Chemistry - Unit 9
The following is the third and last procedure in naming branched-chain hydrocarbons.
Add the position number to each alkyl group.
_____________ hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain 6-sided resonance structures called benzene rings.
Aromatic
The following is the second procedure in naming branched-chain hydrocarbons.
Identify the alkyl groups and arrange their names in alphabetical order in front of the name of the parent chain.
A(n) ___________ alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms of each molecule are bonded in a linear arrangement without branches and which includes at least one double covalent carbon-to-carbon bond.
straight-chain
A(n) ____________________ alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms of each molecule are bonded in a linear arrangement without branches.
straight-chain
Q23 Label as structural or cis-trans isomers:
structural
Q25 Label as structural or cis-trans isomers:
structural
An atom or groups that replaces a hydrogen atom or carbon group in an organic compound is called a(n) ___________ group.
substituent
When one carbon group is oriented above the double bond and the other one is oriented below an alkene's double bond, it is a(n) _________ isomer.
trans
A hydrocarbon in which the atoms of each molecule use multiple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds or resonant bonding, as well as single covalent bonds is a(n) ___________ hydrocarbon.
unsaturated
A hydrocarbon molecule is ____ if it contains less than the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms that a molecule with that many carbon atoms could hold.
unsaturated
Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are __________ because some of their carbon atoms are bonded to less than four other atoms.
unsaturated
Saturated hydrocarbons include only one series of compounds called alkanes, but _____________ hydrocarbons contain compounds like alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
unsaturated
In his lab, Friedrich Wöhler accidentally synthesized _________, which is produced in the human body.
urea
Zinc (HCl; HoC6H4COOH; HC2H3O2)
vigorous and fast; gentle and slow; gentle and slow
Lab: Properties of Organic Compounds
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Lesson 1 - Organic Chemistry
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Lesson 2 - Saturated Hydrocarbons
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Lesson 3 - Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
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Quiz 1
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A(n) _____________ is different from an alkene because it contains one or more triple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds.
✘ alkatriene
Because of its ______, carbon can form covalent bonds with up to 4 atoms.
✘ molecular geometry
Q18 Name the branch-chained molecule in the picture:
3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-1,4-hexadiene
Q11 Name the alkene in the picture:
3-heptene
Q34 Name the alkyne molecule in the picture:
3-methyl-1-pentyne
Q35 Name the alkyne molecule in the picture:
4-ethyl-6-methyl-2-octyne
Using the general formula, what would be the number of hydrogen atoms for an alkene with 4 carbon atoms?
8
_________ of carbon atoms will cause alkenes to be oriented in a linear arrangement, even though a double bond is involved.
Catenation
_________ is the bonding together of atoms of the same element to form covalently bonded chains or rings.
Catenation
What is the general formula that shows the mathematical relationship between atoms in a straight-chain alkene?
CnH2n
What is the general formula for a straight-chain alkyne?
CnH2n-2
Which of the following are organic compounds?
DNA carbohydrates oil
All organic compounds contain the element ___________.
carbon
The general formula CnH2n+2, allows us to find the number of hydrogen atoms in an alkane given the number of _________ atoms.
carbon
There are three groups that contain carbon but are not organic compounds:
carbon oxides carbides carbonates
Carbon forms covalent bonds with many elements but based on the information in the lesson, it probably would NOT easily bond with:
cesium
If both carbon groups of an alkene are oriented on the same side of a double bond, they are ____ isomers.
cis
A(n) ______________ isomer is one of a pair of isomers in which the atoms of the two molecules are arranged in the same order but with different spatial orientations.
cis-trans
Q24 Label as structural or cis-trans isomers:
cis-trans
The two types of isomers are:
cis-trans structural
A(n) ____________________ is a saturated hydrocarbon with a cyclic molecular structure.
cycloalkane
A(n) _____________ is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that has a cyclic molecular structure and at least one double covalent carbon-to-carbon bond.
cycloalkene
Electrons that divide their time evenly among all the carbon atoms of a benzene molecule are said to be ________.
delocalized
Q24 Give the name for the molecule:
2-methylpentane
The rules for naming alkynes are the same as the rules for naming alkenes, except that the prefix _____ is added to the root.
-yne
Give the name for the cycloalkane:
1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
Name the aromatic hydrocarbon molecule in the picture; all three represent the same one:
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
Q25 Name the cycloalkene molecule in the picture:
1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentene
Q24 Name the cycloalkene molecule in the picture:
1-cyclohexene
Q15 Name the alkadiene in the picture:
3,5-octadiene
1.) Alkanes have low melting points and high boiling points. 2.) Most alkanes have low reactivity. 3.) Alkanes with slightly larger molecules, such as pentane and octane, exist as flammable liquids at room temperature.
1.) No 2.) Yes 3.) Yes
1.) Cycloalkanes are ring-shaped molecules. 2.) A cycloalkane molecule has 3 less hydrogen atoms because it has no ends for the hydrogen atoms to bond with. 3.) Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points and higher melting points, as well as higher densities, because their London dispersion forces are weaker than the intermolecular forces in their corresponding straight-chained alkanes.
1.) True 2.) False 3.) False
1.) Cycloalkanes can form branched structures. 2.) A cyclobutane molecule has a triangular shape. 3.) A cyclopentane molecule has a pentagon shape.
1.) True 2.) False 3.) True
1.) the position of the double covalent bond in alkenes is used in naming those with four or more carbon atoms 2.) in straight-chain and branched-chain alkenes, numbering of carbon atoms begins at the end farthest from the double covalent bond 3.) if a double covalent bond is between the fourth and the fifth carbon atoms in an alkene, the position designation will be four
1.) True 2.) False 3.) True
1.) Alkanes with small molecules have very weak London dispersion forces between them and are flammable gases at room temperature. 2.) They are soluble in water because they are nonpolar. 3.) Large molecules have the greatest London dispersion forces and are flammable solids.
1.) Yes 2.) No 3.) Yes
Carbon may be in isomeric compounds that have the same 1.) c formula but different 2.) e formulas or spatial orientations.
1.) c chemical 2.) e structural
Both chemical and molecular formulas use 1.) element symbols and, 2.) subscripts to indicate the number of each element or group of elements in a chemical compound. However, a molecular formula also indicates the arrangement of atoms, especially 3.) substituent groups, in a molecule.
1.) element 2.) subscripts 3.) substituent
1.) Sodium Chloride (Melting Point; In Ethanol; In Water: Conductivity) 2.) Potassium Iodide (Melting Point; In Ethanol; In Water: Conductivity) 3.) Phenyl Salicylic (Melting Point; In Ethanol; In Water: Conductivity) 4.) Citric Acid (Melting Point; In Ethanol; In Water: Conductivity) 5.) Unknown 1 (Melting Point; In Ethanol; In Water: Conductivity) 6.) Unknown 2 (Melting Point; In Ethanol; In Water: Conductivity)
1.) high; no; yes; yes 2.) high; no; yes; yes 3.) low; yes; no; no 4.) low; yes; yes; yes 5.) low; yes; no; yes 6.) high; no; yes; yes
In relation to their type of reaction, organic acids are 1.) less active than inorganic acids.In relation to their melting point, generally speaking, organic compounds have a lower 2.) melting point than inorganic compounds.
1.) less 2.) melting
1.) -CH3 2.) -CH2CH3 3.) -CH2CH2CH3 4.) -CH2CH2CH2CH3
1.) methyl 2.) ethyl 3.) propyl 4.) butyl
Cis is Latin for 1.) on the same side while trans means 2.) on the other side.
1.) on the same side 2.) on the other side
Based on the tests and data collected, you may conclude that Unknown 1 is a(n) 1.) organic compound and Unknown 2 is a(n) 2.) inorganic compound.
1.) organic 2.) inorganic
Using the general formula, what would be the number of hydrogen atoms for an alkene with 5 carbon atoms?
10
Q22 Give the name for the branched hydrocarbon:
2,3-dimethylhexane
Q14 Name the alkadiene in the picture:
2,4-hexadiene
Q23 Give the name for the branched hydrocarbon:
2-ethyloctane
Name the alkyne molecule in the picture.
2-heptyne
Q10 Name the alkene in the picture:
2-hexene
Q17 Name the branched-chain molecule in the picture:
2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene
Q16 Write the condensed formula for the structural formula given:
CH3 ー CH ー CH2 ー CH3 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀| ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀CH3
Q17 Write the condensed formula for the structural formula given:
CH3 ー CH2 ー CH2 ー CH3
The German chemist, __________, disproved the thought that all organic compounds could be produced only by living organisms.
Friedrich Wöhler
_______ is the relationship between two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations. In other words, two compounds may have the same number and type of atoms, but the atoms may be arranged differently.
Isomerism
The following is the first procedure in naming branched-chain hydrocarbons.
Locate the parent chain (longest continuous chain of carbon atoms) and number the carbon atoms.
Because of their ____ bonds, alkenes are slightly more reactive than alkanes.
double
An alkene with two double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds is called a(n) ___________.
alkadiene
A saturated hydrocarbon that uses only single covalent bonding is called a(n) ______.
alkane
An alkene with three double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds is called a(n) ___________.
alkatriene
A(n) __________ is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds.
alkene
A substituent group that consists of an alkane molecule from which one hydrogen atom has been removed is called a(n) ___________ group.
alkyl
A(n) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds.
alkyne
Alkenes have relatively low melting points and ________ points.
boiling
A ____________________ alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon with one or more substituent groups that branch off from the straight chain.
branched-chain
Catenation allows carbon atoms to form three types of organic molecular structures, including _______________ structures, _____________ structures, and _____________ structures, or cyclic structures.
branched-chain ring straight-chain
A(n) _____________ alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with one or more double covalent carbon-to-carbon bonds and one or more substituent groups that branch off from the parent chain.
branched-chained
2 eth- g C2H6 4 but- butane c 5 b pentane C5H12 6 hex- hexane d 7 f heptane C7H16
g. ethane c. C4H10 b. pent- d. C6H14 f. hept-
Cis-trans isomers are also called _____ isomers because their isomerism is based on the spatial orientations of the atoms in the molecule.
geometric
A class of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms is called a(n) ____________.
hydrocarbon
A saturated hydrocarbon contains the maximum number of ___________ molecules that a molecule with that number of carbon atoms can hold.
hydrogen
Which is NOT one of the reasons that carbon forms so many compounds?
ionic bonding
A structural ____________ is one of several isomers in which the atoms of each molecule are arranged in a different structural order.
isomer
A(n)____________ is one of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations.
isomer
Alkenes can be _____, ______, or gases, depending on the size of the molecule.
liquids solids
A(n) ____________ formula, like a chemical formula, is a symbolic representation of a chemical compound that uses element symbols and subscripts to indicate the number of each element or group of elements in a chemical compound. However, a molecular formula also indicates the arrangement of atoms, especially substituent groups, in a molecule.
molecular
Alkenes are ___________, so they do not dissolve in water.
nonpolar
Simple alkenes contain ________ double covalent bond.
one
The branch of chemistry that deals with organic compounds is called __________ chemistry.
organic
The _____________ is the straight chain of a branched-chain hydrocarbon molecule.
parent chain
The type of covalent bonding between carbon atoms in an aromatic hydrocarbon is called ____ bonding.
resonance
A(n) _______________ hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which the atoms of each molecule use only single covalent bonds and each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms.
saturated
