Chemistry - Ch. 0 to Ch. 10 - Full Review

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kine- ex. kinetic energy

move, moving, movement ex. energy of motion

NF₃

nitrogen trifluoride

a- ex. amorphous

not, without ex. substance without a crystalline shape

ef- ex. effervescence

out, from, away ex. rapid escape of gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved

pico

p: 0.000000000001 = 10⁻¹²

SiC

silicon monocarbide

litho (G) ex. lithosphere, photolithography

stone

magnetism

the force of attraction or repulsion of magnetic materials

electromagnetic spectrum

the full range of electromagnetic radiation

ground state

the lowest possible energy of an atom described by quantum mechanics

percent error

the percent that a measured value differs from the accepted value

chemistry

the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes

Molar volume

the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP); 22.4 L

use

to carry out a purpose or action by means of

angstrom

Å: 0.0000000001 = 10⁻¹⁰

Silver

Ag

Gold

Au

Boron

B

Iron(III) chloride

FeCl₃

Iron(II) fluoride

FeF₂

Gallium

Ga

Potassium chloride

KCl

Lanthanum

La

Mg₃(PO₄)₂

Magnesium phosphate

Hg²⁺

Mercury (II)

Nitrate

NO₃⁻

Sodium

Na

Neon

Ne

Hydroxide

OH⁻

Osmium

Os

Phosphorus

P

K₂SO₄

Potassium sulfate

Rhenium

Re

Sulfite

SO₃²⁻

Tin

Sn

NaHCO₃

Sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate

Strontium

Sr

Thorium

Th

Volume

The amount of space occupied by matter

Vanadium

V

Zetta

Z: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 10²¹

chemical symbol

a one- or two-letter representation of an element

element

a pure substance made of only one kind of atom

chemical reaction

a reaction in which one or more substances are converted into different substances

reactant

a substance that reacts in a chemical change

Dimensional analysis

a technique of solving physical quantities problems in which units are included and treated as numbers

anion

an atom with more electrons than its neutral state.

Ba(OH)₂

barium hydroxide

180°

bond angle of linear shapes

CO₂

carbon dioxide

CBr₄

carbon tetrabromide

Si₂F₆

disilicon hexafluoride

lip-, lipo- ex. lipoprotein

fat ex. a combination of a fat and a protein

IF₇

iodine heptafluoride

Ni²⁺

Nickel (II)

mon-, mona-, moner-, mono- ex. monomer

single, one ex. single molecular units that can join to form a polymer

NaOH

sodium hydroxide

Polonium

Po

acid ex. hydrochloric acid

sour, sharp ex. acid composed of hydrogen and chlorine

Rubidium

Rb

Rhodium

Rh

Radon

Rn

radi-, radia-, radio- ex. radioactive

spoke, ray, radius ex. produces rays of electromagnetic energy

Molecular formula

The molecular formula of a compound is the actual number of atoms of each element present

vapor-, vapori- ex. vaporization

steam, vapor ex. the process of changing a liquid into a vapor (i.e. gas)

sacchar-, saccharo- ex. monosaccharide

sugar ex. single sugar unit

SO₂

sulfur dioxide

SF₆

sulfur hexafluoride

SO₃

sulfur trioxide

H₂SO₄

sulfuric acid

glyc-, glycer-, glyco- ex. glycogen

sweet ex. a sugar (glucose) based polymer that stores energy in animals

B₄C

tetraboron monocarbide

P₄S₁₀

tetraphosphorus decasulfide

P₄S₃

tetraphosphorus trisulfide

joule (J)

the SI unit of energy; 4.184 J equal one calorie

chemical property

the ability of a substance to undergo a change that transforms it into a different substance

electronegative

the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound

electropositive

the ability of an atom to lose electrons when the atom is in a compound

solid

a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume

product

a substance that is formed by a chemical change

Mole

the amount of a substance that contains 6.02x10²³ representative particles of that substance

quantum

the amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another

SiSe

silicon monoselenide

meter (m)

the base unit of length in SI

accuracy

the closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is being measured

Mass

the amount of matter the object contains

Si₃F₈

trisilicon octafluoride

bi ex. binary compounds

two ex. compound made of two elements

electron configuration

the arrangement of electrons of an atom in its ground state into various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms

energy

the capacity for doing work or producing heat

evaporation

the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas; the process may be used to separate a solution into component solvents and solutes

Room temperature and pressure (RTP)

the conditions under which the volume of a gas can be described; room temperature is regarded as approximately 20 °C (293.15 K) and room pressure is about 1 atmosphere (atm). Under these conditions, one mole of any gas occupies 24 liters of space

Standard temperature and pressure (STP)

the conditions under which the volume of a gas is usually measured; the standard temperature is 0°C (273.15 K) and standard pressure is 101.3 kPa, or 0.986 atmosphere (atm). Under these conditions, one mole of any gas occupies 22.4 liters of space

error

the difference between the accepted value and the experimental value

wavelength

the distance between adjacent crests of a wave

photoelectric effect

the ejection of electrons by certain metals when they absorb light with a frequency above a threshold frequency

ionic bond

the electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions together

bond dissociation energy

the energy required to break the bond between two covalently bonded atoms; this value is usually expressed in kJ per mol of substance

ionization energy

the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state

Dalton's atomic theory

the first theory to relate chemical changes to events at the atomic level

metallic bond

the force of attraction that holds metals together; it consists of the attraction of free-floating valence electrons for positively charged metal ions

amplitude

the height of a wave's crest

formula unit

the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound; in aluminum oxide, the ratio of aluminum ions to oxygen ions is 2 to 3, and the formula unit is Al2O3

kilogram (kg)

the mass of 1 L of water at 4°C; it is the base unit of mass in SI

hybridization

the mixing of several atomic orbitals to form the same total number of equivalent hybrid orbitals

quantum mechanical model

the modern description, primarily mathematical, of the behavior of electrons in atoms

coordination number

the number of ions of opposite charge that surround each ion in a crystal

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element

Avogadro's number

the number of representative particles contained in one mole of a substance; equal to 6.02x10²³ particles

frequency

the number of wave cycles that pass a given point per unit of time; frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other

atomic emission spectrum

the pattern formed when light passes through a prism or diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains

malleability

the property of a metal that allows it to be hammered into thin sheets

ductility

the property of a metal that enables it to be drawn into a wire

electrical conductivity

the property of a substance that enables it to conduct an electric current

thermal conductivity

the property of a substance that enables it to transfer heat

isotopic composition

the quantitative makeup of an element's stable isotopes, in terms of percent abundance and mass

calorie (cal)

the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of pure water 1°C

MG: linear (explanation) - 1 Electron Domain - AX

1 bond 0 lone pairs

MG: linear (explanation) - 2 Electron Domains - AXE

1 bond 1 lone pair

MG: linear (explanation) - 3 Electron Domains - AXE₂

1 bond 2 lone pair

MG: linear (explanation) - 4 Electron Domains - AXE₃

1 bond 3 lone pairs

clues that a chemical reaction has occurred

1. The color changes. 2. Formation of a precipitate. 3. Formation of a gas. 4. Heat and/or a flame is produced, or heat is absorbed.

density

the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume

alpha ex. alpha particle

1st letter of Greek alphabet ex. positively charged particle composed of two protons and two neutrons (i.e. nucleus of helium atom) emitted during a certain type of radioactive decay

MG: linear (explanation) - 2 Electron Domains - AX₂

2 bonds 0 lone pairs

MG: bent (explanation) - 3 Electron Domains - AX₂E

2 bonds 1 lone pair

MG: bent (explanation) - 4 Electron Domains - AX₂E₂

2 bonds 2 lone pairs

MG: linear (explanation) - 5 Electron Domains - AX₂E₃

2 bonds 3 lone pairs

International System of Units (SI)

the revised version of the metric system, adopted by international agreement in 1960

aufbau principle

the rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first

Representative particle

the smallest particle into which a substance can be broken down without a change in composition; usually atoms, molecules, formula units, or ions

atom

the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction

energy level

the specific energies an electron can have in an atom or other system

gas

the state of matter in which a substance has neither definite volume nor definite shape

liquid

the state of matter in which the substance has a definite volume but an indefinite shape

MG: trigonal pyramid (explanation) - 4 Electron Domains - AX₃E

3 bonds 1 lone pair

MG: T-shaped (explanation) - 5 Electron Domains - AX₃E₂

3 bonds 2 lone pairs

solid

the state of matter in which the substance has definite volume and definite shape

gamma ex. gamma rays

3rd letter of the Greek alphabet ex. a photon of electromagnetic radiation emitted from an atomic nucleus during radioactive decay

MG: tetrahedral (explanation) - 4 Electron Domains - AX₄

4 bonds 0 lone pairs

MG: seesaw (explanation) - 5 Electron Domains - AX₄E

4 bonds 1 lone pair

MG: square planar (explanation) - 6 Electron Domains - AX₄E₂

4 bonds 2 lone pairs

Kelvin scale

the temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 273 K and the boiling point is 373 K; 0 K is absolute zero

Celsius scale

the temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C

nucleus

the tiny, dense central portion of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons

mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

MG: octahedral (explanation) - 6 Electron Domains - AX₆

6 bonds 0 lone pairs

van der Waals forces

the two weakest intermolecular attractions—dispersion interactions and dipole forces

redox reaction

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.

hertz

the unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second

Empirical formula

A formula with the lowest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound; the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is H₁O₁

liter (L)

the volume of a cube measuring 10 centimeters on each edge (1000 cm3); it is the common unprefixed unit of volume in the metric system

atomic mass

the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element

cosm-, cosmo- ex. cosmic rays

the world or universe ex. high energy rays from space (the cosmos)

absolute zero

the zero point on the Kelvin temperature scale, equivalent to -273.15°C

dens- ex. density, dense

thick ex. density is a measure of how "thick" a fluid is (i.e. how much mass per unit volume)

kilo- ex. kilogram

thousand ex. one-thousand grams

organize

to arrange by systematic planning and united effort

classify

to assign to a category

collect

to bring together into one body or place

calculate

to determine by mathematical processes

evaluate

to determine the significance, worth, or condition of usually by careful appraisal and study

identify

to establish the identity of

critique

to examine critically

compare

to examine the character or qualities especially in order to discover resemblances or differences

predict

to foretell on the basis of observation, experience or scientific reason

make

to frame or formulate in the mind; or physically create

understand

to grasp the meaning of

miso ex. misandy, misogyny, misanthrope

to hate

manipulate

to manage or utilize skillfully

differentiate

to mark or show a difference in

know

to perceive directly: have direct cognition of

express

to represent by a sign or symbol

analyze

to study or determine the nature and relationship of the parts of by analysis

analyze

to study or determine the nature and relationship of the parts of by analysis; to determine what you know and what you don't know; create a plan to discover answers using what you know.

syn- ex. photosynthesis

together, with ex. molecules are put together with energy derived from light

C₃O₂

tricarbon dioxide

P₃N₅

triphosphorus pentanitride

-yne ex. alkyne

triple covalent bond ex. carbon chain with one or more triple bonds

-yne ex. alkyne, heptyne

triple covalent bond ex. carbon compound with one or more triple covalent bonds

Si₃N₄

trisilicon tetranitride

hypo- ex. hypotonic

under, beneath, lower ex. a solution of lower solute concentration than another solution with which it is compared

VSEPR theory

valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory; because electron pairs repel, molecules adjust their shapes so that valence electron pairs are as far apart as possible

aqu, aqua ex. aqueous solution

water ex. water based solution

hydr-, hydra-, hydri-, hydro- ex. hydrolysis

water (h) ex. the breaking of bonds using water

hydrophillic

water soluble; polar.

periodic law

when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties

co, col, com, con ex. coefficient

with, together ex. number that appears with a formula in a chemical equation

erg- ex. energy

work ex. energy is the ability to perform work

graph-, grapho-, graphy- ex. graphite

write, writing ex. form of carbon used in pencils

yocto

y: 0.000000000000000000000001 =10⁻²⁴

zepto

z: 0.000000000000000000001 = 10⁻²¹

micro

µ: 0.000001 = 10⁻⁶

No Stable Molecules of these types:

AXE₄, AX₃E₃, AX₂E₄, or AXE₅

Aluminum fluoride

AlF₃

Al(MnO₄)₃

Aluminium permanganate

AlPO₄

Aluminium phosphate

Argon

Ar

Arsenic

As

Boron bromide

BBr₃

Boron chloride

BCl₃

Boron fluoride

BF₃

Boron iodide

BI₃

Borate

BO₃³⁻

Boron phosphide

BP

Barium

Ba

Ba(CN)₂

Barium cyanide

Beryllium

Be

Beryllium bromide

BeBr₂

Beryllium chloride

BeCl₂

Beryllium fluoride

BeF₂

Beryllium iodide

BeI₂

Beryllium phosphide

Be₃P₂

Bismuth

Bi

Bromine

Br

Carbon

C

Cyanide

CN⁻

Carbonate

CO₃²⁻

Calcium

Ca

Calcium sulfide

CaS

CaCO₃

Calcium carbonate

Ca(ClO₃)₂

Calcium chlorate

CaHPO₄

Calcium hydrogen phosphate

Ca(NO₃)₂

Calcium nitrate

Calcium nitride

Ca₃N₂

Calcium phosphide

Ca₃P₂

Cadmium

Cd

Cerium

Ce

double displacement reaction

Chemical reaction in which two different compounds exchange an atom or ion to form two new compounds, like switching components.

Cr²⁺

Chromium (II)

Cr³⁺

Chromium (III)

Cr₃(PO₄)₂

Chromium(II) phosphate

CrPO₄

Chromium(III) phosphate

Chlorine

Cl

Hypochlorite

ClO⁻

Chlorite

ClO₂⁻

Chlorate

ClO₃⁻

Perchlorate

ClO₄⁻

Cobalt

Co

Co⁺

Cobalt (I)

Co²⁺

Cobalt (II)

Cu⁺

Copper (I)

Cu²⁺

Copper (II)

Cu₂Cr₂O₇

Copper(I) dichromate

CuH₂PO₄

Copper(I) dihydrogen phosphate

Cu₂SO₄

Copper(I) sulfate

Chromium

Cr

Chromate

CrO₄²⁻

Dichromate

Cr₂O₇²⁻

Copper

Cu

Copper(II) chloride

CuCl₂

Copper(I) fluoride

CuF

Copper(II) fluoride

CuF₂

Copper(II) sulfide

CuS

Copper(I) oxide

Cu₂O

Copper(I) sulfide

Cu₂S

Copper(II) nitride

Cu₃N₂

Ethanoate (Acetate)

C₂H₃O₂⁻

Oxalate

C₂O₄²⁻

Deca (or Deka)

Da: 10 = 10¹

Exa

E: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 =10¹⁸

Fluorine

F

Iron

Fe

Iron(II) bromide

FeBr₂

Iron(III) bromide

FeBr₃

Iron(II) chloride

FeCl₂

Iron(III) fluoride

FeF₃

Iron(III) iodide

FeI₃

Iron(III) phosphide

FeP

Giga

G: 1,000,000,000 = 10⁹

Germanium

Ge

Au⁺

Gold (I)

Au³⁺

Gold (III)

Hydrogen carbonate

HCO₃⁻

Hydrogen phosphate

HPO₄²⁻

Hydrogen sulfite

HSO₃⁻

Hydrogen sulfate

HSO₄⁻

Hafnium

Hf

Dihydrogen phosphate

H₂PO₄⁻

Iodine

I

Iridium

Ir

Fe²⁺

Iron (II)

Fe³⁺

Iron (III)

FeSO₄

Iron(II) sulfate

Fe(HCO₃)₃

Iron(III) hydrogen carbonate

Fe(OH)₃

Iron(III) hydroxide or ferrous hydroxide

FePO₄

Iron(III) phosphate

Potassium

K

Kilo

K: 1,000 = 10³

Potassium bromide

KBr

Potassium nitride

K₃N

Pb²⁺

Lead (II)

Pb⁴⁺

Lead (IV)

Pb(NO₃)₂

Lead(II) nitrate

Pb(OH)₄

Lead(IV) hydroxide

Lithium

Li

Lithium chloride

LiCl

Lithium fluoride

LiF

Lithium phosphide

Li₃P

Mega

M: 1,000,000 = 10⁶

MG: T-shaped EG: trigonal bipyramid

MG: ? EG: ?

MG: octahedral EG: octahedral

MG: ? EG: ?

MG: square planar EG: octahedral

MG: ? EG: ?

MG: square pyramid EG: octahedral

MG: ? EG: ?

MG: tetrahedral EG: tetrahedral

MG: ? EG: ?

MG: trigonal bipyramid EG: trigonal bipyramid

MG: ? EG: ?

MG: trigonal planar EG: trigonal planar

MG: ? EG: ?

MG: trigonal term-528pyramid EG: tetrahedral

MG: ? EG: ?

Mg(C₂H₃O₂)₂

Magnesium acetate

Mg(OH)₂

Magnesium hydroxide

Mn⁺

Manganese (I)

Mn²⁺

Manganese (II)

MnSO₄

Manganese(II) sulfate

Hg₂²⁺

Mercury (I)

Hg₂(ClO₄)₂

Mercury(I) perchlorate

HgCO₃

Mercury(II) carbonate

Magnesium

Mg

Magnesium chloride

MgCl₂

Magnesium nitride

Mg₃N₂

Manganese

Mn

Permanganate

MnO₄⁻

Molybdenum

Mo

Ammonium

NH₄⁺

Nitrite

NO₂⁻

Sodium bromide

NaBr

Sodium chloride

NaCl

Sodium fluoride

NaF

Sodium iodide

NaI

Sodium oxide

Na₂O

Sodium sulfide

Na₂S

Sodium phosphide

Na₃P

Niobium

Nb

Neodymium

Nd

Nickel

Ni

Ni(C₂H₃O₂)₂

Nickel(II) acetate

Oxygen

O

no prefix

One's Place: 1 = 10⁰

Peta

P: 1,000,000,000,000,000 =10¹⁵

Phosphite

PO₃³⁻

Phosphate

PO₄³⁻

Lead

Pb

Lead(II) bromide

PbBr₂

Lead(IV) bromide

PbBr₄

Lead(II) chloride

PbCl₂

Lead(IV) chloride

PbCl₄

Lead(IV) fluoride

PbF₄

Lead(II) iodide

PbI₂

Lead(IV) nitride

Pb₃N₄

Lead(II) phosphide

Pb₃P₂

Palladium

Pd

KClO₃

Potassium chlorate

KNO₂

Potassium nitrite

KMnO₄

Potassium permanganate

K₃PO₄

Potassium phosphate

Praseodymium

Pr

Platinum

Pt

Plutonium

Pu

Radium

Ra

Ruthenium

Ru

Mendeleev

Russian scientist who attempted to classify the elements by organizing them into a seven column table.

Sulfur

S

Sulfate

SO₄²⁻

Antimony

Sb

Scandium

Sc

Selenium

Se

Silicon

Si

Metasilicate

SiO₃²⁻

Orthosilicate

SiO₄⁴⁻

Ag⁺

Silver (I)

Ag²⁺

Silver (II)

Na₂CO₃

Sodium carbonate

Na₂CrO₄

Sodium chromate

NaH₂PO₄

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate

Tera

T: 1,000,000,000,000 10^12

Tantalum

Ta

Technetium

Tc

Tellurium

Te

Titanium

Ti

Polyatomic ion

Tightly-bound group of atoms that behaves as a unit and carries a net charge.

Sn²⁺

Tin (II)

Sn⁴⁺

Tin (IV)

Sn(NO₃)₂

Tin(II) nitrate

SnSO₄

Tin(II) sulfate

Thallium

Tl

Uranium

U

Tungsten

W

Xenon

Xe

Yttrium

Y

Yotta

Y: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 10²⁴

Zinc

Zn

Zirconium

Zr

mixture

a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties

tetrahedral angle

a bond angle of 109.5° that results when a central atom forms four bonds directed toward the center of a regular tetrahedron

covalent bond

a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

sigma bond

a bond formed when two atomic orbitals combine for form a molecular orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting the two atomic nuclei

single covalent bond

a bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons

double covalent bond

a bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons

physical change

a change during which some properties of a material change but the composition of the material does not change

physical change

a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance

chemical change

a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances

physical property

a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance

combination reaction

a chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance

molecular formula

a chemical formula of a molecular compound that shows the kinds and numbers of atoms present in a molecule of a compound

structural formula

a chemical formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule or a polyatomic ion; each dash between a pair of atoms indicates a pair of shared electrons

combustion reaction

a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light

hybrid ex. hybrid orbital

a combination ex. electron orbitals produced by the combination of two or more orbitals of the same atom

ionic compound

a compound composed of positive and negative ions

molecular compound

a compound that is composed of molecules

polar covalent bond (polar bond)

a covalent bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared unequally

coordinate covalent bond

a covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons

pi bond

a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are most likely to be found in sausage-shaped regions above and below the bond axis of the bonded atoms

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

triple covalent bond

a covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms

sieve

a device used for separating lumps from powdered material or grading solid particles based on size

weight

a force that measures the pull of gravity on a given mass

liquid

a form of matter that flows and has a fixed volume and an indefinite shape

gas

a form of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container; a gas has no definite shape or volume

colloid

a heterogeneous mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out. Note: some colloids are considered homogeneous.

suspension

a heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time

plasma

a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose their electrons

solution

a homogeneous mixture; consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent

period

a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

precipitate

a liquid that forms and settles out of a gaseous mixture OR a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture

atomic orbital

a mathematical expression describing the probability of finding an electron at various locations; usually represented by the region of space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron

mass

a measure of the amount of matter

mass

a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains; the SI base unit of mass is the kilogram

temperature

a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in matter; temperature determines the direction of heat transfer

volume

a measure of the space occupied by a sample of matter

gram (g)

a metric mass unit equal to the mass of 1 cm3 of water at 4°C

alloy

a mixture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal

heterogeneous mixture

a mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture

homogeneous mixture

a mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished

bonding orbital

a molecular orbital that can be occupied by two electrons of a covalent bond

diatomic molecule

a molecule consisting of two atoms

polar molecule

a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive

dipole

a molecule that has two poles, or regions, with opposite charges

halide ion

a negative ion formed when a halogen atom gains an electron

electron

a negatively charged subatomic particle

molecule

a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds

halogen

a nonmetal in Group 7A of the periodic table

electron dot structure

a notation that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of the element; the symbol represents the inner electrons and atomic nucleus; also called a Lewis valence electron dot structure

electron dot formula

a notation used to illustrate the bonding in a compound; the notation depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of the elements in the compound

Planck's constant

a number used to calculate the radiant energy (E) absorbed or emitted by a body based on the frequency of radiation

unshared pair

a pair of valence electrons that is not shared between atoms

-mer-, -mere-, -meri-, -mero- ex. dimer, monomer, polymer, polymerization

a part ex. made of two parts

mixture

a physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

change of state

a physical change of a substance from one state to another

proton

a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

filtration

a process that separates the solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture

flotation

a process used to separate a mixture by floating and sinking the mixture in a liquid medium.

distillation

a process used to separate components of a mixture using differences in boiling points

extensive property

a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample

intensive property

a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter

physical property

a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition

measurement

a quantitative description that includes both a number and a unit

experimental value

a quantitative value measured during an experiment

accepted value

a quantity used by general agreement of the scientific community

spin

a quantum mechanical property of electrons that may be thought of as clockwise or counterclockwise

photon

a quantum of light; a discrete bundle of electromagnetic energy that interacts with matter similarly to particles

conversion factor

a ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert a quantity from one unit to another

decomposition reaction

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances

network solid

a solid in which all of the atoms are covalently bonded to each other

cathode ray

a stream of electrons produced at the negative electrode (cathode) of a tube containing a gas at low pressure

neutron

a subatomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu; found in the nucleus of an atom

catalyst

a substance that causes or quickens a chemical reaction, but is not used up in the chemical reaction.

pure substance

a substance that has a fixed composition and differs from a mixture in that every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties and composition

compound

a substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded

dimensional analysis

a technique of problem-solving that uses the units that are part of a measurement to help solve the problem

chromatography

a technique used to separate mixtures of molecules based on a combination of solubility, size, and charge.

Molar mass

a term used to refer to the mass of a mole of any substance

polyatomic ion

a tightly bound group of atoms that behaves as a unit and has a positive or negative charge

atomic mass unit (amu)

a unit of mass equal to one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Atomic mass unit

a unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weight that is equal to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Atomic mass unit (amu)

a unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights that is equal to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

family

a vertical column of the periodic table

group

a vertical column of the periodic table

atto

a: 0.000000000000000001 = 10⁻¹⁸

super- ex. superheated

above, over ex. retaining liquid properties beyond the normal boiling point

HC₂H₃O₂

acetic acid / ethanoic acid

oxy- ex. oxycephalic

acid, sharp, acute, keen, pointed ex. a malformation in which the head is somewhat pointed

IUPAC

acronym for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; an international scientific organization that sets standards for chemistry, including nomenclature and terminology

dia- ex. diagonal

across ex. connecting two nonadjacent angles or vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, as a straight line.

tran-, trans- ex. transition elements

across, through ex. elements through which you pass when going from the right to left side of the periodic table

anti ex. antiseptic, antibiotic

against, opposite ex. substance that works against microbes

significant figures

all the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit

NH₃ (common name)

ammonia

periodic table

an arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties

-thesis- ex. hypothesis

an arranging, statement ex. a testable statement

cation

an atom with less electrons than its neutral state.

Pauli exclusion principle

an atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin direction

valence electron

an electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom

noble gas

an element in Group 8A of the periodic table; the s and p sublevels of the highest occupied energy level are filled; these elements are unreactive.

representative element

an element in an "A" group in the periodic table; as a group these elements display a wide range of physical and chemical properties. In their atoms, the s and p sublevels in the highest occupied energy level are partially filled

inner transition metal

an element in the lanthanide or actinide series; the highest occupied s sublevel and nearby f sublevel of its atoms generally contain electrons; also called an inner transition element

metalloid

an element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals

metal

an element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity

nonmetal

an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity

alkali earth metal

an elemnet in group 2, harder, higher melting point, and denser than alkali metals. Reactive, but less than corresponding alkali metal

scientific notation

an expression of numbers in the form m 10n, where m is equal to or greater than 1 and less than 10, and n is an integer

chemical formula

an expression that indicates the number and type of atoms present in the smallest representative unit of a substance

molecular orbital

an orbital that applies to the entire molecule

SbBr₃

antimony tribromide

ion

any atom with more or less electrons than its neutral state.

alkali metal

any metal in Group 1A of the periodic table

alkaline earth metal

any metal in Group 2A of the periodic table

phase

any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties

chemical

any substance that has a definite composition

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

ionic radius

approximate distance from the center of an ion to its highest occupied electron orbital; the values are based on experimental data

isotope

atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses due to a different number of neutrons

octet rule

atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence electrons

dispersion force

attraction between molecules caused by the electron motion of one molecule affecting the electron motion of the other through electrical forces; these are the weakest interactions between molecules

hydrogen bond

attractive force in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom

Atomic mass

average mass of all isotopes of an element

alkali ex. sodium hydroxide

basic ex. a base composed of sodium, oxygen, and hydrogen

elem- ex. elements, elementary

basic, simple, pure ex. substance that can't be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical means

gen- ex. hydrogen

bear, produce, beginning ex. element that is used to produce water

sub- ex. sublimation, submarine

below, under ex. to convert a solid substance by heat into a vapor without apparent liquefaction

met-, meta- ex. metabolism, metamorphosis

between, change; higher than ex. reactions that change biochemicals from one form to another

90°

bond angles of octahedral

109.5°

bond angles of tetrahedral shapes

90° and 120°

bond angles of trigonal bipyramid

120°

bond angles of trigonal planar shapes

fract- ex. fractional distillation

break, broken ex. distillation in which the components of a mixture are "broken down" and separated by different boiling points

centi

c: 0.01 = 10⁻²

Ca(OH)₂

calcium hydroxide

carb, carbo, carbon ex. carbohydrate

carbon containing ex. compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH₂O)ₙ

CSe₂

carbon diselenide

CS

carbon monosulfide

CO

carbon monoxide

CCl₄

carbon tetrachloride

single displacement reaction

chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound

chem ex. chemical kinetics

chemistry ex. the kinetics of a chemical reaction

orbi-, orbit-, orbito- ex. orbital

circle ex. electrons travel around the nucleus in these patterns

fiss-, fissi-, fissur- ex. fission

cleft, split ex. the splitting of nuclei

cry-, crymo-, cryo- ex. crystal

cold crystals form when solutions are cooled

acids

compounds that increase hydrogen ion concentration when in solution

base

compounds that increase hydroxide ion concentration when in solution

deci

d: 0.1 = 10⁻¹

precision

describes the closeness, or reproducibility, of a set of measurements taken under the same conditions

vapor

describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature

amin, amino ex. amine, amino acid

designates that a compound contains one or more amino groups (-NH₂)

centrifuge

device to separate substances by spinning them at high speed; separates components of a mixture based on density

As₂O₅

diarsenic pentoxide

Cl₂O₂

dichlorine dioxide

Cl₂O₇

dichlorine heptaoxide

Cl₂O₆

dichlorine hexaoxide

Cl₂O

dichlorine monoxide

Cl₂O₃

dichlorine trioxide

H₂S

dihydrogen monosulfide

H₂O

dihydrogen monoxide

N₂O

dinitrogen monoxide

N₂O₅

dinitrogen pentoxide

N₂H₄

dinitrogen tetrahydride

N₂O₄

dinitrogen tetroxide

P₂O₅

diphosphorus pentoxide

Se₂S₆

diselenium hexasulfide

solu- ex. solubility

dissolve ex. refers to the tendency to dissolve

S₂F₁₀

disulfur decafluoride

-ene ex. alkene, polypropylene

double covalent bond ex. carbon compound with one or more double covalent bonds

amph, amphi, ampho ex. amphoteric, amphibian

double, on both sides ex. amphoteric substances react either as acids or bases

de- ex. decomposition

down, without, from ex. a reaction in which materials are broken down

oct-, octi-, octo- ex. octet rule

eight ex. tendency to acquire a total of 8 electrons in highest energy level

Hund's rule

electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number or electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible

chalcogen

elements in group 16

vac- ex. vacuum

empty ex. a space entirely devoid of matter

electromagnetic radiation

energy waves that travel in a vacuum at a speed of 2.998 x 10⁸ m/s; includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, X-rays, and gamma rays

equ- ex. equilibrium

equal (e) ex. a dynamic condition in which two opposing reactions occur at equal rates

iso- ex. isomers

equal (i) ex. compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structures

Avogadro's law

equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles

empir-, empiro- ex. empirical

experienced

femto

f: 0.000000000000001 = 10⁻¹⁵

vulcan- ex. vulcanized

fire ex. vulcanized rubber has been treated with heat

flu- ex. fluids

flow ex. gases and liquids are fluids because they have the ability to flow from one place to another

liqu-, lique-, liqui- ex. liquefy

fluid, liquid ex. the process of becoming a liquid

morph-, morpha-, morpho- ex. amorphous sulfur

form ex. sulfur without definite crystals or shape

pro- ex. proton

forward, positive, for, in front of, before ex. positively charged particle

malle-, mallo-, mallus- ex. malleable, mallet

hammer ex. ability to bend and shape when hit by a hammer

homogeneous

having a uniform composition throughout

therm-, thermo- ex. thermochemistry

heat ex. the study of changes in heat energy accompanying chemical and physical changes

quant- ex. quantum, quantity

how much ex. refers to a discrete amount of energy

HBr

hydrobromic acid

HCl

hydrochloric acid

HF

hydrofluoric acid

HI

hydroiodic acid

change ending to "ic" in acid name

if a polyatomic ion ends in "ate"

change ending to "ous" in acid name

if a polyatomic ion ends in "ite"

solvent

in a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves

solute

in a solution, the substance that is dissolved in a solution

law of conservation of mass

in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved; mass can be neither created nor destroyed

in- ex. intrinsic physical property

in, into, a part of ex. properties inherent to a substance because of composition, not because of how much substance is present

endo- ex. endothermic

in, into, within ex. a reaction which takes in heat

hydrophobic

insoluble in water; nonpolar.

dipole interaction

intermolecular force resulting from the attraction of oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

ICl

iodine monochloride

IF₅

iodine pentafluoride

ICl₃

iodine trichloride

ferr-, ferro- ex. ferromagnetism

iron ex. strongly attracted to a magnet, like iron

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time

conjug ex. conjugate acid

joined together ex. acid formed form its conjugate base by the addition of a proton

Henry Moseley

known as the father of the modern periodic table; the modern periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number.

Henry Mosley

known as the father of the modern periodic table; the modern periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number.

macr-, macro- ex. macromolecule

large, long ex. large organic molecules

duc-, duct- ex. ductile, conductor

lead ex. able to be pulled or led through a small opening to produce a wire

bio ex. biochemistry

life ex. chemistry of living systems

photo- ex. photochemical smog

light ex. air pollutants transformed by sunlight

-oid ex. metalloid

like, similar form ex. some properties are like those of metals

filtrate

liquid that has passed through a filter

LiOH

lithium hydroxide

lys-, lysio-, lysis- ex. hydrolysis

loose, loosening, breaking ex. the breaking of bonds using water

milli

m: 0.001 = 10⁻³

poly- ex. polymer

many ex. many molecules bonded together to make a new, longer/larger molecule

substance

matter that has a uniform and definite composition; either an element or a compound; also called a pure substance

meter ex. calorimeter

measure ex. measures heat energy (joules/calories)

misc- ex. miscible

mix ex. when two solvents dissolve (mix evenly) in each other

nano

n: 0.000000001 = 10⁻⁹

nom-, nomen-, nomin- ex. nomenclature

name ex. system of assigning names

neutr- ex. neutral

neither ex. neither positive nor negative

neo- ex. neoprene

new, recent ex. a synthetic (new) rubber

HNO₃

nitric acid

NO₂

nitrogen dioxide

NO

nitrogen monoxide

NH₃ (following IUPAC naming rules)

nitrogen trihydride

NI₃

nitrogen triiodide

un- ex. unsaturated

not ex. carbon chains that are not saturated with hydrogen

im- ex. immiscible

not ex. not mutually soluble (i.e. not miscible)

heterogeneous

not having a uniform composition throughout

non- ex. nonpolar

not, ninth ex. does not have polar characteristics

nuc-, nucle, nuclei- ex. nucleus

nut, center ex. center of the atom

polar-, polari- ex. polar covalent

of the pole, polarity ex. one pole of the bond has a more negative character, and the other a more positive character

transition metal

one of the Group B elements in which the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel generally contain electrons

main group metal

one of the metallic elements in Groups 1A through 7A of the periodic table

resonance structure

one of the two or more equally valid electron dot structures of a molecule or polyatomic ion

mill-, mille-, milli-, millo- ex. milliliter

one thousand ex. one thousandth of a liter

atomic radius

one-half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined

hetero- ex. heterogeneous mixture

other, different ex. a mixture in which properties and composition differ from one area to the next

allo, allio ex. allotrope

other, different ex. one of the two or more forms of an element that have the same physical state

exo- ex. exothermic

out, outside ex. a reaction which gives heat to the outside environment

e- ex. evaporation

out, without, from ex. the process of vapor leaving from the liquid source

hyper- ex. hypertonice

over, above, excessive, higher ex. a solution of higher solute concentration than another solution with which it is compared

oxid- ex. oxide

oxygen ex. compound containing oxide ion

HClO₄

perchloric acid

PCl₅

phosphorous pentachloride

PCl₃

phosphorous trichloride

PH₃

phosphorous trihydride

PBr₅

phosphorus pentabromide

tox- ex. toxic

poison ex. having the affect of a poison

KOH

potassium hydroxide

baro ex. barometer

pressure ex. barometer measures pressure

-ion ex. fusion

process ex. the process of combining or fusing nuclei to form a heavier nucleus

MG: trigonal planar (explanation) - 3 Electron Domains - AX₃

3 bonds 0 lone pairs

MG: trigonal bipyramid (explanation) - 5 Electron Domains - AX₅

5 bonds 0 lone pairs

MG: square pyramid (explanation) - 6 Electron Domains - AX₅E

5 bonds 1 lone pair

duet rule

refers to the first five elements of the periodic table which are most stable when the 1s orbital is filled with two (duet) electrons in order to have a filled outer shell like Helium.

electr-, electri-, electro- ex. electrolyte

relating to electric properties (i.e. movement of electrons) ex. dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current

hal-, halo- ex. halogen

salt (h) ex. elements (e.g. F, Cl, Br, etc.) that often form salts (e.g. NaF, NaCl, KBr, etc.)

sal-, sali- ex. salinity, salary

salt (s) ex. referring to the amount of salt in solution

Aluminium

Al

Aluminum chloride

AlCl₃

NH₄F

Ammonium fluoride

NH₄NO₃

Ammonium nitrate

(NH₄)₂SO₄

Ammonium sulfate

Astatine

At

Co³⁺

Cobalt (III)

hom-, homo-, homeo- ex. homogeneous mixture

same, alike a mixture in which properties and composition are the same throughout

Cu(ClO₃)₂

Copper(II) chlorate

beta ex. beta particle

second letter of Greek alphabet ex. an electron or positron emitted from an atomic nucleus in a certain type of radioactive decay

Cesium

Cs

Francium

Fr

Hydrogen

H

spect- ex. spectator ions, inspectition

see, look at ex. ions that "watch" but are not involved in a reaction

SeF₆

selenium hexafluoride

Hecto

H: 100 = 10²

Helium

He

Mercury

Hg

Indium

In

Fe(NO₃)₂

Iron(II) nitrate

Potassium fluoride

KF

Krypton

Kr

dis- ex. dissociation

separate, apart ex. separation of ions when dissolving

di- ex. disaccharide

separate, double, across ex. two monosaccharide sugars bonded together

Ideal gas law

shows the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of particles

SiO₂

silicon dioxide

SiSe₂

silicon diselenide

SiBr₄

silicon tetrabromide

SiF₄

silicon tetrafluoride

SiH₄

silicon tetrahydride

SiI₄

silicon tetraiodide

SiB₃

silicon triboride

Nitrogen

N

-ane ex. alkane, propane

single covalent bond ex. carbon compound with only single covalent bonds


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