Child Development CH. 7

According to the studies conducted by Chess and Thomas, how is temperament in childhood linked with adjustment in adulthood?

-Children with an easy temperament at age 3-5 years were likely to be well adjusted as adults and children with difficult temperaments at ages 3-5 years were not well adjusted as adults. -According to the studies conducted by Chess and Thomas, children who had an easy temperament at three to five years of age were likely to be well adjusted as young adults. In contrast, many children who had a difficult temperament at three to five years of age were not well adjusted as young adults.

Which of the following is a part of the brain that plays an important role in fear and inhibition?

Amygdala

What is emotion? Give one example for positive and negative emotions.

An emotion is a feeling or affect that occurs when an individual is in a state or interaction that is important to themselves and their well-being. Positive Emotion: joy, love Negative Emotion: anger, sadness

Which of the following terms refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope?

Goodness of fit

High-quality child care includes all of the following EXCEPT:

High teacher-child ratios

What constitutes a high-quality child-care program for infants?

High-quality childcare involves providing children with a safe environment, age appropriate toys and activities and a low caregiver to child ratio that allows caregivers to spend more individual time with each child. It also involves positive interactions with smiling and speaking at the childs eye level and encouragement to express feelings and ideas.

Which of the following conditions is MOST likely to incite a basic cry?

Hunger

Which of the following helps infants to understand the intentions and goal-oriented behavior of others?

Joint attention

Which of the following factors is MOST likely to be linked to secure attachment in infants?

Maternal sensitivity

Which of the following terms refers to the collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure?

Nucleus acumens

Which of the following neuropeptide hormones has an important role in the formation of maternal infant bond?

Oxytocin

How did Michael Lewis distinguish between primary emotions and self-conscious emotions?

Primary emotions are emotions present in humans and animals, they appear in the first 6 months of the human infants development. Primary emotions include: joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, interest and surprise. Self-conscious emotions require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me." Self-conscious emotions include: jealsousy, empathy, guilt, shame, pride and embarrassment.

Which of the following terms refers to an infant's distressed reaction when the caregiver leaves?

Separation protest

________ is critical as a means of developing a new social skill and is a key social signal.

Smiling

________ is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation.

Social referencing

In ________, parents can take an 18-month job-protected parental leave with benefits allowed to be shared by parents and applied to full-time or part-time work.

Sweden

How does the development of social referencing help infants?

The development of social referencing helps infants interpret uncertain situations more accurately such as an encounter with a stranger. They need to know whether or not to fear the person. By the end of the first year the i mothers facial expressions such as smiling or fearful will influence the infant for future exploration with an unfamiliar environment. In the second year infants are better at social referencing and tend to refer to their mother to see if she is happy, angry or afraid before acting.

What are the direct and indirect effects of subsystems on each other in a family as stated by Jay Belsky?

The direct effect is the influence of the parents behavior on the child or children. The indirect effect is how the relationship between the couple (both parents) mediates the way a parent acts towards the child or children. For example a conflict between the couple may reduce the efficiency of parenting which would indirectly affect the child or childrens behavior.

According to research, difficulties in infant soothability at 6 months of age was predictive of

an insecure attachment at 12 months of age.

When mothers who had experienced negative emotions were reunited with their infants, the infants

appeared to synchronize with the mother's emotional state.

According to Margaret Mahler, the ________ process involves the development of self.

individuation

The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth is an observational measure of

infant attachment.

In the Strange Situation, the babies who engage in no interaction with the caregiver are described as ________ babies.

insecure avoidant

With reference to the Strange Situation, babies that show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance, or display behaviors like extreme fearfulness around the caregiver will be classified as ________ babies.

insecure disorganized

When put on the floor to play, Lillian cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, Lillian pushes her away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Lillian is a(n) ________ baby.

insecure resistant

With reference to the Strange Situation, ________ babies often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

insecure resistant

With reference to Erikson's stages of development, the toddlers who are consistently overprotected by their parents or continuously criticized for accidents develop an excessive sense of ________.

shame

Julia, a two-year-old girl, looks at her mother for cues when she is offered a toy by a neighbor in order to decide whether to take it or not. If the mother looks happy, Julia might take the doll, and if she has a still response Julia will not take it. This behavior of Julia shows that she has developed

social referencing.

According to a recent meta-analysis on the stability of attachment throughout the lifespan, attachment is

stable for short intervals throughout the lifespan.

Twenty-five-month-old Allen is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Allen will most likely

touch his nose to wipe off the spot.

According to Erik Erikson, the first year of life is characterized by the ________ stage of development.

trust versus mistrust

According to your text, Japanese parents

try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.

By ________ months of age infants respond to people differently from the way they do to objects, showing more positive emotions toward people than inanimate objects such as puppets.

two to three

How do mothers and fathers interact differently with infants as observed across most cultures?

-Interactions with the mother are more centered around care for the child such as feeding, bathing and changing diapers. Interactions with the father are more centered around playful such as tickling, throwing in the air and catching them and bouncing them around. -Maternal interactions usually center on child-care activities like feeding, changing diapers, bathing. Paternal interactions are more likely to include play. Fathers engage in more rough-and-tumble play. They bounce infants, throw them up in the air, tickle them, and so on. Mothers do play with infants, but their play is less physical and arousing than that of fathers.

According to your text, there was a ________ percent increase in stay-at-home fathers in the United States from 1996 to 2011.

300

List the three basic types of temperament described by Chess and Thomas in their classification.

Easy child: positive mood, quick to establish a regular routine and adapts well to new experiences. Difficult child: cries often, engages in an irrefular routine and is slow to acccept change. Slow-to-warm-up child: low activity level, somewhat negative, low mood intensity.

When the cry of a baby is following a rhythmic pattern consisting of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry, then it is called the ________ cry.

basic

Managing and guiding infant behaviors involves

childproofing the environment.

The physiological pattern associated with an inhibited temperament includes high and stable heart rate, high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain and high levels of the ________ hormone.

cortisol

Caregivers of insecure avoidant babies

often don't respond to their babies' signals and have little physical contact with them.

Caregivers of insecure disorganized babies

often neglect or physically abuse them.

Paternal improvements in parenting, such as increased positive affect and vocal synchrony, were associated with the administration of

oxytocin.

The ________ cry is triggered by a high-intensity stimulus.

pain

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, when babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father, they are said to be in _____.

phase 3

The emotions that appear in the first six months of the human infant's development are known as the ________ emotions.

primary

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and usually appears during sleep is known as the ________ smile.

reflexive

Caregiver-infant games such as peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake exemplify ________.

scaffolding

Even though there are cultural variations in attachment classification, the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is ________.

secure attachment

According to Lewis' classification, ________ emotions involve a sense of "me." An example of such an emotion is pride.

self-conscious

Parents who elicited talk about emotions with their toddlers had toddlers who

were more likely to share and be helpful.