Child Development II Ch. 10
What age do children approach others in distress and try to help?
2
What is the first stage of gender role?
2 to 2 1/2-year-olds are accurate at identifying pictures of boys and girls
What age do children begin to make evaluative judgments about their cognitive and physical competence as well as their social acceptance by peers and parents?
4
At what age do children first show interest in their peers?
6 months
What age is aggression typically hostile and person-oriented?
6-7
Who used the two dimensions of parenting to classify four styles?
Baumrind
Why do children prefer same-sex playmates?
Boys are more aggressive and are unresponsive to girls' suggestions. Also the similarity in toys and activities with same-sexed playmates.
_________________ are more likely to communicate norms for gender-typed behaviors to children.
Fathers
________________________________ children tend to be more popular with peers, more rebellious, liberal and agreeable.
Later born
Which child would probably be less friendly and spontaneous in social interactions?
Todd, raised by authoritarian parents
gender-schema theory
a cluster of concepts about male and female traits as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world
gender role
a complex cluster of traits and behaviors that are considered stereotypical of females or of males
Individualist
a person who defines herself or himself in terms of personal traits and gives priority to her or his own goals
collectivist
a person who defines herself or himself in terms of relationships to other people and groups and gives priority to group goals
regression
a return to behaviors characteristic of earlier stages of development
What is the fourth state of gender role?
adolescents are more flexible in their views on gender stereotypes
Evolutionary Theory
aggression is natural in the struggle for survival
What is another term for pro-social behavior?
altruism
What type of play do girls prefer?
art and crafts, domestic play
What is social cognitive theory?
attributes of sex differences to observational learning and socialization
Leila's parents use a parenting style characterized by consistent control, strong support, and affection for her. This is referred to as
authoritative parenting
What are the four parenting styles?
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive-indulgent and rejecting-neglecting
prosocial behavior
behavior intended to benefit another without expectation of reward
What is the third stage of gender role?
between 3 and 10 children become more traditional in their stereotypes about activities, occupation, and personality traits
What stems from gender preferences in choice of toys and activities?
biological factors and/or differences in treatment by adults
What is the second stage of gender role?
by 3 children display knowledge of gender stereotypes
operant conditioning
children are guided to desirable behaviors and reinforced in engaging them
peers
children of the same age, people of similar background and social standing
What are the negative aspects of sibling interactions?
conflict, control and competition
What are the positive aspects of sibling interactions?
cooperation, teaching and nurturance
Self-definitions that refer to concrete external traits are called the ________________ self.
cotegorical
categorical self
definitions of the self that refers to concrete external traits
warmth-coldness dimension
degree of affection and acceptance of child
restrictiveness-permissiveness dimension
degree to which parents impose rules and control
Children raised by warm parents are more likely to
develop a sense of conscience
constructive play
draw or make something (example: tower of blocks)
When do children decline in fear of loud noises, falling, sudden movements and strangers?
during preschool
participant modeling
engaging in the behavior that evokes fears
Self-_______________________ is the value or worth that people attach to themselves.
esteem
Who believe sex differences are a result of natural selection and adaptation?
evolutionary psychologists
desensitizaion
exposes children gradually to the sources of their fears
Children who are more highly motivated to achieve, more cooperative, adult-oriented, and more likely to have an imaginary friend are ______________________ children.
first born
_____________________________ children show greater anxiety and are less self-reliant.
first born
What is aggression in preschoolers?
frequently instrumental or possession-oriented
What are the four types of play Piaget identified based on cognitive complexity?
functional play, symbolic play, constructive play and formal games
formal games
games with rules
What are the three stages of Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory?
gender identity, gender stability and gender constancy
Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory
gender typing proposes that children form concepts about gender and then fit their behavior to those concepts
____________ report more fears and higher levels of anxiety.
girls
authoritative parenting style
high warmth, high restrictiveness (control) - (have children who are high in self-reliance, independence, self-esteem and social competence)
permissive-indulgent parenting style
high warmth, low restrictiveness (control) - (have children that are less competent in school but fairly high in social competence and self-confidence)
What positive reactions do children adjust to with the birth of a sibling?
increased independence and maturity
How do parents restrict their children's behavior?
induction, power assertion, and/or withdrawal of love.
What methods of enforcing restrictions attempt to give children knowledge that will enable them to generate desirable behavior patterns in similar insinuation?
inductive
When does self-concept emerge?
infancy
When does empathy start?
infancy (During infancy babies cry when they hear other children cry. )
Erikson referred to early childhood as the stage of _________________ versus guilt.
initiative
sibling rivalry
jealousy or rivalry among brothers and sisters
gender identity
knowledge that one is female or male (ages 2-3)
authoritarian parenting style
low warmth, high restrictiveness (control) - (have children who are anxious, irritable, less friendly, and low in independence and self esteem) (not consistent across cultures)
rejecting-neglecting parenting style
low warmth, low restrictiveness (control) -(have the least competent, responsible and mature children)
Brain imaging suggest that the hemispheres of the brain are more specialized in _________________________.
males
In the early years, siblings
may spend more time with each other than with their parents
When do children's fears become more realistic and more concerned with social relationships.
middle childhood
During middle childhood, children's fears become
more realistic
unoccupied play
not playing
What are the types of play that are social?
parallel play, associative play and cooperative play
power assertion
physical or withholding privileges
What helps children develop motor skills, social skills, impulse control and cognitive qualities?
play
cooperative play
play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests (plans and roles)
solitary play
playing by yourself
associative play
playing separately but involved in what the other is doing
parallel play
playing side by side, but in their own little world
When do children most likely have fears about animals, imaginary creatures, the dark, and personal safety.
preschool
symbolic play
pretend play (children create settings, characters, and scripts)
self-esteem
pride in yourself and abilities
induction
reasoning
Celia is playing at the sand table. Each time one of her friends makes a sand castle, she knocks it down. As a preschool teacher, which of the following would likely be the best way to alter Celia's behavior?
redirect her to another activity
What negative reactions do children adjust to with the birth of a sibling?
regression
parental warmth
relates to development of moral conscience and positive social and emotional well being
functional play
repetitive motor activity (example: rolling a ball, running and laughing)
Cultural stereotypes of males and females involve broad expectations for behavior that are called gender _______________.
roles
Early childhood fears tend to revolve around personal ____________.
safety
Gender-_______________ theory proposes that children blend their self-concepts with the gender schema of their culture.
schema
Children who are _______________________ attached tend to have high self-esteem.
securely
empathy
sensitivity to the feelings of others
Why might boys and girls show gender-stereotyped toy and activity preferences?
some research shows light biological differences, parents may encourage this through toy purchases and their actions, children seek out information on which kinds of toys and play are "masculine" or "feminine" and then conform to the label
According to Piaget, in which stage of play do children create settings, characters, and scripts?
symbolic play
What hormone is aggressive behavior linked to?
testosterone
gender constancy
the concept that one's gender remains the same despite superficial changes in appearance or behavior (ages 5-7)
Why might later-born children be more popular with their peers?
they learn social skills by dealing with their older siblings
withdrawal of love
threats or isolation of child
disinhibit
to stimulate a response that has been suppressed by showing a model engaging in that response without aversive consequences
Aggressive behavior appears to be stable over time.
true
As siblings move from childhood to adolescence, their relationships become more egalitarian (equal rights) and less intense.
true
Biological factors that may influence ingression include genetics, testosterone,and temperament.
true
By 18 months children show more preference for gender-stereotyped toys, although girls are more likely to stray from stereotypes than boys.
true
By age 2, children imitate another's play, engage in social games, and show preference for certain playmates.
true
Conflicts with siblings can actually increase social competence, self-identity, and the ability to raise one's won child.
true
During early childhood, boys and girls differ in preferred play style, levels of empathy and fears, verbal abilities, and visual-spatial abilities.
true
Evolutionary psychologists claim that sets of traits conductive for survival were passed through genes.
true
Gender identity brings gender appropriate behavior because the child acts in ways consistent with the gender sechema.
true
Gender roles develop in stages.
true
Interactions with siblings have both positive aspects and negative aspects
true
Non-social play is more frequent among 2-3 years olds than older children.
true
Observing aggression in the media tends to disinhibit aggressive behavior in children.
true
Parents are also more likely to use power-assertive when they are also facing stressful life events, martial discord, and emotional problems.
true
Parents are more likely to use power-assertive techniques in response to aggressive behavior than social withdrawal and when they believe the child already understands the reasoning behind the rules.
true
Preparation of a child for a new sibling results in less sibling rivalry.
true
Sex differences during infancy are small and inconsistent.
true
Sex hormones have prenatal influence on genital development and may also influence the brain, and behavior.
true
Social Cognitive theorists explain aggressive behavior in terms of reinforcement and observational learning.
true
The number of fears peaks between 2 1/2 and 4 years and then tappers off.
true
The organization of the brain may differ between males and females, especially the hippocampus during navigation tasks.
true
Toddlers understand the categorical self made up of external traits.
true
Young children prefer same-sex playmates because of different play styles.
true
gender stability
understanding that people retain their sex for life (ages 4-5)
What are the types of play that are nonsocial?
unoccupied play, solitary play and onlooker play
What type of play do boys prefer?
vigorous outdoor, rough and tumble play
What are the dimensions of child rearing?
warmth-coldness and restrictiveness- permissiveness
onlooker play
watching others play
