Chemistry, Chapter 2: Matter (BJU, Third Edition)
Plasma
Gas-like state at a very high temperature
Exothermic
Gives off heat
Solid
Has definite shape and volume
Ion
A charged atom
Deposition
A direct transfer from a gas to a solid state
Sublimation
A direct transfer from a solid to a gas state
Heterogeneous
A mixture with visibly different parts
Homogeneous
A mixture without visibly different parts
System
A portion of the universe under study
Element
A pure substance that cannot be separated by a chemical change
Second law of thermodynamics
All natural processes tend toward the highest entropy and minimum usable energy
Kelvin scale
Always greater than the Celsius scale; never a negative number
Density
Amount of matter in a certain volume
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Liquid
Assumes the shape of the container, but has definite volume
Monatomic element
Bonds with only one kind of element
Polyatomic element
Bonds with three or more elements
Diatomic element
Bonds with two kinds of elements
Chemical change
Change in the composition of the particles that does alter the identity of the material
Physical changes
Change in the shape or state that does not involve altering the identity of the material
Molecules
Distinct atoms bonded together
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
Potential energy
Energy of position, stored energy
First law of thermodynamics
Matter and energy can neither be destroyed or created, only converted from one form to another
Gas
No definite shape or volume
Pure substance
One kind of matter, not a mixture
Third law of thermodynamics
Reaching the "absolute zero" is impossible
Formula units
Repeating arrangements of ions
Chemical formula
Represent molecules and formula units; make compounds
Chemical symbol
Represents the element's name
Shot peening
Shooting glass, ceramic, or steel balls into metal parts to make them stronger
Endothermic
Takes in heat
Ductile
The ability of a substance to be shaped into a wire-like form
Conductivity
The ability of a substance to transfer heat and electricity
Malleability
The ability of the substance to be shaped into a sheet-like form
Energy
The ability to do work
Atoms
The basic particles that make up the elements
Chemical properties
The characteristics of a substance that can be observed without altering the identity of the substance
Physical properties
The characteristics of a substance that cannot be observed without altering the identity of the substance
Entropy
The measure of disorder and/or randomness
Coefficient
The number before a chemical formula
Chemical subscriptions
The number of atoms in a specific formula
Heat
The quantity of thermal energy transferred
Thermodynamics
The study of movements and conversion
