CHES Sample Test

The newspaper article is an example of a ____________ source: A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary

B

Data collected by a researcher for the sake of informing a specific project is called: A. Tertiary B. Primary C. Secondary D. Generalizable

B. Primary (Area I) Primary research is new research which you have carried out to answer a specific question or set of questions.

After convening a group, identifying necessary data, and completing a SWOT analysis, what is the next step for developing a strategic plan? A. Implement Year One plans. B. Prioritize strategies for the next 5 years. C. Decide evaluation strategy. D. Identify key stakeholders.

B. Prioritize strategies for the next 5 years (Area VI) Strategic plans usually prioritize strategies for organizations to employ over the next 5 years.

The Hierarchy of Effects Model lists the steps through which behavior change happen in which order?

Change of attitude, acquisition of skills, short-term retention of information, long-term retention of information, decision making, reinforcement of behavior, maintenance of behavior (Area III) The Hierarchy of Effects model describes the process people go through as they decide to buy goods or adopt behaviors

___________________ is the activity by which a person with specialized knowledge and skills is paid to help another person or organization make better decisions or plans. A. Consulting B. Training C. Teaching D. Researching

A consulting

Which database is most likely to help a health educator looking for information about how nurses can help improve breastfeeding in rural areas? A. CINAHL B. MEDLINE C. HEDIR D. HEALTHPROM

A. CINAHL (Area V) CINAHL is the database for nursing and allied health professionals

Which age group has the highest percentage of people who use the Internet regularly? A. 18 to 29 B. 30 to 49 C. 50 to 64 D. 65+

A. 18 to 29 (Area VI) Younger people are more likely than older people to use the Internet, according to the Pew Internet and American Life Study. Ninety-nine percent of those 18 to 29 use the Internet, 96% of those 30 to 49, 87% of those 50 to 64, and 64% of those 65+.

A good data analysis and reporting plan will: A. Outline how the data for each monitoring and evaluation question will be coded. B. Describe how conclusions will be justified, how stakeholders will be kept informed, and when activities will be implemented. C. Plan for how monitoring and evaluation narratives will tell the same story. D. A and B

A. CINAHL (Area V) CINAHL is the database for nursing and allied health professionals

In a school district that has struggled with low vaccination rates due to parental resistance and preferences for "natural" treatments, an unvaccinated child becomes sick with the measles. The school board decides to hire a health educator to launch a campaign to promote vaccinations for school-aged children. This is an example of: A. A teachable moment B. Coercive behavior C. Incentives D. A pilot study

A. A teachable moment (Area II) Teachable moments are periods in time when events lend themselves to provide illustrations of concepts taught in educational materials. They can also be opportunities (from a SWOT analysis) or external, positive events for a campaign—moments that support the objectives of your campaign within the context of your community or give rise to the need for your campaign

Voting registration drives and developing a press release in support of a bill are examples of: A. Advocacy strategies B. Grassroots advocacy only C. Media advocacy only D. Unethical behavior

A. Advocacy strategies (Area VII) Advocacy techniques can include encouraging potential voters to register and electioneering, or actively taking part in the activities of a particular candidate's campaign

When designing health communication campaigns, which is the correct order to plan and implement a campaign? A. Assess needs, write goals/objectives, choose channel(s), implement, evaluate B. Write goals/objectives, assess needs, chose channel(s), implement, evaluate C. Assess needs, choose channel(s), write goals/objectives, implement, evaluate D. Choose channel(s), assess needs, write goals/objectives, implement, evaluate

A. Assess needs, write goals/objectives, choose channel(s), implement, evaluate (Area VII) First you must define the problem, set goals/objectives, develop your intervention (including choosing your channels), implement your plan, and then evaluate to see how it went. See www.cdc. gov/healthcommunication/healthbasics/HowToDo.html for more information

The first step in program planning is: A. Assessing existing health needs and problems B. Evaluating program objectives C. Analyzing a communication strategy D. Identifying populations

A. Assessing existing health needs and problems (Area II) Planning begins with assessing the situation and identifying the health problems that are occurring.

A ________________ is defined as a "statement of what students ought to be able to do as a consequence of instruction." A. Behavioral objective B. Attitudinal objective C. SMART objective D. Program objective

A. Behavioral objective (Area III) give the learner a sense of what specifically they will be able to do after completing the course.

Which of the following are the least likely for a health educator to be able to influence in a community? A. Biological factors such as genetics B. Psychosocial factors such as public acceptance for people with disabilities C. Environmental factors such as lead in drinking water D. Behavioral factors such as increasing vegetable consumption

A. Biological factors such as genetics (Area I) Biological factors are the least able to be influenced by health education. Health education is much more able to influence psychosocial and behavioral factors, and can influence people's responses to, and mitigation of environmental factors.

By far, the greatest number of Americans speak English or Spanish. What are the three next most commonly spoken languages, in order of their frequency of use? A. Chinese, Tagalog, Vietnamese B. French, Chinese, Vietnamese C. Arabic, Vietnamese, French D. Tagalog, French, Arabic

A. Chinese, Tagalog, Vietnamese (Area VII) According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 2011 the five most frequently spoken languages in the United States are (a) English, (b) Spanish, (c) Chinese, (d) Tagalog, and (e) Vietnamese.

a heath education specialist is designing a program for residents in a low-income area. A needs assessment has shown those residents have lower than-average rates of annual flu vaccination. The educator decides to hold a flu shot clinic, and residents who get a flu shot will be given $500. This incentive could be called into question because it could be considered: A. Coercive B. Culturally insensitive C. Discriminatory D. Cost-effective

A. Coercive (Area III) A very high value incentive ($500) could be considered coercive because people could be persuaded into taking the vaccination simply to receive the incentive. This is particularly true given that the intervention is taking place in a low-income area.

The first thing a health educator should do when beginning a needs assessment is: A. Conduct a community analysis B. Assess reinforcing factors C. Understand the health literacy levels of the community D. Determine project budget

A. Conduct a community analysis (Area I) Begin with an analysis of the situation facing the community to determine what needs the community faces. You cannot understand reinforcing factors until you have determined a particular health problem. You do not know which segment of the population's health literacy to investigate until you have determined which subsegments to address. And you cannot write a budget until much later in the planning process.

The model or theory that Healthy People 2020 describes as explaining the "interrelationships among . . . factors that determine individual and population health" is the: A. Ecological Model B. Theory of Planned Behavior C. Theory of Reasoned Action D. Health Belief Model

A. Ecological Model (Area III) The Ecological Model seeks to explain how many factors from the individual through the interpersonal, societal, and policy interact to influence health.

A review of vital records shows a worrisome uptick in fatal car accidents. Upon further research, it is revealed that a high proportion of fatal car crashes involve drivers playing a new type of game on their smart phone while driving. A needs assessment shows that most people have never considered the particular risk of this behavior, and news has not spread of the number of crashes it caused. What would be the first intervention a health educator should try to reduce the number of people playing this new game while driving? A. Education B. Social marketing C. Fear campaign D. Legislation

A. Education (Area III) In a novel situation where most people are simply unaware of a risk and there are few barriers to performing a behavior (in this case, not playing a game while driving) education is likely the easiest, least expensive, and thus the first choice of intervention.

When collecting primary data, which of the following survey methods is likely to be the most expensive? A. In-person interview B. Telephone-based survey C. Mail-based survey D. Social media-based survey

A. In-person interviews (Area I) In-person interviews are very costly to conduct because they are very labor intensive.

When communicating health information to a reluctant audience, an instructor would find which of the following to be the least important? A. Emphasize the instructor's education and experience B. Explain why the topic is important C. Explain the value of acquiring the new knowledge or skills D. Engage the learner through multiple teaching styles

A. Emphasize the instructor's education and experience (Area VI) When an audience is reluctant, making the information relevant to them is especially important. Stress what value the new information brings to their lives—does it make their job easier to perform? Does it make their children healthier? What does it get them that they want?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Evaluation Framework begins with: A. Engaging stakeholders B. Describing the program C. Gathering credible evidence D. Developing goals and objectives

A. Engaging stakeholders (Area IV) The steps in the CDC Evaluation Framework are: (a) engage stakeholders, (b) describe program, (c) focus evaluation design, (d) gather credible evidence, (e) justify conclusions, (f) use and share lessons learned

the type of study that exposes some participants to an intervention and compares the results to a group of participants who have not had the intervention but are similar to the group who got the intervention is called: A. Experimental B. Cross-sectional C. Ecological D. Prospective cohort

A. Experimental (Area III) Experimental (or Treatment) studies come in a variety of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental forms

Which technique has been proven to be most effective in recruiting new volunteers for a program? A. Extending personal invitations through staff, stakeholders, or clients B. Finding those required to do community service C. Social media advertising D. Recruiting the volunteers of similar organizations

A. Extending personal invitations through staff, stakeholders, or clients (Area V) Expanding a volunteer network through those already involved with your organization is likely to be the most effective method of recruitment because it leverages existing relationships. Personalized requests are more likely to be responded to than mass requests like those over social or mass media.

A health educator is hired to lobby Congress to raise taxes on junk food and use the revenue to lower the price of fruits and vegetables. Which form of communication would be most likely to gain the desired outcome? A. Face-to-face meetings B. Social media C. Letters D. Conference calls

A. Face-to-face meetings (Area III) Studies have shown that, of the above choices, personal contact best facilitated use of information by policy makers

Which of the following social networking sites are adults in the United States most likely to use? A. Facebook B. Twitter C. Instagram D. MySpace

A. Facebook (Area VI) According to the Pew Internet and American Life Survey, in 2016, approximately 68% of Americans use Facebook.

Which one of the following is the correct rank for heart disease as a cause of mortality for individuals between the ages of 45 and 54 in the United States in 2010? A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth

A. First (Area I) In 2010, heart disease killed 597,689 Americans, making it the number one cause of death

If a health problem is highly changeable and highly important to the population, which strategy should a health education specialist employ? A. Health education B. Social marketing C. Legal interventions D. Incentives

A. Health education (Area I) Health problems that are highly changeable and highly important to the population are likely to be able to be influenced through an educational approach

Which of the following databases is designed for the public, rather than health professionals? A. Healthfinder.gov B. National Center for Health Statistics C. Medline D. ERIC

A. Healthfinder.gov (Area VI) Healthfinder.gov is a public-facing website with health promotion information. The others are databases designed for academic or professional use.

_____statistics make predictions about a population based on a sample of data taken from the population in question. A. Inferential B. Descriptive C. Experimental D. Applied

A. Inferential (Area IV) Inferential statistics makes inferences about

A ________________ is defined as a "statement that defines the expected goal of a curriculum, course, lesson or activity in terms of demonstrable skills or knowledge that will be acquired by a student as a result of instruction." A. Learning objective B. Behavioral objective C. SMART objective D. Program objective

A. Learning objective (Area III) Learning objectives are important because they give students a sense of what to expect in a course and guide the instructor's assessment strategies.

A food bank provides funding to local food vendors to enable them to provide fresh produce to residents in a food desert. Which of the following would be considered a medium-term outcome for this project? A. Patrons purchase more fresh fruits and vegetables. B. The vendor tracks the number of fresh produce items offered. C. The rate of diabetes is reduced in the community. D. Participants say Tuesdays are the best days for the vendors to sell fresh produce

A. Patrons purchase more fresh fruits and vegetables (Area VI) Determining the best days to sell produce would be an example of a formative evaluation outcome. The vendor tracking the number of produce items offered is a process outcome. Rates of diabetes would be an example of a long-term outcome. Produce consumption, which could influence diabetes rates, is a medium-term outcome

A ________________ allows health educators to get feedback from participants about program materials. A. Pilot test B. Pretest C. Pilot project D. Posttest

A. Pilot test (Area III) A pilot test would test just the materials for a project. The pilot project would test the entire implementation in a small geographical area.

Which of the following would be an inappropriate technology to distribute information on diabetes to a deaf population? A. Podcast B. Website C. Television segment D. Text-messaging

A. Podcast (Area III) Podcasts are an entirely audio-based medium, and thus inappropriate for a deaf audience. There have been some limited efforts to transcribe some podcasts for a deaf or hard-of-hearing audience, but a different channel should be selected at this time.

_____________ is a way to monitor and ensure the correct operations and service deliveries are in place for a program to be implemented as planned. A. Process evaluation B. Formative evaluation C. Outcome evaluation D. Impact evaluation

A. Process evaluation (Area IV) Process evaluation monitors to make sure things are being implemented as planned and to ensure that mid-course corrections are not needed. If, when cooking, you have ever tasted a recipe to make sure it tastes good as you were cooking it, you have conducted process evaluation!

A health educator has been asked to write a literature review about using gene therapy in spinal cord injury patients. Which would be the least appropriate database to search for studies? A. PsycInfo B. CINAHL C. Medline D. EBMR

A. PsycINFO (Area VI) PsychINFO is a resource for abstracts and journal articles on behavioral and social science research. The other three databases of medical journals, and therefore better choices for the topic of gene therapy

A systematic application of audits, checks, and corrections to ensure that strategies and methods during program implementation are of the highest quality possible is also called: A. Quality assurance B. Delphi process C. Program evaluation D. Internal affairs

A. Quality assurance (Area III) Merriam-Webster defines "quality assurance" as "a program for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of the various aspects of a project, service, or facility to ensure that standards of quality are being me

___________ reflects a measurement tool's ability to measure a variable consistently and ___________ reflects a measurement's tool to measure what it is supposed to measure. A. Reliability/validity B. Validity/reliability C. Validity/variation D. Variation/reliability

A. Reliability/validity (Area IV) Reliability refers to the repeatability of findings. If the study were to be done a second, third, or fourth time, would it yield the same results? If so, the data are reliable. Validity refers to the credibility of the research.

__________________ bias represents a threat to internal validity of findings because the participants in the treatment differed from those in the control group. A. Selection B. Seasonal C. Mortality D. Maturation effect

A. Selection (Area IV) The concern with selection bias is that somehow the participants in the treatment and control groups were, from the beginning, somehow different and that any difference between the groups was related to those preexisting differences and not treatment effect. This can happen if the groups are not sufficiently randomized into treatment and control arms

___________ is a practical process to help organizations develop and adapt products, services, and activities of the needs of the populations your program serves. A. Strategic planning B. Environmental review C. Active listening D. Creative briefing

A. Strategic planning (Area V) The strategic planning process usually happens in a 5-year cycle and involves thinking holistically about all aspects of the organization's outputs and activities

A student health program at a large university has hired a health educator to propose a health promotion program. The first thing the health educator should do is: A. Talk to students about their health concerns. B. Develop goals and objectives to reduce drinking. C. Use the trans theoretical model to stage student's readiness to change. D. Develop evaluation metrics.

A. Talk to students about their health concerns (Area I) Assessing needs with the target population is an important first step in program planning

A small nonprofit devoted to helping adults with mental disabilities live as independently as possible has decided to use volunteers to help drive program participants to work-training programs. Which of the following would be the most likely concern for using volunteer labor in this capacity? A. The costs of training volunteers to transport participants in such a way as to satisfy liability concerns B. The volunteers would know who was a participant in the program C. Volunteers might get bored D. Funders might not approve of using volunteers

A. The costs of training volunteers to transport participants in such a way to satisfy liability concerns (Area V) Using volunteers to transport participants might incur significant costs to receive certifications to satisfy insurance and other legal or regulatory agencies. Training costs can be a significant barrier for implementation of programs.

Process indicators measure: A. The program's activities and outputs B. Whether the program is achieving the expected effect C. Whether there has been a change in health status D. How cost-effective the program was

A. The program's activities and outputs (Area IV) Process indicators measure the programs outputs—whether program activities have been implemented as intended. Examples include—how many classes were held, how many posters were displayed, social media ads were run?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Framework for Program Evaluation's final step is: A. Using and sharing results B. Justifying conclusions C. Describing the problem D. Engaging stakeholders

A. Using and sharing results (Area IV) The sixth and final step is "Use and Share Lessons Learned.

A team of researchers conducts an investigation into whether small incentives can encourage older adults to stop smoking. They publish their findings in a peer-reviewed journal. A newspaper then runs an article about their published findings. Using this scenario, please answer the following questions: The journal article is a __________ source: A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary

A.Primary sources are those containing original research or data. Secondary sources such as newspaper or magazine articles synthesize or report on primary source material

In a SWOT analysis, opportunities, and threats are: A. Within your control B. Outside your control C. What your audience is doing D. What your partners are doing

B. Outside your control (Area II) Strengths and weaknesses are within the origination's control. Opportunities and threats are outside the organization's control.

An important difference between a theory and a model is that: A. Models are better for designing programs that have successful outcomes. B. A model can draw on a series of theories to help describe a problem in a specific context. C. All the constructs from a theory must be used for the theory to work but a model can be applied more loosely. D. A model is a set of interrelated constructs, definitions, and statements that present a systematic view of events.

B. A model can draw on a series of theories to help describe a problem in a specific context. (Area II) A model provides the individual with a structural representation of the phenomenon, allowing her or him to gain a fuller understanding of it. On the other hand, a theory is a set of ideas that provide an explanation to something

A health educator is asked to address the topic of obesity in a senior care center. Many of the seniors receive food stamps and have limited health literacy skills. The health educator believes that it is critical to use a variety of methods to help address the problem. Which of the following are essential to the health educator's programs' success? A. An e-learning facility B. Adequate funding C. Dance classes D. A and B

B. Adequate funding (Area III) In this case, the instructor simply needs adequate funding. With adequate funding, he or she can develop a program that fits the needs of the seniors. It is premature at this stage of program development to speculate whether dance classes or an e-learning facility (or any other particular intervention) will be appropriate.

All of the following are techniques to help promote learning except: A. Facilitate discussions rather than just lecture B. Avoid repetition C. Move from simple to complex ideas D. Explain to the learners why the information is important

B. Avoid repetition (Area II) Rather than avoiding repetition, the instructor should repeat key information, in interesting ways, throughout the instruction. Most people need to encounter new information more than once and in a variety of ways before they fully take in new information, especially if it is complex or particularly unfamiliar. Put another way, "practice makes perfect."

All of the following are important concepts in social marketing EXCEPT: A. Consumer research B. Comprehensiveness C. Cost-effectiveness D. Competition

B. Comprehensiveness (Area VII) Social marketing has clearly defined behavioral goals and focuses on those goals specifically. Programs do need to cost-effective, thoroughly informed by market research, and always recognize competition.

One way that program monitoring differs from other kinds of evaluation efforts, such as outcome evaluation studies, is that program monitoring is: A. Optional B. Continuous throughout the program C. Quantitative D. Theory-driven

B. Continuous throughout the program (Area IV) Program monitoring should be on-going throughout the implementation of a program. It is the method by which evaluations ensure that program activities are being implemented according to the program plan and that problems are addressed in a timely, ethical, and systematic way. It is not optional, and may be contain qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods.

A __________ is the amount that can be completely attributed to the activities of a particular project: A. Budget B. Direct cost C. Indirect cost D. Depreciation

B. Direct cost (Area V) Direct cost is the part of the budget which contributes directly to the program's outputs.

A budget is composed of: A. Indirect costs only B. Direct, indirect, and in-kind donations C. Direct and indirect costs D. Direct costs only

B. Direct, indirect, and in-kind donations (Area II) Your budget should reflect direct, or those costs related solely to the project's operations, indirect, costs not entirely attributable to the project (e.g., rent, utilities, staff working indirectly on the project like Human Resources), and in-kind donations.

A health educator is asked to present findings from a community needs assessment to a local church. Which would be the first thing he should do to prepare an effective presentation. A. Use presentation software B. Find out more about the audience C. Visit the space where he will be presenting D. Write learning objectives

B. Find out more about the audience (Area VI) Understanding the audience to whom he will be presenting will be critical. Some questions he might want to ask are: How many people will be there? Were they involved in the assessment? Are they receptive or hostile to the findings? How long will they be planning on staying? Have they been to a meeting like this before? What are they expecting him to say? What questions do they have? What style of presentation should he use? Should he use PowerPoint?

An example of ______________________ would be starting a petition to request that speedbumps be installed to slow traffic while an example of ______________________ is contacting a member of Congress to solicit funds for a traffic study. A. Electioneering/direct advocacy B. Grassroots advocacy/direct advocacy C. Indirect advocacy/direct advocacy D. Electioneering/grassroots advocacy

B. Grassroots advocacy/direct advocacy (Area VII) Grassroots advocacy harnesses the power of the public to bring pressure upon elected officials to make policy changes, as opposed to direct advocacy, or lobbying, which relies on paid or volunteer staff to lobby officials for change.

Cultural competency, the ability to navigate systems, and functional literacy are all components of: A. Numeracy B. Health literacy C. SMOG D. Cultural literacy

B. Health literacy (Area VI) Health literacy is dependent on individual and systemic factors including: communication skills of lay persons and professionals, lay and professional knowledge of health topics, culture, demands of the healthcare and public health systems, and the demands of the situation/ context.

Low health literacy is associated with which outcomes? A. Better communication with clinicians B. Overuse of emergency room services C. Lower risk of adverse outcomes D. Increased medication compliance

B. Overuse of emergency room services (Area VI) Patients with low health literacy are more likely to use the emergency room, have medication errors, and cost the healthcare system billions of dollars in excess funds each year

A school board is selecting a sexual health education curriculum to implement in ninth grade. Which is the least important issue for them to consider? A. Cost B. If students will be embarrassed by the curriculum C. If parents support the curriculum D. Feedback of other school districts about the competing curriculum

B. If students will be embarrassed by the curriculum (Area II) In considering a school-based curriculum, a school board would want to investigate cost, parental support (because parents could be a substantial roadblock to a sexual-health curriculum being implemented in schools) and gather feedback about other user's experiences of other existing curricula. While the student experience is important, some embarrassment in discussing this topic in school is less concerning than the curriculum being evidence-based, acceptable to the community at large, affordable, and implemented appropriately.

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data: A. Vital statistics B. In-depth interviews C. Pretests and postests D. Meta-analyses

B. In-depth interviews (Area I) In-depth interviews, participant observations, and focus group data are all examples of qualitative data.

In the United States, what is the name of the organization often charged with reviewing research study or intervention designs? A. Intervention Design Review B. Institutional Review Board C. Intervention Review Board D. Intervention Review Committee

B. Institutional Review Board (Area III) Institutional Review Boards (IRB) can also be known as Independent Ethics Committees (IEC) or Ethical Review Boards (ERB) in the United States

Press releases should contain all of the following EXCEPT: A. Name and contact information B. Jargon or technical language C. Interesting quotes D. Information about the organization

B. Jargon or technical language (Area VII) The audience for a press release are the members of the print, television, and (to some extent) the online media. Therefore, they are written in professional, but neutral language, free from jargon or technical terms

Logic models can be constructed: A. Right-to-left only B. Left-to-right or right-to-left C. Left-to-right only D. From the bottom up

B. Left-to- right or right-to-left (Area IV) When constructing a logic model from the left, the resources available lead to activities, and the activities to the outcomes (sometimes referred to as "if . . . then" construction). When constructing logic models right-to left, the desired outcomes drive the necessary activities, and the activities necessitate the resources (commonly referred to as the "but how?" construction)

Which of the following is a document which indicated shared interest and broadly lays out an intended common line of action, but is not legally binding? A. MOA B. MOU C. Cooperative agreement D. Partnership pledge

B. MOU (Area V) A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is a more informal document than a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), which can have legal implications

All of the following would be good techniques for a face-to-face meeting with a legislator except: A. Have a specific, tailored message B. Make sure everyone in the group speaks C. Make an appointment D. Leave a fact-sheet

B. Make sure everyone in the group speaks (Area VII) Usually it is best to identify one or two people to speak on behalf of the group. Meetings with legislators are usually short and limiting the number of people who speak keeps the meeting on track and keeps your message consistent.

The 'M' in SMART objective stands for: A. Manageable B. Measurable C. Maximizing D. Malleable

B. Measurable (Area II) Objectives must be measurable to quantify or measure progress

Data that are sorted into categories (such as gender) are considered what type of data? A. Ratio B. Nominal C. Interval D. Rank-order

B. Nominal (Area IV) Nominal data can also be thought of as "named" data ("red, blue, green" or "high, medium, low").

The three main kinds of indicators program evaluation seeks to understand are: A. Contributing, direct, and indirect B. Process, outcome, impact C. Simple, precise, and measurable D. Specific, measurable, achievable

B. Process, outcome, impact (Area IV) Most program evaluation will investigate process, outcome, and impact evaluation, though some will be limited to one, or two of the above (i.e., merely a process evaluation

In developing a campaign to get men to see their primary care physicians for regular health screenings, you find that their wives are often the ones who make their husband's doctor appointments. You decide to speak to a local women's group on the importance of men's healthcare. In this case, which kind of audience are the women? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary

B. Secondary (Area II) Secondary audiences are those who can help reach or influence the intended or primary audience (in this case, the men in need of primary care)

Which of the following aims to find evidence of disease early to reduce morbidity and mortality? A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention D. Quaternary prevention

B. Secondary prevention (Area II) Secondary prevention, such as mammography, uses screening techniques to identify disease early to reduce morbidity and mortality.

A health education specialist who can identify, articulate, and translate an understanding of the mission, vision, values, beliefs, and ethics of an organization is exhibiting: A. Visionary leadership B. Sense of mission C. Understanding of political competencies D. Social dynamics

B. Sense of mission (Area VI) Understanding the mission, vision, values, beliefs, and ethics of an organization is to exhibit a sense of the mission of an organization. It does not necessarily imply that one has leadership skills, or political competencies, but can articulate the core principles and philosophies of the organization.

The 'S' in SWOT analysis stands for: A. SMART objectives B. Strengths C. Systems D. Schedules

B. Strengths (Area II) The strengths of an intervention are the internal, positive factors of the intervention, that is, the parts of the intervention that are controllable by the project design and are considered to be those that will help to achieve the project's goals and objectives (i.e., what the program planners think will make the program work)

Adults with low-health literacy levels are most likely to get their health information from which sources? A. Newspapers B. TV C. Facebook D. B and C

B. TV (Area III) Because of its ubiquity and that TV is an audiovisual news source, it is the choice for people with low literacy levels.

When conducting in-person trainings, which is a technique for assessing whether the participants learned the skill you were teaching? A. Call Back B. Teach-Back C. Scribner's Method D. Call and Response

B. Teach Back (Area VI) Utilizing the Teach Back Method can be very effective for making sure your audience understood what they were being taught.

Lecture, brainstorming, coaching, debates, and role-playing are all examples of: A. Training simulations B. Teaching strategies C. Public speaking D. Peer review

B. Teaching strategies (Area VI) Varying teaching strategies can make sure you are addressing the needs of different types of learners.

Which of the following best describes a Delphi Panel Process? A. A group of four to 10 homogenous people discussing a potential change B. The use of structured questionnaires used to generate consensus in a group of experts C. A small group of people privately ranking available possibilities to decide which should be prioritized D. A statistical analysis of separate but similar data in order to determine statistical significance

B. The use of structured questionnaires used to generate consensus in a group of experts (Area I) A Delphi method is a small-group research technique that seeks a consensus among experts through sequential rounds of data collection and reduction.

Which of the following is true about program goals and objectives? A. Program participants should have the final say in determining them. B. They should be determined at the beginning of the planning process. C. They may be altered to better fit evaluation data. D. They can be better determined once implementation occurs.

B. They should be determined at the beginning of the planning process (Area II) Program goals and objectives should be determined at the beginning of the planning process to guide the development of the plan. Without goals and objectives, a health educator would not have anything to guide the development of the project

Which of the following is the most important group of individuals to have advising a health educator interested in reducing drunk driving in the Midwest? A. State legislators and their staff B. Young men who have been convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) C. Pastors, rabbis, and other clergy from local houses of worship D. Police

B. Young men who have been convicted of DUI (Area III) Young men who have been convicted of a DUI are the target audience for the intervention and thus have valuable insight into the causes of the problem and the needs of the audience.

What percentage of Americans has low health literacy? A. 20% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50%

C. 40% (Area VII) Studies show that 40% of Americans have inadequate levels of health literacy, and only 12% are in the "proficient" category

A person who has been exercising regularly for 2 weeks would be considered in which stage of the Transtheoretical Model? A. Precontemplation B. Contemplation C. Action D. Maintenance

C. Action (Area III) The Action stage of the Transtheoretical Model encompasses people who have recently changed their behavior and intend to continue to exhibit the changed behavior.

Preparing for a program launch may include all of the following activities EXCEPT: A. Hiring and training staff. B. Issuing requests for proposals (RFPs) and awarding funds. C. Analyzing focus group data. D. Producing materials.

C. Analyzing focus group data (Area III) In preparation for implementation, you might hire and train staff, issue RFPs and award funds, or produce written or online materials. Analyses of focus group materials, while potentially helpful for developing or evaluating programs, is the least like the other operational activities.

A health educator would choose to employ a pretest-posttest evaluation strategy to asses _____________ from a training? A. Participant's feelings about a training B. Transferability of skills C. Change in knowledge D. Reduction in morbidity

C. Change in knowledge (Area VI) Pretest-posttest evaluation is best suited to test a change in something, such as knowledge, attitude, or skill

A health education specialist working in an OB/GYN clinic in an under-resourced area has been tasked with developing a brochure for expectant mothers explaining to them the importance of being screened for several infectious diseases during pregnancy. Many of the mothers did not graduate high school. The best approach for developing such a brochure would be to: A. Download a brochure from the state health department for expectant mothers on screening in pregnancy. B. Create a brochure based on the health educator's experience with the topic. C. Draft a brochure and then get feedback from patients at the clinic. D. Draft a brochure and ask a doctor at the clinic to review it

C. Draft a brochure and then get feedback from patients at the clinic (Area III) Because the mothers at the clinic have special characteristics (i.e., many did not graduate from high school, which makes the different from the general population), it would be best to create and test materials with this population to ensure the materials are a good fit for their needs. The patients at the clinic are the true experts as to their needs and desires for materials.

Flip charts, site visits, PowerPoint presentations, and movies are all examples of what kind of media? A. Interactive B. Legal C. Educational D. Persuasive

C. Educational (Area VII) Educational media is designed to supplement instruction by highlighting main points and aiding the audience in retaining information.

An owner of a medium-sized manufacturing plant is interested in beginning a worksite health promotion program. Which of the following are likely to be of least interest to the owner when evaluating outcomes? A. Direct measures of productivity B. Time-frame for the realization of benefits C. Employee leisure-time activities D. Health insurance costs

C. Employee leisure-time activities (Area IV) While employee leisure-time activities do contribute significantly to overall health and well-being, they are outside of the control of an employer and a worksite health promotion program.

A health educator tasked with reducing motor vehicle accidents discovers that federal funds have been made available to add bike lanes to major roads. These funds would be an example of what kind of factor? A. Predisposing B. Reinforcing C. Enabling D. Institutional

C. Enabling (Area II) Enabling factors are those factors in the environment that facilitate action and any skills or resources that are required to perform specific behavior. These can include resources such as funding

A Gantt chart would most likely be developed in what phase of program implementation? A. Program evaluation B. Enactment of the plan C. Establishment of a program management system D. Ending or sustaining the plan

C. Establish a program management system (Area III) Gantt charts are often used to ensure that programs are operating on schedule and that activities occur in the order they need to.

Periodic data collection to ensure that programs are being implemented as they were intended is called: A. Correlation study B. Outcome evaluation C. Fidelity monitoring D. Input monitoring

C. Fidelity monitoring (Area IV) Fidelity monitoring ensures that the program is implemented as it was intended.

All of the following are important in creating readable materials EXCEPT: A. Avoid or define jargon. B. Use a lot of white space. C. Focus on improving knowledge rather than changing behavior. D. Use headings and subheads.

C. Focus on improving knowledge rather than changing behavior (Area VI) Using headings and subheads, avoiding or at least defining jargon, and using white space are all best practices for creating readable materials. Increasing knowledge, rather than changing behavior, might or might not be an appropriate goal in a specific instance, but is not necessarily a best practice

A health educator is interested in understanding what health services are needed by employees in a certain company. Which of the following audiences would be least helpful to consult? A. Employees B. Management C. Former employees D. Human resources department

C. Former employees (Area I) While former employees might have some valuable insights, it is current employees that are the audience of a worksite health promotion program. Given an unlimited budget and time-frame, it might be worth speaking to former employees to see if they had left the company due to a lack of health services, but from a realistic standpoint, it make much more sense to focus resources on speaking to current employees, management, and those in the human resources (HR) Department.

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of survey data? A. Closed-ended questions may have lower validity B. Lack of context C. Geographical limitations D. Social-desirability bias

C. Geographical limitations (Area I) Conducting surveys remotely can eliminate or reduce geographical limitations to research.

Perceived threat of a disease, perceived barriers, and cues to action are all constructs from which theory or model? A. Theory of Planned Behavior B. Theory of Reasoned Action C. Health Belief Model D. Ecological Model

C. Health Belief Model (Area III) "Perceived susceptibility" is another way of saying "perceived threat of a disease

The five broad categories, from most to least individual, common to ecological models are: A. Innate, intrapersonal interpersonal, institutional, federal, international B. Intrapersonal, interpersonal, neighborhood, organizational, state, federal C. Innate, intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, public policy D. Individual, workplaces, community, federal, international

C. Innate, intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, public policy (Area III) The Social Ecological Model sees health as being influenced by a series of interconnected systems. The innate are those biological factors a person is born with. The intrapersonal are an individual's knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, skills, and so on. Interpersonal processes and primary groups are the formal and informal social networks and support systems surrounding the individual, such as families, work, and friendship networks. The next larger circle are institutional factors, such as social institutions and organizations, including formal and informal rules and regulations. Next, community factors, including relationships among organizations and institutions and informal networks. Finally, the outermost circle, furthest from the individual on the model are public policy including laws and policies.

According to the diffusion of innovations theory, which of the following groups of people are the first to adopt a behavior? A. Laggards B. Early adopters C. Innovators D. Early majority

C. Innovators (Area III) Innovators are the very first to adopt a behavior. Early adopters are next.

In a logic model, "staff," "funding," and "a swimming pool" would be considered: A. Outcomes B. Activities C. Inputs D. Outputs

C. Inputs (Area III) In a logic model, inputs are the resources you need to conduct a program

Good examples of secondary data include all of the following except: A. Vital records B. BRFSS C. Interviews D. Bureau of Labor Statistics data

C. Interviews (Area VI) Interviews are usually examples of primary data.

The Belmont Report outlines three human-subject protection guidelines: beneficence, respect for persons, and: A. Fairness B. Nonmaleficence C. Justice D. Cultural sensitivity

C. Justice (Area III) The Belmont Report, published in 1979, calls for beneficence, respect for persons, and justice

According to Bloom's Taxonomy, which of the following verbs shows the highest level of skills? A. List B. Use C. Justify D. Analyze

C. Justify (Area VI) "List" comes from the "Remembering" or lowest domain. "Use" comes from the "Applying" or third domain. Analyze comes from the "Analyzing" or fourth domain. "Justify" comes from the "Evaluating" or fifth domain

A health educator has planned an intervention that will ensure that families in a high-risk area for infant death have safe sleeping areas for their babies. She plans to visit homes where babies are expected to make sure they have cribs set up and the environment is safe. She is concerned that parents may be resistant to having her come into their homes, despite having been told in several focus groups with pregnant mothers from the community that they would be interested in such a program and developing relationship with several community gatekeepers. What should she do before launching the program? A. Hold more focus groups B. Do a literature search to get more information on safe sleep C. Launch a pilot project in one neighborhood D. Focus on something else

C. Launch a pilot project in one neighborhood (Area II) Holding more focus groups is unlikely to turn up new data—she has reached saturation on this point. It is also unlikely she has reached the point in a program where she has held several focus groups and developed a program to this extent without having conducted a literature search on safe sleep. And given that the community has clearly expressed a need and desire, focusing on something else is not an acceptable choice. She is ready to launch a pilot project and see what opportunities and challenges exist implementing the project.

The data collection approach that often yields the most helpful information to program planners while balancing efficiency and generalizability with the ability to explore needs of subgroups within a population is: A. Quantitative B. Qualitative C. Mixed methods D. Secondary

C. Mixed methods (Area I) A mixed methods approach can provide program planners with a balance between the efficiency and generalizability of quantitative methods like surveys while balancing out their limitations of lack of context and shallowness of the data by supplementing them with qualitative methods such as interviews and focus groups to gain richer, deeper understanding of participant needs and perspectives. These relatively more expensive and less generalizable methods can be used where needed as either exploration to inform the development of the quantitative work, or to further explore themes found in the quantitative needs assessment that program planners do not understand and need more information about to move forward

When planning a program for a local nonprofit, which of the following should be most important to a health education specialist? A. A similar program's evaluation data B. State health department goals and objectives C. Needs assessment data D. BRFSS data

C. Needs assessment data (Area II) Ideally, the needs assessment should drive the development of the goals and objectives for the program. BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) data are a valuable source of population-level data but cannot provide specifics about conditions faced by the local nonprofit or their clients or partners. Finally, while other's evaluation data can be useful to help inform your project, it should not dominate your thinking.

A health education specialist working at a university implements a campaign to reduce underage drinking. The campaign is focused on changing the perception that all college students binge drink on the weekend and instead communicating that most college students do not drink or drink moderately on the weekend. This campaign is based on which construct from Social Cognitive Theory? A. Social norms B. Self-efficacy C. Observational learning D. Situation

C. Observational learning (Area III) By offering credible role models who display the targeted behavior, you are demonstrating observational learning or modeling, which is a construct in the Social Cognitive Theory

A ______________ is a trial run of a program in order to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, acceptability, and potential adverse events. A. Prelaunch B. Pretest C. Pilot project D. Fidelity test

C. Pilot project (Area III) A pilot is a trial of an intervention in its entirety run in a limited location. The results are used to fix problems and make changes before a full-scale project implementation.

What are the "4 Ps" of social marketing? A. Planning, price, people, and products B. People, place, package, and produce C. Product, price, place, and promotion D. Planning, package, people, and price

C. Product, price, place, and promotion (Area VII) The product (tangible or intangible) satisfies the consumer's needs or wants, the price is what the customer pays (in direct or indirect costs), the place is where the customer accesses the product, and the promotion is the marketing communication

SMOG, Flesch-Kincaid, and FOG are all examples of tools to assess: A. Cultural competence B. Central tendency C. Reading level D. Kurtosis

C. Reading level (Area VII) These are all tools you use when assessing reading level for health literacy work.

Which of the following helps planners conduct a situational analysis? A. HEDIR B. ERIC C. SWOT D. PATCH

C. SWOT (Area VI) A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis helps planners understand the situation in which their program will be operating

The last step in a community needs assessment should be: A. Analyzing data gathered B. Creating SMART objectives C. Sharing and validating the needs that have been identified D. Obtaining Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data

C. Sharing and validating the needs that have been identified (Area I) Validating the results of your needs assessment with the community will confirm that the priorities the needs assessment has identified are appropriate and acceptable to the community.

Addressing a participant in communication materials by name, and including details specific to that individual's knowledge, attitudes, and preferences is an example of what kind of health communication? A. Mass B. Social C. Tailored D. Specific

C. Tailored (Area III) Tailored health communications have been shown to be effective in a variety of situations but are more expensive to produce and maintain.

Creating messages specifically aimed at an individual based on his or her particular characteristics is called A. Cultural competency B. Drafting C. Tailoring D. Personalizing

C. Tailoring (Area III) Tailored messages are custom fitted to an individual, or groups of individuals, based upon particular characteristics they hold. These frequently include stage-of-change, demographic factors, or health condition or behavior.

According to Bloom's Taxonomy, which classification of skills includes the ability to define, describe, label, or state? A. Comprehension B. Knowledge C. Application D. Evaluation

C. Use technical jargon (Area IV) Knowing your audience and the requirements for reporting is always key, but when writing evaluation reports, it is best to avoid technical jargon and use clear, straightforward language to communicate the salient points. Illustrations, examples, and stories make for engaging reading

In writing an evaluation report to a funding agency, which of the following is NOT recommended? A. Clearly state the strengths and limitations of the evaluation. B. Describe stakeholders and their roles. C. Use technical jargon. D. Use illustrations, examples, and stories.

C. Use technical jargon (Area IV) Knowing your audience and the requirements for reporting is always key, but when writing evaluation reports, it is best to avoid technical jargon and use clear, straightforward language to communicate the salient points. Illustrations, examples, and stories make for engaging reading

If a survey question measures what it is intended to measure it is: A. Reliable B. Skewed C. Valid D. Accurate

C. Valid (Area I) Valid measures measure what they are supposed to—if you get on a scale, it will tell you what you actually weigh. Reliable measures will work each time.

The Epidemiological Model for needs assessment asks all of the following questions except: A. Who had the problem? B. What is the problem? C. What will solve the problem? D. Why do those with the problem have it?

C. What will solve the problem? (Area I) The Epidemiological Model for needs assessment focuses on identifying problems, not identifying solutions.

Strategic plans seek to answer all of the following questions EXCEPT: A. Where do we want to be? B. Where are we now? C. Who is our competition? D. How do we get to where we want to be?

C. Who is our competition? (Area V) Strategic plans focus on the organization, and things in the organization's control—where it is, where it wants to go, and how it is going to get there

A health educator is approached by a technology company about implementing its program, which uses tablets to deliver educational content to seniors in their homes to reduce social isolation and loneliness. What would be the first question the health educator should consider before adopting the technology into the intervention? A. Is there funding available to offset the cost of the technology? B. How much training time will staff need to learn the technology? C. Will the technology be acceptable to or wanted by the population? D. Will the organization be perceived as innovative if it adopts the technology

C. Will the technology be acceptable to or wanted by the population? (Area V) The first question must be if the population is, "Does the population want this technology?" "Is it acceptable to them?" Only after those questions are answered can other questions be asked.

Preparing for a large scale health education campaign—including conducting formative research, developing and testing materials, and preparing for implementation takes approximately how long? A. 1 month B. 3 months C. 6 months D. 12 months

D. 12 months (Area II) A national health communication campaign can easily take a year or better to plan, including developing and testing materials.

When interviewing a potential new hire, which of the following should the person in charge of the hiring process ask the applicant? A. Qualifying degrees and/or certifications B. Health status C. Working style D. A and C

D. A and C (Area V) Asking new hires about their health status, even in seemingly innocuous ways, could be illegal

Common elements of a program proposal include an abstract, project plan, budget, and: A. Specific aims. B. SMART aims. C. Letters of support. D. A and C.

D. A and C (Area V) Program proposals often contain specific aims, which set the scope of the project, and include letters of support from organizations that will be involved with the program.

Using volunteers and using paid staff to perform agency functions is similar in what way? A. Both require time to recruitment and training B. Cost C. Recognition and rewards are important for retention D. A and C

D. A and C (Area V) While using volunteers will save on paying salaries, it still takes time and money to recruit and train them, and it is important to provide rewards, both extrinsic and intrinsic, to both volunteers and staff, to keep them engaged and satisfied with their work, though obviously the nature of those rewards vary depending on their relationship with the organization.

When creating readable materials, you should: A. Use headings B. Use a mix of passive and active voice C. Chunk information D. A and C

D. A and C (Area VII) Headings, bulleted list, and chunking similar information into small, manageable pieces and some of the ways you can create documents that are easier for readers to navigate.

A woman is considering quitting smoking but is very sure that if she does so, she will gain weight. A health educator using the Theory of Planned Behavior would have to influence which construct to address this concern? A. Perceived behavioral control B. Subjective norm C. Behavioral intention D. Attitude

D. Attitude (Area III) In the Theory of Planned Behavior, the construct of "attitude" refers to the degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior of interest including a consideration of the outcomes of performing the behavior. Since the woman strongly believes she will gain weight if she quits smoking, this represents an attitude toward quitting smoking

When using presentation software, it is considered a best practice to do: A. Use a lot of animations to keep the audience interested B. Practice the presentation before presenting it in public C. Limit the text on the slides to only the most important concepts D. B and C

D. B and C (Area VI) Practicing the presentation beforehand ensures that you are comfortable delivering the presentation and that your talk can be delivered in the appropriate amount of time. Limiting the text on the slide to only the key concepts helps make sure that it is readable to as wide of an audience as possible and that the key concepts are remembered by the audience. A lot of animations can be distracting and may not be appropriate depending on the topic and audience.

"In the next two years, there will be a 30% increase in the number of new parents who say they intend to vaccinate their babies on time" is an example of a: A. Program goal B. Learning objective C. Educational objective D. Behavioral objective

D. Behavioral objective (Area II) The main difference between goals and objectives is their specificity. Goals are more general and include words such as "increase, decrease, raise, lower" but without specifics. Here, the targets and timeframe identify this as an objective. The objective is targeting a behavior, rather than a knowledge, makes it a behavioral objective, rather than a learning objective.

Jane Doe, PhD, Principal Investigator (effort = 3 calendar months). Dr. Doe will be responsible for the overall coordination and supervision of all aspects of the study, including hiring, training, and supervising staff/students; recruiting study participants; coordinating treatment and assessment components; scheduling and staff assignments; and data management. Additionally, she will conduct the training sessions, assist with statistical analyses, and be responsible for reporting the project's findings. This is an example of a: A. Job description B. Performance review C. Study plan D. Budget justification

D. Budget justification (Area V) Budget justifications describe proposed costs for a project. Generally, they explain staffing and supply costs in sufficient detail for a reviewer to understand the necessity for each proposed cost within the project

Common sources of secondary data include all of the following except: A. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports B. BRFSS C. NHANES D. CINAHL

D. CINAHL (Area I) CINAHL is the database for nursing and allied health professionals. The rest are common sources of secondary data

Effective health communication messages should be all of the following EXCEPT: A. Consistent B. Clear C. Credible D. Capricious

D. Capricious (Area VII) Health communication materials should always be clear, credible, and consistent. Capriciousness, or being given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior, is not a desirable quality in health communication materials.

A logic model can convey the purpose of an initiative, show why it is important, provide a common reference point to all involved, and: A. Show funding sources. B. Identify expected outcomes. C. Enumerate planned activities. D. Change underlying assumptions.

D. Change underlying assumptions (Area IV) A logic model can and should identify underlying assumptions, but it cannot change them.

A ______________ study involves a group of people from whom data are collected prospectively or can be gleaned from historical record. A. Time-series B. Case-control C. Experimental D. Cohort

D. Cohort (Area III) A cohort study is a longitudinal study selected from a cohort, (sharing a defining characteristic, such as birth or graduation), performing a crosssectional studies at intervals through time.

Phase 1 of PRECEED-PROCEED includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. Articulating the community's needs and desires. B. Considering the community's problem-solving capacity. C. Identifying strengths and resources. D. Considering enabling factors.

D. Considers enabling factors (Area II) Phase 1 of PRECEED-PROCEED is the Social Diagnosis Phase. Enabling factors are considered in Phase 3.

Which of the following would not be a consideration for assessing whether an intervention caused an outcome? A. Dose-response B. Strength of association C. Biologic plausibility D. Correlation

D. Correlation (Area IV) Correlation cannot imply causation

A health educator is working on a project investigating childhood asthma in a public school system in a metropolitan school district. After obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB) and parental approval, she randomly samples students from across the school district and asks them questions about their asthma and treatment. She finds that among those who have been diagnosed with asthma, 70% do not have their asthma medication available to them at all times during the day at school. This type of study is: A. Time-series B. Case-control C. Ecological D. Cross-sectional

D. Cross-sectional (Area III) Cross-sectional studies are onetime studies that give researchers a "snapshot" of what is going on at a particular point in time. They are useful for determining prevalence of a health problem among other things.

A health educator is asked to write a literature review for a grant proposal his organization is submitting to develop a project to test local schools for environmental contaminants in local schools. Which one of the following should he NOT do in the literature review portion of the proposal? A. Build an argument for the program B. Demonstrate the relevance of the program C. Present epidemiologic data related to the issue under study D. Describe how they will measure variables in program

D. Describe how they will measure variables in program (Area II) The methods section is the place to describe how variables will be measured in the project.

Someone who is learning new information is most likely to remember it when they have A. Read it B. Seen it C. Heard about it and seen it D. Done it and taught it to someone else

D. Done it and taught it to someone else (Area II) The old adage from medical school is when you are learning something you "see one, do one, teach one." Practicing a skill and teaching it to someone else under supervised conditions is a most effective way of learning information.

Which of the following is NOT a framework for program evaluation: A. Reach B. RE-AIM C. PRECEED-PROCEED D. EBMR

D. EBMR (Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews) is a database of evidencebased medical interventions.

A health education specialist is working with a high school science teacher to plan a lesson on preventing drunk driving before prom. The best source to search for information on school-based programs is: A. MEDLINE B. PsycINFO C. HEDIR D. ERIC

D. ERIC (Area VI) ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education

A health educator is approached by a technology company about implementing its program, which uses tablets to deliver educational content to seniors in their homes to reduce social isolation and loneliness. In this project, the app has provisions for those with loss of vision or hearing to enable them to participate in the program. Additionally, the program does not require seniors to leave their homes, so it is inclusive of those who have physical limitations that make travel difficult. These tablets are also being provided at little or no cost to low-income seniors. These accommodations are examples of what ethical principle? A. Beneficence B. Transparency C. Confidentiality D. Equity

D. Equity (Area V) By not only considering whether physical disabilities will prevent use, but by actually using technology to overcome physical limitations, as well as ensuring that financial resources are not a barrier, the ethical principle of equity is being upheld.

A needs assessment has shown those residents have lower than-average rates of annual flu vaccination. The educator decides to hold a flu shot clinic, and residents who get a flu shot will be given $500. In this scenario, the educator would be violating which of the following responsibilities for health education practice? A. Financial B. Moral C. Legal D. Ethical

D. Ethical (Area III) Coercive incentives are a violation of Article IV, Section 5 of the Code of Ethics for The Health Education Profession

An owner of a medium-sized manufacturing plant is interested in beginning a worksite health promotion program. Which of the following is a true statement about using focus groups to develop a needs assessment? A. A focus group will give you highly generalizable data from which to base your program planning decisions. B. Focus groups should consist of approximately eight to 10 employees and should be have an assortment of management and labor to get a full understanding of employee opinions. C. The final report of information gathered in focus groups should not be shared back to the participants to preserve confidentiality. D. Even if you design, recruit, and analyze your focus groups well, you may need additional needs assessment information.

D. Even if you design, recruit, and analyze your focus groups well, you may need additional needs assessment information (Area I) Focus groups can provide rich and deep information, but they should not be considered the sole source of information because they are not representative. Individual focus groups generally should be homogenous to facilitate honest opinion sharing—in this case, mixing management and labor might constrain employees' willingness to share their opinions.

In the social ecological model, social determinates of health include all but the following: A. Availability of resources B. Exposure to crime C. Quality schools D. Exposure to toxic substances

D. Exposure to toxic substances (Area III) Exposure to toxic substance is a biological factor, though may be influenced by things like poverty, poor housing, and so on, which would be addressed in the Social Ecological Model.

Perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, and perceived benefits are all constructs in which theory or model? A. Theory of Reasoned Action B. Theory of Planned Behavior C. Transtheoretical Model D. Health Belief Model

D. Health Belief Model (Area III) People can be influenced by the perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits (or threats) of a particular behavior or health condition, according to the Health Belief Model.

The duration of the study, the potential risks and benefits, and the requirements of the study are all pieces of information necessary for: A. SMART objectives B. Record reviews C. The Belmont Report D. Informed consent

D. Informed consent (Area III) Informed consent is the means by which researchers provide information to potential participants on the potential risks and benefits of being involved in a research study. The specifics of informed consent will be dictated by an Institutional Review Board (IRB), but would include the duration, risks and benefits, and requirements of the study

The Social-Ecological Model assumes that health and well-being are affected by ____________ of multiple determinates including biology, behavior, the environment, and policy. A. Linkages B. Connections C. Communications D. Interactions

D. Interactions (Area III) The model is predicated on the idea the multiple levels of the model interact with each other.

When assessing the quality of online information, which of the following is the least important to ask? A. Who is responsible for this site? B. Is the information evidence-based? C. Is the information up-to-date? D. Is the information written in an active or passive voice?

D. Is the information written in an active or passive voice? (Area VI) While active voice is preferred for readability, it is not important for assessing the quality of online information. In this case, questions like the source of the information, are sources and citations offered, and is there a date that the site was last updated are more imported for assessing the quality of the website

What would be the type of intervention a health educator might advocate after a variety of educational and persuasive techniques showed little impact on lowering the number of drivers still playing the game, and causing car crashes? A. Education B. Social marketing C. Fear campaign D. Legislation

D. Legislation (Area III) When education and persuasive techniques have failed to bring about the desired levels of behavior change, legal solutions are often employed.

Sources of quantitative data include all of the following except: A. Surveys B. Pretests and post-tests C. Healthy People 2020 D. Observations

D. Observations (Area I) Observations provide direct information about behavior of individuals and groups, permit evaluators to enter into and understand situation and/or context and provide opportunities for identifying unanticipated outcomes, all hallmarks of qualitative data.

Whether there is evidence for program activities leading to desired outcomes, whether the program addressed stakeholder concerns, and what level of noise the program generated are all questions that might be asked during what kind of program evaluation? A. Formative B. Monitoring C. Process D. Outcome

D. Outcome (Area IV) Outcome or effectiveness evaluation measures program effects in the target population by assessing the progress toward the outcome objectives of the program, whether there were unintended effects, how acceptable the program was, and so on.

In a logic model, the creation of "swimming classes" and "a website for participants to log the number of hours they swim" would be a considered: A. Outcomes B. Assumptions C. Inputs D. Outputs

D. Outputs (Area III) In a logic model, outputs are the activities or products produced by the program. In this case, classes, or a website would be activities or products created by a program, thus outputs.

Descriptive study designs include which of the following except? A. Cross-sectional B. Case-control C. Cohort D. Pretest-posttest design

D. Pretest-posttest design (Area III) Cross-sectional, cohort, case-control all help researchers describe or observe what is going on in various populations, but the researchers do not try to change what is being experienced by those populations in the course of conducting the research. In experimental designs, such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, researchers are trying to effect change in the study population.

The study design generally perceived as having the most convincing evidence that an intervention caused an outcome is: A. Case-control study B. Interrupted time series C. Direct observation D. Randomized control study

D. Randomized control study (Area IV) Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are considered the "gold standard" of causational studies

The type of evaluation that measures whether a health education intervention has caused a desired change in a population of interest is called: A. Formative B. Process C. Educational D. Summative

D. Summative (Area IV) Summative, or outcome evaluation, seeks to understand whether there was a change in the population in some manner—often in their health status.

Which of the following is an example of a learning objective? A. The community nurse educator will demonstrate the correct use of a blood pressure cuff. B. The group facilitator will explain two benefits of medication adherence. C. The principals will participate in a trauma-informed teaching workshop. D. The conference attendee will be able to demonstrate how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

D. The conference attendee will be able to demonstrate how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). (Area II) Learning objectives should be student-centered, use action verbs (ideally from Bloom's Taxonomy, and should break down the task a focus on specific, measurable cognitive, or skill-based processes.

When searching for health information online, the most important issue for a health educator to consider for each website is: A. Whether the site has attractive colors and pictures B. If the website has a search feature C. If all sources are cited using the American Psychological Association (APA) style D. The relevance of the information to the intended audience When you check your answers, is there one or more Areas of Responsibility

D. The relevance of the information to the intended audience (Area VI) When evaluating websites, accuracy, relevance, and appropriateness to the intended audience are among the most important features to look for. Others include a clear understanding of who the author is and when the last time the site was updated

A broad, future-oriented statement reflecting an aspirational aim of a program or organization is called a: A. SMART objective B. Goal C. Mission statement D. Vision statement

D. Vision statement (Area II) Vision statements tend to be more aspirational and forward looking while mission statements are more concrete and focus on what the organization currently does.

A health education specialist is designing a social media campaign to increase breastfeeding initiation in young women of color. The best group to work with to design, pretest, and refine messages would be: A. Pediatricians B. High school teachers C. Public health nurses D. Young women of color

D. Young women of color (Area VII) The primary audience is nearly always the best source of information for the development and design of messages

Which of the following is the correct order of steps to take to develop a focus group?

Determine the objectives of the focus group> Determine the focus group questions to be asked> Determine a data analysis plan> Recruit participants (Area I) Qualitative data are collected methodically, just as quantitative data are. First the objectives of the study are determined. Then questions would be created to capture the data needed to satisfy project objectives. Next a data analysis plan would be constructed to ensure that the data could be obtained from the questions asked, and the methods for doing so (number of coders, method of coding, etc.). Only after that would recruitment of participations begin.

According to Gagne's Theory of Instruction, what is the first step in providing instruction? A. Gain attention B. Inform learners of the objectives C. Build on prior knowledge D. Assess performance

a. Gain attention (Area VI) First you have to have people's attention before you can begin to provide instruction. The next step is to "Inform the learners of the objectives

Which of the following is the correct order of the PROCEED model for public health planning? A. Implementation, process evaluation, impact evaluation, outcome evaluation B. Implementation, impact evaluation, process evaluation, outcome evaluation C. Process evaluation, implementation, impact evaluation, outcome evaluation D. Formative evaluation, implementation, outcome evaluation, impact evaluation

a. implementation, process evaluation, impact evaluation, outcome evaluation (Area II) The four phases of the PROCEED Model are implementation, process evaluation, impact evaluation, outcome evaluation.

A health education specialist encounters a client with his family in the local grocery store. While they are all talking the educator asks the client how he is responding to his diabetes medication. The health educator has violated which of the following of the responsibilities of the Health Education Profession's Code of Ethics? A. Nonmaleficence B. Confidentiality C. Informed consent D. Autonomy

b. Confidentiality (Area III) Article 1, Section 6 of the Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession states that "Health Educators are ethically bound to respect, assure, and protect the privacy, confidentiality, and dignity of individual

An important distinction between program evaluation and research is that evaluation: A. Is always more expensive B. Is not intended to be generalizable to a wider population C. Is easier to do D. Is more useful

b. Is not intended to be generalizable to a wider population (Area IV) Program evaluation is intended to judge the merit or worth of a particular program, not to produce generalizable knowledge

A ______________contains inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes. A. Strategic plan B. SMART objective C. Logic model D. Ecological model

c. Logic model (Area IV) Logic models are a graphical depiction of the logical relationships between the resources (inputs), activities, outputs, and outcomes of a program

Which one of the following interventions is the best example of primary prevention? A. Mammography B. Physical therapy C. Tracheostomy D. Immunization

d.immunization (Area II) Primary preventions, like immunizations, seek to prevent disease. Secondary preventions seek to detect diseases early so they can be treated before they become more serious.