Chemistry chapter 6

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what are the 2 factors that affect the strong nuclear force

1. more massive the object is the more attractive the force produced 2. as distance between objects increases, attractive force decreases at a faster rate

what are the two opposing forces at work in the nucleus of an atom

1. strong nuclear force 2. electromagnetic force/ electric force

describe the alpha decay its sign, and its penetration ability

2 protons and 2 neutrons leave the nucleus, and it does little damage (paper and clothing can stop it) but it does do damage if it enters the body sign: 4 2HE

fusion

2 small nuclei join or fuse to form 1 larger nucleus and releases energy

describe the strong nuclear force

similar to gravity

which is stronger, strong nuclear force or electric force

strong nuclear force

pros of nuclear fusion

the hydrogen needed is cheap and can be found in sea water, very little radioactive waste that needs to be disposed of, produces no air pollution, produces more energy than fission

if the electric force is greater then the strong nuclear force what happens

the nucleus won't be able to hold itself together and then it's radioactive

what does the strong nuclear force favor

attraction

cons of nuclear fission

a meltdown could occur and release radiation, safe long-term disposal of nuclear waste is hard to do, facility may be targeted for terrorist attack

explain how a beta particle is formed

a neutron changes into a proton and electron. the proton stays and electron leaves.

describe the beta decay its sign, and its penetration ability

a neutron in the nucleus changes into a proton and an electron, the proton stays in the nucleus and the electron leaves the atom, it is able to pass through clothing and damage skin sign: 0 -1e

what are the three types of radiation

alpha, beta, gamma

what's a beta particle

an electron

which elements are stable with equal numbers of protons and neutrons

elements 1-20

which elements need more neutrons then protons to hold it together

elements 21-83

every time a nucleus splits what does it release

energy in the form of heat and radiation

describe the gamma decay its sign, and its penetration ability

energy similar to an X-ray accompanies alpha and beta decay, it can only be stopped by lead or concrete sign: 0 0y

what has the most energy beta, gamma, or alpha

gamma

strong nuclear force

in the nucleus both proton and neutrons have mass and will thus attract one another

where does fusion occur naturally

in the sun and the stars

fission

large nucleus is split into 2 smaller nuclei and releases energy

how do you determine the age of an object

multiply the number of half-lives by the amount of half-lives

explain why an atom is radioactive

no number of neutrons will be able to hold the nucleus together, there are too many protons that want to repel the nucleus apart so their attraction diminishes and they become farther apart

cons of nuclear fission

not cost effective (more energy being put into it then being taken out), hydrogen is flammable, obtaining needed elements from sea water is hard to do and costly

what's radiation

particles/energy released as the nucleus undergoes decay

electric force

protons will repel due to the fact that they have like charges

what's a gamma ray

pure energy that accompanies alpha and beta radiation

what does the electric force favor

repulsion

what's radioactive decay

the process where radioactive materials give off radiation to become stable

why don't electrons fly away from the nucleus of an atom

there's an opposite charge between the negative electrons and the positive nucleus

how do elements above 83 become stable

they undergo radioactive decay (releasing radiation) until they form a stable isotope

half life definition

time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay and turn into something else that may or may not be radioactive

pros of nuclear fission

we can cost-effectively use this today, produces little pollution, relatively safe

what's the tokamak reactor

will turn the energy produced from the fusion into useful electrical energy


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