone pair
MG: bent (explanation) - 4 Electron Domains - AX₂E₂
2 bonds 2 lone pairs
MG: linear (explanation) - 5 Electron Domains - AX₂E₃
2 bonds 3 lone pairs
International System of Units (SI)
the revised version of the metric system, adopted by international agreement in 1960
aufbau principle
the rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
Representative particle
the smallest particle into which a substance can be broken down without a change in composition; usually atoms, molecules, formula units, or ions
atom
the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction
energy level
the specific energies an electron can have in an atom or other system
gas
the state of matter in which a substance has neither definite volume nor definite shape
liquid
the state of matter in which the substance has a definite volume but an indefinite shape
MG: trigonal pyramid (explanation) - 4 Electron Domains - AX₃E
3 bonds 1 lone pair
MG: T-shaped (explanation) - 5 Electron Domains - AX₃E₂
3 bonds 2 lone pairs
solid
the state of matter in which the substance has definite volume and definite shape
gamma ex. gamma rays
3rd letter of the Greek alphabet ex. a photon of electromagnetic radiation emitted from an atomic nucleus during radioactive decay
MG: tetrahedral (explanation) - 4 Electron Domains - AX₄
4 bonds 0 lone pairs
MG: seesaw (explanation) - 5 Electron Domains - AX₄E
4 bonds 1 lone pair
MG: square planar (explanation) - 6 Electron Domains - AX₄E₂
4 bonds 2 lone pairs
Kelvin scale
the temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 273 K and the boiling point is 373 K; 0 K is absolute zero
Celsius scale
the temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C
nucleus
the tiny, dense central portion of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons
mass number
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
MG: octahedral (explanation) - 6 Electron Domains - AX₆
6 bonds 0 lone pairs
van der Waals forces
the two weakest intermolecular attractions—dispersion interactions and dipole forces
redox reaction
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
hertz
the unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second
Empirical formula
A formula with the lowest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound; the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is H₁O₁
liter (L)
the volume of a cube measuring 10 centimeters on each edge (1000 cm3); it is the common unprefixed unit of volume in the metric system
atomic mass
the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element
cosm-, cosmo- ex. cosmic rays
the world or universe ex. high energy rays from space (the cosmos)
absolute zero
the zero point on the Kelvin temperature scale, equivalent to -273.15°C
dens- ex. density, dense
thick ex. density is a measure of how "thick" a fluid is (i.e. how much mass per unit volume)
kilo- ex. kilogram
thousand ex. one-thousand grams
organize
to arrange by systematic planning and united effort
classify
to assign to a category
collect
to bring together into one body or place
calculate
to determine by mathematical processes
evaluate
to determine the significance, worth, or condition of usually by careful appraisal and study
identify
to establish the identity of
critique
to examine critically
compare
to examine the character or qualities especially in order to discover resemblances or differences
predict
to foretell on the basis of observation, experience or scientific reason
make
to frame or formulate in the mind; or physically create
understand
to grasp the meaning of
miso ex. misandy, misogyny, misanthrope
to hate
manipulate
to manage or utilize skillfully
differentiate
to mark or show a difference in
know
to perceive directly: have direct cognition of
express
to represent by a sign or symbol
analyze
to study or determine the nature and relationship of the parts of by analysis
analyze
to study or determine the nature and relationship of the parts of by analysis; to determine what you know and what you don't know; create a plan to discover answers using what you know.
syn- ex. photosynthesis
together, with ex. molecules are put together with energy derived from light
C₃O₂
tricarbon dioxide
P₃N₅
triphosphorus pentanitride
-yne ex. alkyne
triple covalent bond ex. carbon chain with one or more triple bonds
-yne ex. alkyne, heptyne
triple covalent bond ex. carbon compound with one or more triple covalent bonds
Si₃N₄
trisilicon tetranitride
hypo- ex. hypotonic
under, beneath, lower ex. a solution of lower solute concentration than another solution with which it is compared
VSEPR theory
valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory; because electron pairs repel, molecules adjust their shapes so that valence electron pairs are as far apart as possible
aqu, aqua ex. aqueous solution
water ex. water based solution
hydr-, hydra-, hydri-, hydro- ex. hydrolysis
water (h) ex. the breaking of bonds using water
hydrophillic
water soluble; polar.
periodic law
when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties
co, col, com, con ex. coefficient
with, together ex. number that appears with a formula in a chemical equation
erg- ex. energy
work ex. energy is the ability to perform work
graph-, grapho-, graphy- ex. graphite
write, writing ex. form of carbon used in pencils
yocto
y: 0.000000000000000000000001 =10⁻²⁴
zepto
z: 0.000000000000000000001 = 10⁻²¹
micro
µ: 0.000001 = 10⁻⁶
No Stable Molecules of these types:
AXE₄, AX₃E₃, AX₂E₄, or AXE₅
Aluminum fluoride
AlF₃
Al(MnO₄)₃
Aluminium permanganate
AlPO₄
Aluminium phosphate
Argon
Ar
Arsenic
As
Boron bromide
BBr₃
Boron chloride
BCl₃
Boron fluoride
BF₃
Boron iodide
BI₃
Borate
BO₃³⁻
Boron phosphide
BP
Barium
Ba
Ba(CN)₂
Barium cyanide
Beryllium
Be
Beryllium bromide
BeBr₂
Beryllium chloride
BeCl₂
Beryllium fluoride
BeF₂
Beryllium iodide
BeI₂
Beryllium phosphide
Be₃P₂
Bismuth
Bi
Bromine
Br
Carbon
C
Cyanide
CN⁻
Carbonate
CO₃²⁻
Calcium
Ca
Calcium sulfide
CaS
CaCO₃
Calcium carbonate
Ca(ClO₃)₂
Calcium chlorate
CaHPO₄
Calcium hydrogen phosphate
Ca(NO₃)₂
Calcium nitrate
Calcium nitride
Ca₃N₂
Calcium phosphide
Ca₃P₂
Cadmium
Cd
Cerium
Ce
double displacement reaction
Chemical reaction in which two different compounds exchange an atom or ion to form two new compounds, like switching components.
Cr²⁺
Chromium (II)
Cr³⁺
Chromium (III)
Cr₃(PO₄)₂
Chromium(II) phosphate
CrPO₄
Chromium(III) phosphate
Chlorine
Cl
Hypochlorite
ClO⁻
Chlorite
ClO₂⁻
Chlorate
ClO₃⁻
Perchlorate
ClO₄⁻
Cobalt
Co
Co⁺
Cobalt (I)
Co²⁺
Cobalt (II)
Cu⁺
Copper (I)
Cu²⁺
Copper (II)
Cu₂Cr₂O₇
Copper(I) dichromate
CuH₂PO₄
Copper(I) dihydrogen phosphate
Cu₂SO₄
Copper(I) sulfate
Chromium
Cr
Chromate
CrO₄²⁻
Dichromate
Cr₂O₇²⁻
Copper
Cu
Copper(II) chloride
CuCl₂
Copper(I) fluoride
CuF
Copper(II) fluoride
CuF₂
Copper(II) sulfide
CuS
Copper(I) oxide
Cu₂O
Copper(I) sulfide
Cu₂S
Copper(II) nitride
Cu₃N₂
Ethanoate (Acetate)
C₂H₃O₂⁻
Oxalate
C₂O₄²⁻
Deca (or Deka)
Da: 10 = 10¹
Exa
E: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 =10¹⁸
Fluorine
F
Iron
Fe
Iron(II) bromide
FeBr₂
Iron(III) bromide
FeBr₃
Iron(II) chloride
FeCl₂
Iron(III) fluoride
FeF₃
Iron(III) iodide
FeI₃
Iron(III) phosphide
FeP
Giga
G: 1,000,000,000 = 10⁹
Germanium
Ge
Au⁺
Gold (I)
Au³⁺
Gold (III)
Hydrogen carbonate
HCO₃⁻
Hydrogen phosphate
HPO₄²⁻
Hydrogen sulfite
HSO₃⁻
Hydrogen sulfate
HSO₄⁻
Hafnium
Hf
Dihydrogen phosphate
H₂PO₄⁻
Iodine
I
Iridium
Ir
Fe²⁺
Iron (II)
Fe³⁺
Iron (III)
FeSO₄
Iron(II) sulfate
Fe(HCO₃)₃
Iron(III) hydrogen carbonate
Fe(OH)₃
Iron(III) hydroxide or ferrous hydroxide
FePO₄
Iron(III) phosphate
Potassium
K
Kilo
K: 1,000 = 10³
Potassium bromide
KBr
Potassium nitride
K₃N
Pb²⁺
Lead (II)
Pb⁴⁺
Lead (IV)
Pb(NO₃)₂
Lead(II) nitrate
Pb(OH)₄
Lead(IV) hydroxide
Lithium
Li
Lithium chloride
LiCl
Lithium fluoride
LiF
Lithium phosphide
Li₃P
Mega
M: 1,000,000 = 10⁶
MG: T-shaped EG: trigonal bipyramid
MG: ? EG: ?
MG: octahedral EG: octahedral
MG: ? EG: ?
MG: square planar EG: octahedral
MG: ? EG: ?
MG: square pyramid EG: octahedral
MG: ? EG: ?
MG: tetrahedral EG: tetrahedral
MG: ? EG: ?
MG: trigonal bipyramid EG: trigonal bipyramid
MG: ? EG: ?
MG: trigonal planar EG: trigonal planar
MG: ? EG: ?
MG: trigonal term-528pyramid EG: tetrahedral
MG: ? EG: ?
Mg(C₂H₃O₂)₂
Magnesium acetate
Mg(OH)₂
Magnesium hydroxide
Mn⁺
Manganese (I)
Mn²⁺
Manganese (II)
MnSO₄
Manganese(II) sulfate
Hg₂²⁺
Mercury (I)
Hg₂(ClO₄)₂
Mercury(I) perchlorate
HgCO₃
Mercury(II) carbonate
Magnesium
Mg
Magnesium chloride
MgCl₂
Magnesium nitride
Mg₃N₂
Manganese
Mn
Permanganate
MnO₄⁻
Molybdenum
Mo
Ammonium
NH₄⁺
Nitrite
NO₂⁻
Sodium bromide
NaBr
Sodium chloride
NaCl
Sodium fluoride
NaF
Sodium iodide
NaI
Sodium oxide
Na₂O
Sodium sulfide
Na₂S
Sodium phosphide
Na₃P
Niobium
Nb
Neodymium
Nd
Nickel
Ni
Ni(C₂H₃O₂)₂
Nickel(II) acetate
Oxygen
O
no prefix
One's Place: 1 = 10⁰
Peta
P: 1,000,000,000,000,000 =10¹⁵
Phosphite
PO₃³⁻
Phosphate
PO₄³⁻
Lead
Pb
Lead(II) bromide
PbBr₂
Lead(IV) bromide
PbBr₄
Lead(II) chloride
PbCl₂
Lead(IV) chloride
PbCl₄
Lead(IV) fluoride
PbF₄
Lead(II) iodide
PbI₂
Lead(IV) nitride
Pb₃N₄
Lead(II) phosphide
Pb₃P₂
Palladium
Pd
KClO₃
Potassium chlorate
KNO₂
Potassium nitrite
KMnO₄
Potassium permanganate
K₃PO₄
Potassium phosphate
Praseodymium
Pr
Platinum
Pt
Plutonium
Pu
Radium
Ra
Ruthenium
Ru
Mendeleev
Russian scientist who attempted to classify the elements by organizing them into a seven column table.
Sulfur
S
Sulfate
SO₄²⁻
Antimony
Sb
Scandium
Sc
Selenium
Se
Silicon
Si
Metasilicate
SiO₃²⁻
Orthosilicate
SiO₄⁴⁻
Ag⁺
Silver (I)
Ag²⁺
Silver (II)
Na₂CO₃
Sodium carbonate
Na₂CrO₄
Sodium chromate
NaH₂PO₄
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Tera
T: 1,000,000,000,000 10^12
Tantalum
Ta
Technetium
Tc
Tellurium
Te
Titanium
Ti
Polyatomic ion
Tightly-bound group of atoms that behaves as a unit and carries a net charge.
Sn²⁺
Tin (II)
Sn⁴⁺
Tin (IV)
Sn(NO₃)₂
Tin(II) nitrate
SnSO₄
Tin(II) sulfate
Thallium
Tl
Uranium
U
Tungsten
W
Xenon
Xe
Yttrium
Y
Yotta
Y: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 10²⁴
Zinc
Zn
Zirconium
Zr
mixture
a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties
tetrahedral angle
a bond angle of 109.5° that results when a central atom forms four bonds directed toward the center of a regular tetrahedron
covalent bond
a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
sigma bond
a bond formed when two atomic orbitals combine for form a molecular orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting the two atomic nuclei
single covalent bond
a bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons
double covalent bond
a bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons
physical change
a change during which some properties of a material change but the composition of the material does not change
physical change
a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance
chemical change
a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances
physical property
a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance
combination reaction
a chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance
molecular formula
a chemical formula of a molecular compound that shows the kinds and numbers of atoms present in a molecule of a compound
structural formula
a chemical formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule or a polyatomic ion; each dash between a pair of atoms indicates a pair of shared electrons
combustion reaction
a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light
hybrid ex. hybrid orbital
a combination ex. electron orbitals produced by the combination of two or more orbitals of the same atom
ionic compound
a compound composed of positive and negative ions
molecular compound
a compound that is composed of molecules
polar covalent bond (polar bond)
a covalent bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared unequally
coordinate covalent bond
a covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons
pi bond
a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are most likely to be found in sausage-shaped regions above and below the bond axis of the bonded atoms
nonpolar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
triple covalent bond
a covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms
sieve
a device used for separating lumps from powdered material or grading solid particles based on size
weight
a force that measures the pull of gravity on a given mass
liquid
a form of matter that flows and has a fixed volume and an indefinite shape
gas
a form of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container; a gas has no definite shape or volume
colloid
a heterogeneous mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out. Note: some colloids are considered homogeneous.
suspension
a heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time
plasma
a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose their electrons
solution
a homogeneous mixture; consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent
period
a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
precipitate
a liquid that forms and settles out of a gaseous mixture OR a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
atomic orbital
a mathematical expression describing the probability of finding an electron at various locations; usually represented by the region of space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron
mass
a measure of the amount of matter
mass
a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains; the SI base unit of mass is the kilogram
temperature
a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in matter; temperature determines the direction of heat transfer
volume
a measure of the space occupied by a sample of matter
gram (g)
a metric mass unit equal to the mass of 1 cm3 of water at 4°C
alloy
a mixture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
heterogeneous mixture
a mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture
homogeneous mixture
a mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished
bonding orbital
a molecular orbital that can be occupied by two electrons of a covalent bond
diatomic molecule
a molecule consisting of two atoms
polar molecule
a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive
dipole
a molecule that has two poles, or regions, with opposite charges
halide ion
a negative ion formed when a halogen atom gains an electron
electron
a negatively charged subatomic particle
molecule
a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds
halogen
a nonmetal in Group 7A of the periodic table
electron dot structure
a notation that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of the element; the symbol represents the inner electrons and atomic nucleus; also called a Lewis valence electron dot structure
electron dot formula
a notation used to illustrate the bonding in a compound; the notation depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of the elements in the compound
Planck's constant
a number used to calculate the radiant energy (E) absorbed or emitted by a body based on the frequency of radiation
unshared pair
a pair of valence electrons that is not shared between atoms
-mer-, -mere-, -meri-, -mero- ex. dimer, monomer, polymer, polymerization
a part ex. made of two parts
mixture
a physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
change of state
a physical change of a substance from one state to another
proton
a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
filtration
a process that separates the solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
flotation
a process used to separate a mixture by floating and sinking the mixture in a liquid medium.
distillation
a process used to separate components of a mixture using differences in boiling points
extensive property
a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
intensive property
a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
physical property
a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition
measurement
a quantitative description that includes both a number and a unit
experimental value
a quantitative value measured during an experiment
accepted value
a quantity used by general agreement of the scientific community
spin
a quantum mechanical property of electrons that may be thought of as clockwise or counterclockwise
photon
a quantum of light; a discrete bundle of electromagnetic energy that interacts with matter similarly to particles
conversion factor
a ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert a quantity from one unit to another
decomposition reaction
a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances
network solid
a solid in which all of the atoms are covalently bonded to each other
cathode ray
a stream of electrons produced at the negative electrode (cathode) of a tube containing a gas at low pressure
neutron
a subatomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu; found in the nucleus of an atom
catalyst
a substance that causes or quickens a chemical reaction, but is not used up in the chemical reaction.
pure substance
a substance that has a fixed composition and differs from a mixture in that every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties and composition
compound
a substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded
dimensional analysis
a technique of problem-solving that uses the units that are part of a measurement to help solve the problem
chromatography
a technique used to separate mixtures of molecules based on a combination of solubility, size, and charge.
Molar mass
a term used to refer to the mass of a mole of any substance
polyatomic ion
a tightly bound group of atoms that behaves as a unit and has a positive or negative charge
atomic mass unit (amu)
a unit of mass equal to one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom
Atomic mass unit
a unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weight that is equal to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
Atomic mass unit (amu)
a unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights that is equal to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
family
a vertical column of the periodic table
group
a vertical column of the periodic table
atto
a: 0.000000000000000001 = 10⁻¹⁸
super- ex. superheated
above, over ex. retaining liquid properties beyond the normal boiling point
HC₂H₃O₂
acetic acid / ethanoic acid
oxy- ex. oxycephalic
acid, sharp, acute, keen, pointed ex. a malformation in which the head is somewhat pointed
IUPAC
acronym for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; an international scientific organization that sets standards for chemistry, including nomenclature and terminology
dia- ex. diagonal
across ex. connecting two nonadjacent angles or vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, as a straight line.
tran-, trans- ex. transition elements
across, through ex. elements through which you pass when going from the right to left side of the periodic table
anti ex. antiseptic, antibiotic
against, opposite ex. substance that works against microbes
significant figures
all the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit
NH₃ (common name)
ammonia
periodic table
an arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties
-thesis- ex. hypothesis
an arranging, statement ex. a testable statement
cation
an atom with less electrons than its neutral state.
Pauli exclusion principle
an atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin direction
valence electron
an electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom
noble gas
an element in Group 8A of the periodic table; the s and p sublevels of the highest occupied energy level are filled; these elements are unreactive.
representative element
an element in an "A" group in the periodic table; as a group these elements display a wide range of physical and chemical properties. In their atoms, the s and p sublevels in the highest occupied energy level are partially filled
inner transition metal
an element in the lanthanide or actinide series; the highest occupied s sublevel and nearby f sublevel of its atoms generally contain electrons; also called an inner transition element
metalloid
an element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals
metal
an element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity
nonmetal
an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity
alkali earth metal
an elemnet in group 2, harder, higher melting point, and denser than alkali metals. Reactive, but less than corresponding alkali metal
scientific notation
an expression of numbers in the form m 10n, where m is equal to or greater than 1 and less than 10, and n is an integer
chemical formula
an expression that indicates the number and type of atoms present in the smallest representative unit of a substance
molecular orbital
an orbital that applies to the entire molecule
SbBr₃
antimony tribromide
ion
any atom with more or less electrons than its neutral state.
alkali metal
any metal in Group 1A of the periodic table
alkaline earth metal
any metal in Group 2A of the periodic table
phase
any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties
chemical
any substance that has a definite composition
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
ionic radius
approximate distance from the center of an ion to its highest occupied electron orbital; the values are based on experimental data
isotope
atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses due to a different number of neutrons
octet rule
atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence electrons
dispersion force
attraction between molecules caused by the electron motion of one molecule affecting the electron motion of the other through electrical forces; these are the weakest interactions between molecules
hydrogen bond
attractive force in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom
Atomic mass
average mass of all isotopes of an element
alkali ex. sodium hydroxide
basic ex. a base composed of sodium, oxygen, and hydrogen
elem- ex. elements, elementary
basic, simple, pure ex. substance that can't be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical means
gen- ex. hydrogen
bear, produce, beginning ex. element that is used to produce water
sub- ex. sublimation, submarine
below, under ex. to convert a solid substance by heat into a vapor without apparent liquefaction
met-, meta- ex. metabolism, metamorphosis
between, change; higher than ex. reactions that change biochemicals from one form to another
90°
bond angles of octahedral
109.5°
bond angles of tetrahedral shapes
90° and 120°
bond angles of trigonal bipyramid
120°
bond angles of trigonal planar shapes
fract- ex. fractional distillation
break, broken ex. distillation in which the components of a mixture are "broken down" and separated by different boiling points
centi
c: 0.01 = 10⁻²
Ca(OH)₂
calcium hydroxide
carb, carbo, carbon ex. carbohydrate
carbon containing ex. compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH₂O)ₙ
CSe₂
carbon diselenide
CS
carbon monosulfide
CO
carbon monoxide
CCl₄
carbon tetrachloride
single displacement reaction
chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound
chem ex. chemical kinetics
chemistry ex. the kinetics of a chemical reaction
orbi-, orbit-, orbito- ex. orbital
circle ex. electrons travel around the nucleus in these patterns
fiss-, fissi-, fissur- ex. fission
cleft, split ex. the splitting of nuclei
cry-, crymo-, cryo- ex. crystal
cold crystals form when solutions are cooled
acids
compounds that increase hydrogen ion concentration when in solution
base
compounds that increase hydroxide ion concentration when in solution
deci
d: 0.1 = 10⁻¹
precision
describes the closeness, or reproducibility, of a set of measurements taken under the same conditions
vapor
describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature
amin, amino ex. amine, amino acid
designates that a compound contains one or more amino groups (-NH₂)
centrifuge
device to separate substances by spinning them at high speed; separates components of a mixture based on density
As₂O₅
diarsenic pentoxide
Cl₂O₂
dichlorine dioxide
Cl₂O₇
dichlorine heptaoxide
Cl₂O₆
dichlorine hexaoxide
Cl₂O
dichlorine monoxide
Cl₂O₃
dichlorine trioxide
H₂S
dihydrogen monosulfide
H₂O
dihydrogen monoxide
N₂O
dinitrogen monoxide
N₂O₅
dinitrogen pentoxide
N₂H₄
dinitrogen tetrahydride
N₂O₄
dinitrogen tetroxide
P₂O₅
diphosphorus pentoxide
Se₂S₆
diselenium hexasulfide
solu- ex. solubility
dissolve ex. refers to the tendency to dissolve
S₂F₁₀
disulfur decafluoride
-ene ex. alkene, polypropylene
double covalent bond ex. carbon compound with one or more double covalent bonds
amph, amphi, ampho ex. amphoteric, amphibian
double, on both sides ex. amphoteric substances react either as acids or bases
de- ex. decomposition
down, without, from ex. a reaction in which materials are broken down
oct-, octi-, octo- ex. octet rule
eight ex. tendency to acquire a total of 8 electrons in highest energy level
Hund's rule
electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number or electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible
chalcogen
elements in group 16
vac- ex. vacuum
empty ex. a space entirely devoid of matter
electromagnetic radiation
energy waves that travel in a vacuum at a speed of 2.998 x 10⁸ m/s; includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, X-rays, and gamma rays
equ- ex. equilibrium
equal (e) ex. a dynamic condition in which two opposing reactions occur at equal rates
iso- ex. isomers
equal (i) ex. compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structures
Avogadro's law
equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles
empir-, empiro- ex. empirical
experienced
femto
f: 0.000000000000001 = 10⁻¹⁵
vulcan- ex. vulcanized
fire ex. vulcanized rubber has been treated with heat
flu- ex. fluids
flow ex. gases and liquids are fluids because they have the ability to flow from one place to another
liqu-, lique-, liqui- ex. liquefy
fluid, liquid ex. the process of becoming a liquid
morph-, morpha-, morpho- ex. amorphous sulfur
form ex. sulfur without definite crystals or shape
pro- ex. proton
forward, positive, for, in front of, before ex. positively charged particle
malle-, mallo-, mallus- ex. malleable, mallet
hammer ex. ability to bend and shape when hit by a hammer
homogeneous
having a uniform composition throughout
therm-, thermo- ex. thermochemistry
heat ex. the study of changes in heat energy accompanying chemical and physical changes
quant- ex. quantum, quantity
how much ex. refers to a discrete amount of energy
HBr
hydrobromic acid
HCl
hydrochloric acid
HF
hydrofluoric acid
HI
hydroiodic acid
change ending to "ic" in acid name
if a polyatomic ion ends in "ate"
change ending to "ous" in acid name
if a polyatomic ion ends in "ite"
solvent
in a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves
solute
in a solution, the substance that is dissolved in a solution
law of conservation of mass
in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved; mass can be neither created nor destroyed
in- ex. intrinsic physical property
in, into, a part of ex. properties inherent to a substance because of composition, not because of how much substance is present
endo- ex. endothermic
in, into, within ex. a reaction which takes in heat
hydrophobic
insoluble in water; nonpolar.
dipole interaction
intermolecular force resulting from the attraction of oppositely charged regions of polar molecules
ICl
iodine monochloride
IF₅
iodine pentafluoride
ICl₃
iodine trichloride
ferr-, ferro- ex. ferromagnetism
iron ex. strongly attracted to a magnet, like iron
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time
conjug ex. conjugate acid
joined together ex. acid formed form its conjugate base by the addition of a proton
Henry Moseley
known as the father of the modern periodic table; the modern periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number.
Henry Mosley
known as the father of the modern periodic table; the modern periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number.
macr-, macro- ex. macromolecule
large, long ex. large organic molecules
duc-, duct- ex. ductile, conductor
lead ex. able to be pulled or led through a small opening to produce a wire
bio ex. biochemistry
life ex. chemistry of living systems
photo- ex. photochemical smog
light ex. air pollutants transformed by sunlight
-oid ex. metalloid
like, similar form ex. some properties are like those of metals
filtrate
liquid that has passed through a filter
LiOH
lithium hydroxide
lys-, lysio-, lysis- ex. hydrolysis
loose, loosening, breaking ex. the breaking of bonds using water
milli
m: 0.001 = 10⁻³
poly- ex. polymer
many ex. many molecules bonded together to make a new, longer/larger molecule
substance
matter that has a uniform and definite composition; either an element or a compound; also called a pure substance
meter ex. calorimeter
measure ex. measures heat energy (joules/calories)
misc- ex. miscible
mix ex. when two solvents dissolve (mix evenly) in each other
nano
n: 0.000000001 = 10⁻⁹
nom-, nomen-, nomin- ex. nomenclature
name ex. system of assigning names
neutr- ex. neutral
neither ex. neither positive nor negative
neo- ex. neoprene
new, recent ex. a synthetic (new) rubber
HNO₃
nitric acid
NO₂
nitrogen dioxide
NO
nitrogen monoxide
NH₃ (following IUPAC naming rules)
nitrogen trihydride
NI₃
nitrogen triiodide
un- ex. unsaturated
not ex. carbon chains that are not saturated with hydrogen
im- ex. immiscible
not ex. not mutually soluble (i.e. not miscible)
heterogeneous
not having a uniform composition throughout
non- ex. nonpolar
not, ninth ex. does not have polar characteristics
nuc-, nucle, nuclei- ex. nucleus
nut, center ex. center of the atom
polar-, polari- ex. polar covalent
of the pole, polarity ex. one pole of the bond has a more negative character, and the other a more positive character
transition metal
one of the Group B elements in which the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel generally contain electrons
main group metal
one of the metallic elements in Groups 1A through 7A of the periodic table
resonance structure
one of the two or more equally valid electron dot structures of a molecule or polyatomic ion
mill-, mille-, milli-, millo- ex. milliliter
one thousand ex. one thousandth of a liter
atomic radius
one-half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined
hetero- ex. heterogeneous mixture
other, different ex. a mixture in which properties and composition differ from one area to the next
allo, allio ex. allotrope
other, different ex. one of the two or more forms of an element that have the same physical state
exo- ex. exothermic
out, outside ex. a reaction which gives heat to the outside environment
e- ex. evaporation
out, without, from ex. the process of vapor leaving from the liquid source
hyper- ex. hypertonice
over, above, excessive, higher ex. a solution of higher solute concentration than another solution with which it is compared
oxid- ex. oxide
oxygen ex. compound containing oxide ion
HClO₄
perchloric acid
PCl₅
phosphorous pentachloride
PCl₃
phosphorous trichloride
PH₃
phosphorous trihydride
PBr₅
phosphorus pentabromide
tox- ex. toxic
poison ex. having the affect of a poison
KOH
potassium hydroxide
baro ex. barometer
pressure ex. barometer measures pressure
-ion ex. fusion
process ex. the process of combining or fusing nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
MG: trigonal planar (explanation) - 3 Electron Domains - AX₃
3 bonds 0 lone pairs
MG: trigonal bipyramid (explanation) - 5 Electron Domains - AX₅
5 bonds 0 lone pairs
MG: square pyramid (explanation) - 6 Electron Domains - AX₅E
5 bonds 1 lone pair
duet rule
refers to the first five elements of the periodic table which are most stable when the 1s orbital is filled with two (duet) electrons in order to have a filled outer shell like Helium.
electr-, electri-, electro- ex. electrolyte
relating to electric properties (i.e. movement of electrons) ex. dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current
hal-, halo- ex. halogen
salt (h) ex. elements (e.g. F, Cl, Br, etc.) that often form salts (e.g. NaF, NaCl, KBr, etc.)
sal-, sali- ex. salinity, salary
salt (s) ex. referring to the amount of salt in solution
Aluminium
Al
Aluminum chloride
AlCl₃
NH₄F
Ammonium fluoride
NH₄NO₃
Ammonium nitrate
(NH₄)₂SO₄
Ammonium sulfate
Astatine
At
Co³⁺
Cobalt (III)
hom-, homo-, homeo- ex. homogeneous mixture
same, alike a mixture in which properties and composition are the same throughout
Cu(ClO₃)₂
Copper(II) chlorate
beta ex. beta particle
second letter of Greek alphabet ex. an electron or positron emitted from an atomic nucleus in a certain type of radioactive decay
Cesium
Cs
Francium
Fr
Hydrogen
H
spect- ex. spectator ions, inspectition
see, look at ex. ions that "watch" but are not involved in a reaction
SeF₆
selenium hexafluoride
Hecto
H: 100 = 10²
Helium
He
Mercury
Hg
Indium
In
Fe(NO₃)₂
Iron(II) nitrate
Potassium fluoride
KF
Krypton
Kr
dis- ex. dissociation
separate, apart ex. separation of ions when dissolving
di- ex. disaccharide
separate, double, across ex. two monosaccharide sugars bonded together
Ideal gas law
shows the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of particles
SiO₂
silicon dioxide
SiSe₂
silicon diselenide
SiBr₄
silicon tetrabromide
SiF₄
silicon tetrafluoride
SiH₄
silicon tetrahydride
SiI₄
silicon tetraiodide
SiB₃
silicon triboride
Nitrogen
N
-ane ex. alkane, propane
single covalent bond ex. carbon compound with only single covalent bonds
