chemistry unit 8
hydroxide ion
Acid and Base Theories theories describing the properties of acids and bases. Each has a particular application. three theories: -Arrhenius -Brønsted-Lowry -Lewis first chemical theory ever proposed to describe and explain the of behavior of acids and bases: Arrhenius Theory The original theory of acids and bases. proposed by Svante August Arrhenius in 1884. His definition was specific to hydrogen and __ concentrations in solution.
Mass percent
nderstanding Concentration Listen Additional Methods for Calculating Concentrations In the example problems you have explored so far, concentration was calculated using molarity, molality, and/or mole fraction. There are additional methods you can use to calculate the concentration of a solution. These other methods of calculating concentrations are related to the mass and volume of the solution's components instead of molar values. ___ is the mass of a given solute divided by the mass of the solution. The mass percent of each component in a solution should add up to equal 100 percent. -like ur grade mass % = mass of solute/mass of solution x 100 = % should always be less than one for ur %s
Arrhenius acid
An __ is any substance that increases the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in an aqueous solution. example, hydrochloric acid is an Arrhenius acid because hydrogen ions are formed when it is added to water: HCl(aq) --> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) -can see the H+ on the product side table(in notes) shows some common Arrhenius acids. -Acids are formed from common anions. -CHART IN NOTE notice they are all types of binary(2 dif elements only) not polyatomic- all binary compounds
Arrhenius base
An ___ is any substance that increases the number of hydroxide ions (OH-) in an aqueous solution. For example, sodium hydroxide is an Arrhenius base in an aqueous solution. Sodium hydroxide produces hydroxide ions when added to water NaOH(aq) --> Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) For example, sodium hydroxide is an Arrhenius base in an aqueous solution. Sodium hydroxide produces hydroxide ions when added to water. The table on the right shows some common Arrhenius bases. learn about the Brønsted-Lowry theory.
concentration
Antifreeze antifreeze- an additive, lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid. antifreeze mixture- is used to achieve freezing-point depression for cold environments and achieve boiling-point elevation to allow higher coolant temperature. Freezing and boiling points are colligative properties of a solution. Colligative properties depend on the ___ of the dissolved substance. Purpose of Antifreeze water has good properties as a coolant, so water plus antifreeze is used in internal combustion engines and other heat transfer applications. The purpose of antifreeze is to prevent a rigid enclosure from bursting due to expansion when water freezes. Antifreeze Selection Careful selection of an antifreeze can enable a wide temperature range in which the mixture remains in the liquid phase, which is critical to efficient heat transfer and the proper functioning of heat exchangers. -takes freezing pt and lowers it -stops it from freezing Ethylene Glycol Solutions -stops it from boiling Ethylene glycol solutions- 1926 marketed as permanent antifreeze since the higher boiling points provided advantages for use in hot and cold weather. When ethylene glycol is used in a system, it may become oxidized to five organic acids: formic, oxalic, glycolic, glyoxylic, and acetic acid. Glycolic acid is the major metabolite of ethylene glycol responsible for toxicity. Propylene Glycol Ethylene glycol is used today for automobiles, but gradually being replaced by propylene glycol due to its lower toxicity.
concentration of a solution
Concentrations of Solutions ___ is a measure of how much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solvent. There are three ways the concentration of a solution can be described. 3 ways to conc a solution molarity, M mole fraction, X molality, m already did mole fraction which is mole wanted over total units change for the other 2 learn about each of these three ways.
boiling point elevation freezing point depression freezing
Boiling Point Elevation When a solid solute is added to a liquid to create a solution, the boiling point of that solvent will increase. This colligative property is described as ___. Because particles of solute on the surface of the solution make it more difficult for evaporation to occur, boiling requires extra energy. Freezing Point Depression Adding a solid solute to a solvent will decrease the __ point of the solvent used in the solution. This colligative property is known as __ Freezing point depression is also proportional to the number of solute particles in the solution and is independent of the type of particle. The solute particles interfere with the solvent's formation of crystals. The freezing process does not occur until the temperature is lowered further. to slow molecules down u can put something in the way- now cant run more fast bc more energy is required to get them to run around them makes them not turn into solids liquids or gases
Brønsted-Lowry acid Brønsted-Lowry base
Brønsted-Lowry Theory Not all acids and bases produce hydrogen or hydroxide ions in solutions. The Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases was created to solve this issue. It specifically describes the gain or loss of hydrogen ions. Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry proposed their version of acid-base theory around 1923. A ___ is a molecule or ion that donates a hydrogen ion in a reaction. HCl(aq) --> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) A ___ is any substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (proton). For example, ammonia is a Brønsted-Lowry base in an aqueous solution. Ammonia can accept a hydrogen ion, as indicated by the reaction below. NH3(aq) + H+(aq) -->NH4+ (aq)
Henry's law
Carbonated beverages exhibit another solubility rule known as ___. This law states that if temperature does not change, the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid. For example, inside an unopened can of soda the pressure is much higher than that of the surrounding area. This pressure keeps carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the liquid soda solution. When you open the can and the pressure decreases, the carbon dioxide escapes the solution.
electrolyte nonelectrolyte
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes science experiment, two electrodes are stuck in a lemon and attached to a conductivity meter. lemon conducts electricity. This is possible because lemon juice contains citric acid, and CITRIC ACID is is an electrolyte. -saturation of electrons -Lemon Battery An ___ is a substance that conducts electricity if it dissolves in water. Acids and bases are electrolytes, and so are most salts. -electrons? A ___ is a substance that does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Sugar and ethanol are nonelectrolytes. -sugar doesnt help u body get energy back from working out equations below. When an acid such as HCl dissolves in water, it produces IONS. The same is true for a base such as NaOH. Similarly, when salts such as NaCl or KNO3 dissolve in water, they produce ions. work in notes -there is a pos and negative end These ions are the reason why solutions of electrolytes can conduct electricity. Negative and positive ions move in the solution. They can carry electrical charge from one electrode to the other. Strong acids and bases are strong electrolytes because they dissociate completely into ions. -they dissolve -strong are able to dissolve Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes because they dissociate only partly. -weak acids form weak electrolytes about the conductivity of a solution:
Step 3 Next, determine the total number of moles of solute and solvent. The solution contains 3.61 kg of water, but the number of moles of water must be determined. Because the molar masses of hydrogen and oxygen are given in grams, it is convenient to convert the mass of water in the solution to grams, as well. The mass of the water in grams is 3,610 g. This value can be used to determine the moles of water in the solution. Step 4 From the periodic table, you can find the following atomic masses: hydrogen (H) = 1.008 g oxygen (O) = 16.00 g These masses of two moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen are added together to find the molar mass of water. Step 5 Next, you need to determine the number of moles in 3,160 g of water. The total moles of the solute and solvent equals: 0.250 mol NaCl + 200.377 mol H2O= 200.627 mol total
Example 1 A solution is formed by combining 0.250 mol of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 3.61 liters of water. Assume that the addition of NaCl does not significantly change the volume of the solution. The volume of the solution, then, is 3.61 L. Compare the molarity and the molality of NaCl in the solution. What is the mole fraction of NaCl in the solution? Assume that one liter of water has a mass of one kilogram. -work in notes Step 1 First, calculate the molarity of the solution. Substitute the given information into the molarity ratio. Notice that two extra digits are included because this is an intermediate calculation. Carrying extra digits can avoid round-off errors in the final answer. The molarity of the NaCl in the solution is 0.0693 mol/L. Notice that a volume of 3.61 L of solution is used in the calculation. The actual volume would be slightly higher due to the addition of NaCl. Notice also that the answer is expressed with the correct number of significant digits, which in this case is three. Step 2 Now, calculate the molality of the solution. Substitute the given information into the molality ratio. The value for the moles of solute NaCl is given as 0.250 mol
question on the first--> asking more mass percent which is mass % = mass solute/total mass x 100 solute (sodium bi being dissolved) solute = 5.0 grams also have water = 2.0 L 1kg = 1 liter if we need to have a mass we have to convert- what unit doesnt belong: liters dont so need to find mass which is measured in grams to transfer liters to kg use 1kg = 1 L so 2.0 L goes to 2 kg 1kg = 1,000 grams so 2 x 1,000 = 2,000 grams have mass of water and sodium bi so total mass = nahc + h20 --> 5g + 2,000g = 2005 grams 5.0g/2005 grams x 100 = 0.0025 x 100 = 0.25 % also want ppm ppm = mass of solute/total x 10^6 5.0g/2005 x 10^6 = 0.0025 x 10^6 = move decimal place 6 places to the right this goes to 2500ppm
Example 3 A solution is formed when 5.000 g of sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, is added to 2.000 L of water. Calculate the mass percent of sodium bicarbonate in solution. What is the concentration of sodium bicarbonate, in ppm? Assume one liter of water has a mass of one kilogram. Step 1 Mass percent: To calculate the mass percent of sodium bicarbonate in solution, the mass of the solution must first be determined. The mass of the solute is given as 5.000 g. Find the mass of the solvent in kilograms, and then convert to grams. Step 2 Then, determine the total mass of the solution. Step 3 Next, substitute the known values into the equation for mass percent. Step 4 ppm: To determine the concentration of the NaHCO3 solution in parts per million, substitute the mass values into the equation for ppm. For every million parts of solution, there are 2,494 parts of solute.
solubility curve
How Temperature Influences Solubility The solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance that is required to form a saturated(solute cant dissolve anymore-particles form on bottom) solution in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is specific for a particular solvent. Solubility is measured as the grams of solute per 100 g of solvent. ex- the solubility of sodium chloride in water is 36.0 g per 100 g water at 20°C. The temperature must be specified because solubility VARIES with temperature. For gases, the PRESSURE must also be specified. The solubility of the majority of solid substances increases as the temperature increases. However, the effect is difficult to predict and varies widely from one solute to another. The temperature dependence of solubility can be visualized with a ___, a graph of the solubility vs. temperature. in solubility curves to the right, water is the solvent material. -chart in notes- similar to triple point -each dif color line has a dif solute ex- nano3 solute grams is about 70 grams of solute a line = saturated below the line = unsaturated above the line = supersaturated depending on the given numbers, draw one straight line going up on the given temp and one going across for the given grams/solute. For that line, where those straight lines cross will tell us if under above or on the line aka unsat, sat, or supersat its rly hard to just be saturated bc u have to be on an exact pt on that line more about solubility curves, and how to interpret the information given
heat of solution lab- universal solvent- water sodium acitate sodium cholorite (left) add salt to left and stir it the salt will eventually dissolve keep adding salt to it sooner or later too much salt wont mix- stuff on the bottom add it to sodium acetate it forms a crystal- once a liquid now a solid adding one solute to water made it stay to bottom while other adding one tiny drop made it a whole solid happened bc they had different strengths, dif freezing pts 70 degrees in the room but the solid is past 100 we made a supersaturated solution
Lesson: Supersaturated Solutions- takes a solution and makes it saturated solution- is a solute and solvent- homogenous mixture Exercising can put strain on your muscles. sore muscles- Tissues damage and inflammation can be reduced by using heat or cold packs. When a crystalline solid dissolves in water, there is usually a noticeable temperature change. For some materials, the temperature will decrease. For other compounds, the temperature will increase. This change in temperature is called the ___. ex-Instant ice packs: When water and the compound mix, the temperature drops and the pack can be used for cooling. instantly become cold or instant heater like the solid solution Some compounds can form a supersaturated solution. ex- Heat packs- heat to the sore muscles. After use, the pack can be placed in boiling water to re-dissolve the entire solid so the pack can be used again. supersaturated solutions video- think about what is happening and why it is happening. what happened after the seed crystal is added to the supersaturated solution. Why do you think the seed crystal caused the solution to change? -needed that small amount bc temperature increased?
molality
Molality The final way to describe concentration is ___. Molality (m) is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of the solvent. M= moles of solute/1 kg solvent These methods of calculating concentration are most useful when solute concentrations are quite high. ex problem 3 main ways to classify conc
molarity
Molarity The first method for describing concentration is known as ___. Molarity (M) gives the number of moles of a solute divided by the total number of liters of the solution. -deals with amt of liters something has -just changing variables/units were using M = moles of solute/liters of solution mole fraction used moles over total molarity uses moles over total liters
mole fraction.
Mole Fraction Another way to describe solution concentration is the ___ The mole fraction (X) of a solution is the ratio of moles of the solute to the total number of moles in a solution. Since mole fraction describes a percentage, it can never be greater than one. X = moles of solute/moles of solute and solvent combined
osmotic pressure
Osmotic Pressure The transport of solutions through structures is part of many natural processes. Plant and animal cells, for example, rely on the movement of solutions through their bodies to transport nutrients, waste, and other biological chemicals. These cells are surrounded by semipermeable membranes that control substances that enter and exit cells. Only solute particles of a certain size can pass through the membrane. this means that solutes are filtered out by the membrane, while the pure solvent passes through it. This movement is called osmosis. -pic in notes- A semipermeable membrane will allow only particles of certain sizes to pass through. Think about a solution of sugar and water that is passed through a semipermeable membrane. The sugar molecules will only be found on one side of the membrane, the solution side, and pure water will be on the other side, the solvent side. The water molecules move back and forth through the membrane, but more of them tend to move from the solvent side to the solution side. This creates __ on the solution side of the membrane, which could eventually increase so that osmosis stops completely. Osmotic pressure is another example of a colligative property, because this pressure depends on the ratio of the number of solute particles to the volume of the solution. It does not depend on the identity of the solute particles. Factors, such as temperature, also affect osmotic pressure, since the energy of the particles will affect how they move through the semipermeable membrane.
concentration electrolyte
Parts of a Solution candy and food have acids and bases --reactant or a product Solutions a sports drink contains electrolytes easily absorbed by the body to help replenish electrolytes lost in exercise. These sports drinks have a ___ of electrolytes and water that is close to the same as your body. key electrolytes found in these drinks: sodium and potassium. Your body absorbs water and electrolytes from these sports drinks to achieve equilibrium after nutrients have been lost during exertion. Concentrations of these ___ solutions in your body have to exist within narrow ranges for life to continue. So when you are sick or completed a rigorous workout- you can replenish nutrients lost by consuming electrolytes but if you have too much/too little you will feel sick Salt plays an important role in the human body
saturated precipitate unsaturated
Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions When a large amount of salt is mixed into cold water, some of it does not dissolve. -the salt remains solid and settles on the bottom of the container. Because of the way in which particles react, a solvent can dissolve only a certain amount of a solute. A ___ solution is a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved. In fact, if additional solute were added, it could cause some dissolved solute to become solid and settle out of the solution. The solid that forms and separates from a solution is known as a ___. -sugar precipated out of the solution and can easily pull it out of that An ___ solution is a solution that contains less solute than can be dissolved under existing conditions. If more solute is added, it will simply dissolve into the solvent. Under special conditions, a SATURATED solution can be made to dissolve more solute. this requires the addition of heat or pressure to the system. -supersaturated For example, water at room temperature will dissolve a certain amount of sugar. When the solution becomes saturated, however, no additional sugar will dissolve. The solution becomes cloudy until the extra sugar settles to the bottom of the container. If the water is heated, more sugar can be dissolved into it. When the solution is allowed to cool back down, the extra sugar will remain dissolved. As a result, the final, COOLER solution will contain more sugar than would normally dissolve in that volume of water at that temperature. This solution is supersaturated.
solubility concentration surface area
Solubility Rate ___ (of a substance) indicates how much of the substance will dissolve in a specified amount of solvent under certain conditions. Solubility is measured in terms of __ at a given temperature and pressure. There are many factors that will increase or decrease the rate of solubility. abt two of these factors: Surface Area- the total area a substance has on its exterior. As the ___ of a solute increases, the rate of dissolving increases. ex-, a teaspoon of sugar contains same mass of sugar found in a sugar cube but the teaspoon of loose sugar will dissolve faster because it has MORE surface area available to interact with the solvent. increase surface area lets us dissolve quicker sugar cube takes awhile to dissolve- inside cant be reached sugar dissolves quicker- surface area bigger so can be reached
ex 1 notes A solution is formed by combining 0.250 mol of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 3.61 liters of water. Assume that the addition of NaCl does not significantly change the volume of the solution. The volume of the solution, then, is 3.61 L. Compare the molarity and the molality of NaCl in the solution. What is the mole fraction of NaCl in the solution? first given our moles of sodium c and give our liters L = 3.61 amt of moles nacl = 0.250 M(molarity = moles over liters of solution already given liters so plug in 0.250/3.61 molarity of sodium c = -after dividing you get 0.0693 mols per liters UNITS Mol/L molality m little m = moles of solvent/kg of solute says assum a litle has mag of 1 kg so 1kg = 1 L so have 3.61 L = 3.61 kg we know the moles of sodium c were using we know the kg so we can plug it in 0.250/3.61
Step 7 Note that extra digits were used during this last set of calculations so that the moles of solute and total moles in the solution could be properly compared. Also notice that two extra digits are carried. Carrying extra digits can avoid round-off errors in the final answer. The mole fraction of NaCl in the solution is about 0.14%. You are given that 10.6 grams of Na2CO3 is dissolved in water to make 1.25 liters of solution. What is the molarity of the solution? Note: The molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106 g/mol.
Henry's law
When carbonated beverages are packaged, they are done so under high CO2(carbon) pressure so that a large amount of carbon dioxide dissolves in the liquid. When the bottle is opened, the equilibrium is disrupted because the CO2 pressure above the liquid decreases. Immediately, bubbles of CO2 rapidly exit the solution and escape out of the top of the open bottle. The amount of dissolved CO2 DECREASES. If the bottle is left open for an extended period of time, the beverage becomes "flat" as more and more CO2 comes out of the liquid. The relationship of gas solubility to pressure is described by Henry's law, named after English chemist William Henry. Recall, ___ states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. henrys law: S1/pa = s2/p2 s1 and p1- are the solubility and the pressure at an initial set of conditions. s2 and p2 are the solubility and pressure at another changed set of conditions. Solubilities of gases are typically reported in GRAMS PER LITER. example problem using Henry's law:
following concepts: The solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance that is required to form a saturated solution in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is specific for a particular solvent. The temperature dependence of solubility can be visualized with the help of a solubility curve, a graph of the solubility vs. temperature. Solubility curves can be used to determine if a given solution is saturated or unsaturated. The solubility of a solid in water increases with an increase in temperature. Gas solubility decreases as the temperature increases. Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. Pressure has very little effect on the solubility of solids or liquids, but has a significant effect on the solubility of gases. Gas solubility increases as the partial pressure of a gas above
Why does Henry's law not apply to the solubility of gases when they are dissolved in other gases? Based on the solubility curves below, at what temperature will the solubility of potassium nitrate and potassium chloride be the same?- 24 degrees C Solubility Curves Which of the following is the correct interpretation of Henry's law?- The solubility of a gas is directly proportional to the pressure applied to the gas. What happens when a carbonated beverage is opened?- Gas leaves the solution as the pressure decreases.
Salt Calcium chloride Calcium carbonate
__ is also found in your kitchen. salt, -sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt. there are numerous kinds of salts that have a variety of uses. ex: ___ a salt used to de-ice roads bc it is highly soluble in water and it lowers the temperature at which water will freeze. ___ is a salt responsible for strengthening bones. it is the compound coral reefs are composed of. -like in milk Industrial Applications Salt is also critical for industrial applications, such as the production of textiles, pharmaceuticals, and paper.
electrolyte nonelectrolyte
___ is any substance that dissolves to form free ions, which make the solution electrically conductive. ex- Batteries contain electrolytes. they allow negative charges (electrons) to flow from one location to another in an electric current. human body-needs electrolytes to support cellular processes (metabolism, muscle function). also help keep the body's fluid levels in balance. __ a solute that dissolves in water to form a NON-conductive solution. ex- Sugar When mixed with water, sugar creates a non-conductive solution. ex- A sports drink gatorade- sugar makes it not a sports drink
Volume percent
___ is often used to describe the concentrations of liquid solutions. For example, you may have seen 70 percent isopropyl alcohol in a first aid kit. It is made using a ratio of 70 parts isopropyl alcohol and 30 parts water. Because volumes do not always increase when solutions are formed, the volume percent concentrations of each solute in a solution may not add up to be exactly 100 percent. If a solution is formed from liquid or gas components, the volume of the solute is used to calculate volume percent concentration. volume % = volume of solute/volume of solution x 100
add solution- pottass nitrate should use 10 grams will dissolve at 20 degrees c keep adding 10 until see stuff at bottom only 60 grams able to dissolve at 20 so double temp to 40 then it will stop dissolving at 62 grams70-8 = 62 so temp and solubility rate do NOT have a direct relationship doubling temp DOESN'T increase it as double it only allows a little extra to be dissolved exponential increase- kept adding the sugar but it was still dissolving look at chart so it moves almost straight and then starts to spike higher- exponential curves happens bc as we add more energy to solution the amt theyre moving increases and as amt of motion increases the amt of motion and ability to dissolve goes on the line goes up at fast rate as it adds stuff the temp goes up exponentially make temp 40 38 grams at 40 graph have 20, 40 on the line then change temp to 60 and add 39 grams so write 60 on the line then make temp 80 and
a solution consists of a solute (dissolved) and a solvent (solute is dissolved in). ex, sugar is a solute dissolved into the solvent water. Solubility and Temperature Gizmo: How does temperature affect how much solute will dissolve in a solution? How does the temperature of a solvent affect solubility? Analyze the two solubility curves from Solubility and Temperature graph. Based on the results how does the solubility curve for sodium chloride compare with the solubility curve for potassium nitrate? Use evidence from curves. before we did pottassium nitrate- now doing sodium depending on the type will depend upon the curve so yes they will do same exact thing but sodium does it slower explored the factors that affect solubility, now chemical makeup of a compound and how it plays a role in its solubility.
water
acids, bases, and salts may be familiar, but the chemical descriptions of how these compounds form and react can be complex. chemists rely on chemical equations to help analyze the different ions in acid-base reactions. An important aspect of acid-base reactions is the extent to which the compounds dissolve in ___. -putting hands together is acid base reaction- allows u to connect ur hands These processes constantly occur around you and within your body. People/most living things cant survive if their bodies become too acidic or too basic. Life depends on acids, bases, and salts. why a favorite food can sometimes lead to not feeling so well Pizza- eating a highly acidic food such as pizza sometimes leads to heartburn. Heartburn is caused by acid reflux, a condition where some of the stomach contents are forced back up into the esophagus causing an uncomfortable burning pain in the lower chest and/or throat. -Pizza is a highly acidic food. Most of the acidity in a pizza comes from the tomato sauce. -Common traits of acids: sour taste and a high reactivity with metals. -Common traits of bases: bitter taste and a slippery, soap-like feel. what makes a compound an acid or a base? What happens when you mix an acid and a base? How can you predict reactions involving acids and bases mathematically? naming rules for acids and bases - they don't always follow the same rules as other molecular compounds.
universal solvent
aqueous solutions are formed in nature, where water dissolves other substances in the environment. water is referred to as ___ because so many other substances will dissolve in it. Water naturally exists in all three states of matter—solid, liquid, and gas. -unique The unique properties of water are caused by the POLARITY of the water molecule. The positive and negative areas of charge are attracted to many other types of particles and can dissolve them easily. Note: There are many solutions that do not use water as a solvent.-water isnt always the solvent
Colligative properties
colligative properties and the effect they have on solutions. __ depend on the number of particles of solute present in a solution. They are not determined by the properties of the solute or the solvent, and always follow some specific patterns. -doesnt affect how its dissolved or whats doing dissolving but how the vapor pressure works Vapor Pressure The primary property affected by colligative factors is vapor pressure. In a liquid, vapor pressure is caused by particles escaping/changing to a gas state. If the solution is in a closed container (diagram left), they cannot escape the entire system, so they occupy the space ABOVE the solution and below the top of the container. As temperature increases, more particles evaporate and vapor pressure increases. When a solute is added to a solvent, it becomes more difficult for the particles of the solvent to evaporate because there is less surface area available. In other words, some of the surface is blocked by the solute particles. The more solute particles there are, the more vapor pressure DECREASES. The change in vapor pressure affects two colligative properties: boiling point and freezing point. -A vapor and liquid mixture -atmo locks us on earth as things go up and boil our vapor pressure goes up to temp up vapor press up -more solute particles more vapor pressure
solute solvent
two necessary components to every solution: ___ the substance dissolved in a solution. ___ the substance that dissolves the solute. ex- water -universal solvent- water- dissolves everything there is more solvent than solute in a solution. ex, add one spoonful of sugar to a jug of water, the water is the solvent and the sugar is the solute. When two liquids are mixed together, the solute is the substance that is the lesser quantity. ex, rubbing alcohol is a liquid mixture of 70 percent isopropyl alcohol and 30 percent water. In this solution, water is the solute bc it is the lesser amt. two substances, water and sodium chloride, forming a solution. NaCl - solute Water - solvent Water and NaCl ions = solution in notes: table- different examples of solutions. note which substances is the solute and solvent.
