Chemistry (CHM1020) Chapter 6 Study Guide
Which of the following options correctly describe the behavior and dangers of iodine-131?
131^I emits beta particles. 131^I can cause thyroid cancer.
If the half-life of radon-222 is 3.82 days, then how much of a 10.0 gram sample of radon-222 would be left after 7.64 days
2.50g
Which of the following is the correct balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of magnesium-27?
27^ 12Mg ----> 27^ 13Al + 0^ -1e
The half-life of radium-226 is 1.60 x 10^3 yr. How much time must pass before a 2.50-g sample decays to a point where only 0.156 g of the isotope remains?
6400 years
What is the atomic number of Pt-175 AFTER it undergoes alpha decay
76
Given the symbol 210 82Pb, match each number with the correct meaning.
82 - number of protons in the nucleus 210 - mass number 128 - number of neutrons in the nucleus
All isotopes of an element with an atomic number greater than ________ are radioactive.
83
The symbol 244^ 94Pu represents a isotope of plutonium. Match each part of the symbol with its correct meaning.
94 represents the - atomic number 244 represents the - mass number There are 94 - protons in the nucleus There are 244 - protons + neutrons in the nucleus
Which of the following options correctly describe the relationship between the number of half-lives that have passed and the fraction of the original sample remaining?
After 2 half-lives there is 1/4 of the original sample remaining. After 4 half-lives there will be 6.25% of the original sample reamaining.
What type of radiation is given off in this nuclear reaction? 210^ 84Po ----> 206^ 82Pb + ________
Alpha
Rank the forms of nuclear radiation from highest to lowest mass.
Alpha, beta, gamma
One of the worst nuclear power plant accidents occurred at ________ in 1986.
Chernobyl
What percentage of a radioactive isotope would remain after three half-lives?
12.5%
During beta emission, a ________ is converted into a ________ in the nucleus of the atom. During this process a high-energy ________, also called a B particle, is expelled from the nucleus.
neutron; proton; electron
Silicon doped with gallium would be an example of a ________.
p-type semiconductor
A ________ cell converts light energy directly into electrical energy.
photovoltaic
Sunlight (solar radiation) may be turned directly into electricity using ________ cells.
photovoltaic
The spontaneous emission of nuclear radiation (particles and/or energy) from an unstable nucleus is called ________.
radioactivity
Match each type of silicon doping correctly to the type of semiconductor it produces.
replacing a Si atom with As - n-type semiconductor replacing a Si atom with Ga - p-type semiconductor
Fission is the process of creating energy by
splitting large nuclei to form smaller, more stable nuclei
Which of the following options correctly describe the risks associated with different types of electrical power plants?
Coal-based power plants produce large quantities of greenhouse gases. Both nuclear power plants and coal-based plants represent a significant danger to mine workers.
Smokestacks at these plants release sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide into the air:
Coal-burning plants
Match each type of radiation to the correct description.
Electromagnetic radiation - includes all the different types of light Nuclear radiation - includes alpha and beta particles as well as gamma radiation
All zero greenhouse gas emission fuel sources are also renewable.
False
Which of the following options correctly identify possible disadvantages of using graphite as the primary coolant in a nuclear reactor, such as those experienced at Chernobyl?
Graphite is a form of carbon, which can burn if the temperature is high enough. Hot graphite can react with water to produce hydrogen gas, which is flammable.
Which units may be used to express power, which is the rate at which energy is produced?
J/s (1 Watt = 1 J/s) Watts
Which of the following is not an advantage of locating wind turbines off-shore instead of on land?
Maintenance costs are lower off-shore
Waste created at these power plants must be stored indefinitely:
Nuclear plants
Which of the following options correctly describe aspects of the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011?
Reactor cooling systems failed. This disaster was precipitated by damage due to an earthquake and a tsunami. Radioactive materials were accidentally vented from the plant.
Which of the following options correctly describe different possible methods of storing high-level radioactive waste?
Storage at the nuclear power plant where the waste is generated. Storage in a sealed geological repository will require the least amount of human intervention.
Which is a known risk associated with nuclear power plants?
The cooling water source can suffer thermal pollution
Which of the following options correctly explain how a nuclear power plant is used to generate electricity?
The heat generated by the nuclear reaction is used to generate steam, which drives a turbine to produce electrical energy.
Which of the following factors do NOT affect the half-life of a radioisotope?
The initial concentration of radioisotope present in the sample The physical state of the radioactive sample The atmospheric pressure The temperature of the sample
Which of the following statements correctly describe the changes that occur when a nucleus emits alpha particles?
The nucleus emits 2 protons and 2 neutrons. The atomic number decreases by 2.
What is spent nuclear fuel?
The radioactive material remaining in the fuel rods that have been used in a nuclear reactor.
Which of the following determines the stability of a particular isotope?
The ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus.
Match each type of radiation correctly to the resulting change in atomic number.
a - atomic number decreases by 2 B - atomic number increases by 1 Y - atomic number remains unchanged
Identify every example of nuclear radiation.
beta particle alpha particle
An aqueous solution of ________ acid is often used as the primary coolant in nuclear reactors. This solution absorbs heat and also acts as a ________ by slowing down neutrons.
boric moderator
Given this diagram, this semiconductor is See image
carrying an extra electron.
A reaction that is self-sustaining because one of the reaction products becomes a reactant is called a ________ reaction.
chain
The amount of fissionable nuclear fuel required to sustain a nuclear chain reaction is called a ________ mass.
critical
Einstein's equation E=mc2 means that matter can be converted into ________.
energy
The time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay is called the ________ of the radioisotope.
half-life
During nuclear fission, the mass of the products is slightly ________ than the mass of the reactants. This mass difference accounts for the energy ________ by the reaction.
lower; released