Chemistry, Chapter 2: Matter (BJU, Third Edition)

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Plasma

Gas-like state at a very high temperature

Exothermic

Gives off heat

Solid

Has definite shape and volume

Ion

A charged atom

Deposition

A direct transfer from a gas to a solid state

Sublimation

A direct transfer from a solid to a gas state

Heterogeneous

A mixture with visibly different parts

Homogeneous

A mixture without visibly different parts

System

A portion of the universe under study

Element

A pure substance that cannot be separated by a chemical change

Second law of thermodynamics

All natural processes tend toward the highest entropy and minimum usable energy

Kelvin scale

Always greater than the Celsius scale; never a negative number

Density

Amount of matter in a certain volume

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Liquid

Assumes the shape of the container, but has definite volume

Monatomic element

Bonds with only one kind of element

Polyatomic element

Bonds with three or more elements

Diatomic element

Bonds with two kinds of elements

Chemical change

Change in the composition of the particles that does alter the identity of the material

Physical changes

Change in the shape or state that does not involve altering the identity of the material

Molecules

Distinct atoms bonded together

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion

Potential energy

Energy of position, stored energy

First law of thermodynamics

Matter and energy can neither be destroyed or created, only converted from one form to another

Gas

No definite shape or volume

Pure substance

One kind of matter, not a mixture

Third law of thermodynamics

Reaching the "absolute zero" is impossible

Formula units

Repeating arrangements of ions

Chemical formula

Represent molecules and formula units; make compounds

Chemical symbol

Represents the element's name

Shot peening

Shooting glass, ceramic, or steel balls into metal parts to make them stronger

Endothermic

Takes in heat

Ductile

The ability of a substance to be shaped into a wire-like form

Conductivity

The ability of a substance to transfer heat and electricity

Malleability

The ability of the substance to be shaped into a sheet-like form

Energy

The ability to do work

Atoms

The basic particles that make up the elements

Chemical properties

The characteristics of a substance that can be observed without altering the identity of the substance

Physical properties

The characteristics of a substance that cannot be observed without altering the identity of the substance

Entropy

The measure of disorder and/or randomness

Coefficient

The number before a chemical formula

Chemical subscriptions

The number of atoms in a specific formula

Heat

The quantity of thermal energy transferred

Thermodynamics

The study of movements and conversion


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