Child Development II Ch. 10

What age do children approach others in distress and try to help?

2

What is the first stage of gender role?

2 to 2 1/2-year-olds are accurate at identifying pictures of boys and girls

What age do children begin to make evaluative judgments about their cognitive and physical competence as well as their social acceptance by peers and parents?

4

At what age do children first show interest in their peers?

6 months

What age is aggression typically hostile and person-oriented?

6-7

Who used the two dimensions of parenting to classify four styles?

Baumrind

Why do children prefer same-sex playmates?

Boys are more aggressive and are unresponsive to girls' suggestions. Also the similarity in toys and activities with same-sexed playmates.

_________________ are more likely to communicate norms for gender-typed behaviors to children.

Fathers

________________________________ children tend to be more popular with peers, more rebellious, liberal and agreeable.

Later born

Which child would probably be less friendly and spontaneous in social interactions?

Todd, raised by authoritarian parents

gender-schema theory

a cluster of concepts about male and female traits as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world

gender role

a complex cluster of traits and behaviors that are considered stereotypical of females or of males

Individualist

a person who defines herself or himself in terms of personal traits and gives priority to her or his own goals

collectivist

a person who defines herself or himself in terms of relationships to other people and groups and gives priority to group goals

regression

a return to behaviors characteristic of earlier stages of development

What is the fourth state of gender role?

adolescents are more flexible in their views on gender stereotypes

Evolutionary Theory

aggression is natural in the struggle for survival

What is another term for pro-social behavior?

altruism

What type of play do girls prefer?

art and crafts, domestic play

What is social cognitive theory?

attributes of sex differences to observational learning and socialization

Leila's parents use a parenting style characterized by consistent control, strong support, and affection for her. This is referred to as

authoritative parenting

What are the four parenting styles?

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive-indulgent and rejecting-neglecting

prosocial behavior

behavior intended to benefit another without expectation of reward

What is the third stage of gender role?

between 3 and 10 children become more traditional in their stereotypes about activities, occupation, and personality traits

What stems from gender preferences in choice of toys and activities?

biological factors and/or differences in treatment by adults

What is the second stage of gender role?

by 3 children display knowledge of gender stereotypes

operant conditioning

children are guided to desirable behaviors and reinforced in engaging them

peers

children of the same age, people of similar background and social standing

What are the negative aspects of sibling interactions?

conflict, control and competition

What are the positive aspects of sibling interactions?

cooperation, teaching and nurturance

Self-definitions that refer to concrete external traits are called the ________________ self.

cotegorical

categorical self

definitions of the self that refers to concrete external traits

warmth-coldness dimension

degree of affection and acceptance of child

restrictiveness-permissiveness dimension

degree to which parents impose rules and control

Children raised by warm parents are more likely to

develop a sense of conscience

constructive play

draw or make something (example: tower of blocks)

When do children decline in fear of loud noises, falling, sudden movements and strangers?

during preschool

participant modeling

engaging in the behavior that evokes fears

Self-_______________________ is the value or worth that people attach to themselves.

esteem

Who believe sex differences are a result of natural selection and adaptation?

evolutionary psychologists

desensitizaion

exposes children gradually to the sources of their fears

Children who are more highly motivated to achieve, more cooperative, adult-oriented, and more likely to have an imaginary friend are ______________________ children.

first born

_____________________________ children show greater anxiety and are less self-reliant.

first born

What is aggression in preschoolers?

frequently instrumental or possession-oriented

What are the four types of play Piaget identified based on cognitive complexity?

functional play, symbolic play, constructive play and formal games

formal games

games with rules

What are the three stages of Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory?

gender identity, gender stability and gender constancy

Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory

gender typing proposes that children form concepts about gender and then fit their behavior to those concepts

____________ report more fears and higher levels of anxiety.

girls

authoritative parenting style

high warmth, high restrictiveness (control) - (have children who are high in self-reliance, independence, self-esteem and social competence)

permissive-indulgent parenting style

high warmth, low restrictiveness (control) - (have children that are less competent in school but fairly high in social competence and self-confidence)

What positive reactions do children adjust to with the birth of a sibling?

increased independence and maturity

How do parents restrict their children's behavior?

induction, power assertion, and/or withdrawal of love.

What methods of enforcing restrictions attempt to give children knowledge that will enable them to generate desirable behavior patterns in similar insinuation?

inductive

When does self-concept emerge?

infancy

When does empathy start?

infancy (During infancy babies cry when they hear other children cry. )

Erikson referred to early childhood as the stage of _________________ versus guilt.

initiative

sibling rivalry

jealousy or rivalry among brothers and sisters

gender identity

knowledge that one is female or male (ages 2-3)

authoritarian parenting style

low warmth, high restrictiveness (control) - (have children who are anxious, irritable, less friendly, and low in independence and self esteem) (not consistent across cultures)

rejecting-neglecting parenting style

low warmth, low restrictiveness (control) -(have the least competent, responsible and mature children)

Brain imaging suggest that the hemispheres of the brain are more specialized in _________________________.

males

In the early years, siblings

may spend more time with each other than with their parents

When do children's fears become more realistic and more concerned with social relationships.

middle childhood

During middle childhood, children's fears become

more realistic

unoccupied play

not playing

What are the types of play that are social?

parallel play, associative play and cooperative play

power assertion

physical or withholding privileges

What helps children develop motor skills, social skills, impulse control and cognitive qualities?

play

cooperative play

play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests (plans and roles)

solitary play

playing by yourself

associative play

playing separately but involved in what the other is doing

parallel play

playing side by side, but in their own little world

When do children most likely have fears about animals, imaginary creatures, the dark, and personal safety.

preschool

symbolic play

pretend play (children create settings, characters, and scripts)

self-esteem

pride in yourself and abilities

induction

reasoning

Celia is playing at the sand table. Each time one of her friends makes a sand castle, she knocks it down. As a preschool teacher, which of the following would likely be the best way to alter Celia's behavior?

redirect her to another activity

What negative reactions do children adjust to with the birth of a sibling?

regression

parental warmth

relates to development of moral conscience and positive social and emotional well being

functional play

repetitive motor activity (example: rolling a ball, running and laughing)

Cultural stereotypes of males and females involve broad expectations for behavior that are called gender _______________.

roles

Early childhood fears tend to revolve around personal ____________.

safety

Gender-_______________ theory proposes that children blend their self-concepts with the gender schema of their culture.

schema

Children who are _______________________ attached tend to have high self-esteem.

securely

empathy

sensitivity to the feelings of others

Why might boys and girls show gender-stereotyped toy and activity preferences?

some research shows light biological differences, parents may encourage this through toy purchases and their actions, children seek out information on which kinds of toys and play are "masculine" or "feminine" and then conform to the label

According to Piaget, in which stage of play do children create settings, characters, and scripts?

symbolic play

What hormone is aggressive behavior linked to?

testosterone

gender constancy

the concept that one's gender remains the same despite superficial changes in appearance or behavior (ages 5-7)

Why might later-born children be more popular with their peers?

they learn social skills by dealing with their older siblings

withdrawal of love

threats or isolation of child

disinhibit

to stimulate a response that has been suppressed by showing a model engaging in that response without aversive consequences

Aggressive behavior appears to be stable over time.

true

As siblings move from childhood to adolescence, their relationships become more egalitarian (equal rights) and less intense.

true

Biological factors that may influence ingression include genetics, testosterone,and temperament.

true

By 18 months children show more preference for gender-stereotyped toys, although girls are more likely to stray from stereotypes than boys.

true

By age 2, children imitate another's play, engage in social games, and show preference for certain playmates.

true

Conflicts with siblings can actually increase social competence, self-identity, and the ability to raise one's won child.

true

During early childhood, boys and girls differ in preferred play style, levels of empathy and fears, verbal abilities, and visual-spatial abilities.

true

Evolutionary psychologists claim that sets of traits conductive for survival were passed through genes.

true

Gender identity brings gender appropriate behavior because the child acts in ways consistent with the gender sechema.

true

Gender roles develop in stages.

true

Interactions with siblings have both positive aspects and negative aspects

true

Non-social play is more frequent among 2-3 years olds than older children.

true

Observing aggression in the media tends to disinhibit aggressive behavior in children.

true

Parents are also more likely to use power-assertive when they are also facing stressful life events, martial discord, and emotional problems.

true

Parents are more likely to use power-assertive techniques in response to aggressive behavior than social withdrawal and when they believe the child already understands the reasoning behind the rules.

true

Preparation of a child for a new sibling results in less sibling rivalry.

true

Sex differences during infancy are small and inconsistent.

true

Sex hormones have prenatal influence on genital development and may also influence the brain, and behavior.

true

Social Cognitive theorists explain aggressive behavior in terms of reinforcement and observational learning.

true

The number of fears peaks between 2 1/2 and 4 years and then tappers off.

true

The organization of the brain may differ between males and females, especially the hippocampus during navigation tasks.

true

Toddlers understand the categorical self made up of external traits.

true

Young children prefer same-sex playmates because of different play styles.

true

gender stability

understanding that people retain their sex for life (ages 4-5)

What are the types of play that are nonsocial?

unoccupied play, solitary play and onlooker play

What type of play do boys prefer?

vigorous outdoor, rough and tumble play

What are the dimensions of child rearing?

warmth-coldness and restrictiveness- permissiveness

onlooker play

watching others play