Chemistry (CHM1020) Chapter 6 Study Guide

Which of the following options correctly describe the behavior and dangers of iodine-131?

131^I emits beta particles. 131^I can cause thyroid cancer.

If the half-life of radon-222 is 3.82 days, then how much of a 10.0 gram sample of radon-222 would be left after 7.64 days

2.50g

Which of the following is the correct balanced nuclear equation for the beta decay of magnesium-27?

27^ 12Mg ----> 27^ 13Al + 0^ -1e

The half-life of radium-226 is 1.60 x 10^3 yr. How much time must pass before a 2.50-g sample decays to a point where only 0.156 g of the isotope remains?

6400 years

What is the atomic number of Pt-175 AFTER it undergoes alpha decay

76

Given the symbol 210 82Pb, match each number with the correct meaning.

82 - number of protons in the nucleus 210 - mass number 128 - number of neutrons in the nucleus

All isotopes of an element with an atomic number greater than ________ are radioactive.

83

The symbol 244^ 94Pu represents a isotope of plutonium. Match each part of the symbol with its correct meaning.

94 represents the - atomic number 244 represents the - mass number There are 94 - protons in the nucleus There are 244 - protons + neutrons in the nucleus

Which of the following options correctly describe the relationship between the number of half-lives that have passed and the fraction of the original sample remaining?

After 2 half-lives there is 1/4 of the original sample remaining. After 4 half-lives there will be 6.25% of the original sample reamaining.

What type of radiation is given off in this nuclear reaction? 210^ 84Po ----> 206^ 82Pb + ________

Alpha

Rank the forms of nuclear radiation from highest to lowest mass.

Alpha, beta, gamma

One of the worst nuclear power plant accidents occurred at ________ in 1986.

Chernobyl

What percentage of a radioactive isotope would remain after three half-lives?

12.5%

During beta emission, a ________ is converted into a ________ in the nucleus of the atom. During this process a high-energy ________, also called a B particle, is expelled from the nucleus.

neutron; proton; electron

Silicon doped with gallium would be an example of a ________.

p-type semiconductor

A ________ cell converts light energy directly into electrical energy.

photovoltaic

Sunlight (solar radiation) may be turned directly into electricity using ________ cells.

photovoltaic

The spontaneous emission of nuclear radiation (particles and/or energy) from an unstable nucleus is called ________.

radioactivity

Match each type of silicon doping correctly to the type of semiconductor it produces.

replacing a Si atom with As - n-type semiconductor replacing a Si atom with Ga - p-type semiconductor

Fission is the process of creating energy by

splitting large nuclei to form smaller, more stable nuclei

Which of the following options correctly describe the risks associated with different types of electrical power plants?

Coal-based power plants produce large quantities of greenhouse gases. Both nuclear power plants and coal-based plants represent a significant danger to mine workers.

Smokestacks at these plants release sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide into the air:

Coal-burning plants

Match each type of radiation to the correct description.

Electromagnetic radiation - includes all the different types of light Nuclear radiation - includes alpha and beta particles as well as gamma radiation

All zero greenhouse gas emission fuel sources are also renewable.

False

Which of the following options correctly identify possible disadvantages of using graphite as the primary coolant in a nuclear reactor, such as those experienced at Chernobyl?

Graphite is a form of carbon, which can burn if the temperature is high enough. Hot graphite can react with water to produce hydrogen gas, which is flammable.

Which units may be used to express power, which is the rate at which energy is produced?

J/s (1 Watt = 1 J/s) Watts

Which of the following is not an advantage of locating wind turbines off-shore instead of on land?

Maintenance costs are lower off-shore

Waste created at these power plants must be stored indefinitely:

Nuclear plants

Which of the following options correctly describe aspects of the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011?

Reactor cooling systems failed. This disaster was precipitated by damage due to an earthquake and a tsunami. Radioactive materials were accidentally vented from the plant.

Which of the following options correctly describe different possible methods of storing high-level radioactive waste?

Storage at the nuclear power plant where the waste is generated. Storage in a sealed geological repository will require the least amount of human intervention.

Which is a known risk associated with nuclear power plants?

The cooling water source can suffer thermal pollution

Which of the following options correctly explain how a nuclear power plant is used to generate electricity?

The heat generated by the nuclear reaction is used to generate steam, which drives a turbine to produce electrical energy.

Which of the following factors do NOT affect the half-life of a radioisotope?

The initial concentration of radioisotope present in the sample The physical state of the radioactive sample The atmospheric pressure The temperature of the sample

Which of the following statements correctly describe the changes that occur when a nucleus emits alpha particles?

The nucleus emits 2 protons and 2 neutrons. The atomic number decreases by 2.

What is spent nuclear fuel?

The radioactive material remaining in the fuel rods that have been used in a nuclear reactor.

Which of the following determines the stability of a particular isotope?

The ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus.

Match each type of radiation correctly to the resulting change in atomic number.

a - atomic number decreases by 2 B - atomic number increases by 1 Y - atomic number remains unchanged

Identify every example of nuclear radiation.

beta particle alpha particle

An aqueous solution of ________ acid is often used as the primary coolant in nuclear reactors. This solution absorbs heat and also acts as a ________ by slowing down neutrons.

boric moderator

Given this diagram, this semiconductor is See image

carrying an extra electron.

A reaction that is self-sustaining because one of the reaction products becomes a reactant is called a ________ reaction.

chain

The amount of fissionable nuclear fuel required to sustain a nuclear chain reaction is called a ________ mass.

critical

Einstein's equation E=mc2 means that matter can be converted into ________.

energy

The time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay is called the ________ of the radioisotope.

half-life

During nuclear fission, the mass of the products is slightly ________ than the mass of the reactants. This mass difference accounts for the energy ________ by the reaction.

lower; released