child psych chapter 7, Child Psych chapt. 5

Which of the following statements about attachment and later development is true?

A child whose parental caregiving improves can bounce back from adversity.

Which of the following statements about brain development is true?

Brain growth is especially rapid in the first year, when the brain more than doubles in size

Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is true?

Breastfed infants accept new solid foods more easily than do bottle-fed infants

Which of the following statements regarding breastfeeding is true?

Breastfeeding helps increase spacing among siblings

Which of the following children is most likely to be receiving abusive or neglectful care?

Dante, whose attachment is disorganized/disoriented

Which of the following statements is supported by research on fathers?

In the United States, Hispanic fathers spend more time engaged with their children compared to fathers in other ethnic groups.

Which of the following statements about how infants perceive the structure of speech is true?

Infants locate words by discriminating syllables that often occur together from syllables that seldom occur together

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development?

Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular emotion.

Which of the following statements about intermodal stimulation is true?

It fosters all aspects of psychological development

Using Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, identify and describe the three categories of children. Do all children fit into one of these categories? Explain.

• The easy child quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. • The difficult child is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. Difficult children are at high risk for adjustment problems—both anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood. • The slow-to-warm-up child is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences.

Skeletal age is determined by __________ to see the extent to which soft, pliable cartilage has hardened into bone

X-raying the long bones of the body

Two-year-old Aisha tells her mom, "I good girl." This statement demonstrates that Aisha is beginning to develop

a categorical self

Studies of institutionalized adoptees indicate that

a first attachment can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.

Which of the following is more likely to be found in shy children than in sociable children?

a higher heart rate from the first few weeks of life

A researcher hangs a mobile over the crib of 4-month-old Anya. When the researcher attaches Anya's foot to the mobile with a long cord, Anya can, by kicking, make the mobile turn. The turning of the mobile is an example of

a reinforcer

According to the Gibsons, perception is guided by the discovery of

affordances

Research reveals that babies perceive input from different sensory systems in a unified way by detecting

amodal sensory properties

When measuring Avery's brain functioning with __________, researchers use a tool called a geodesic sensor net (GSN) to hold up to 128 interconnected electrodes in place.

an electroencephalogram (EEG)

When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that if he removes himself from the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying

an explicit body self-awareness

Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool every day after snacktime. Cara seeks comfort from her mother whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has developed

an internal working model.

Breastfed babies in poverty-stricken regions of the world

are far more likely than bottle-fed babies to survive the first year of life

Infants with more crawling experience

are far more likely to refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff

A surprising aspect of brain growth is that

as synapses form, 20 to 80 percent of the surrounding neurons die

Goodness of fit is

at the heart of infant-caregiver attachment

Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to experience pleasure and joy when they interact with those people and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. Professor Hardwick studies

attachment

In the 1950s, a famous experiment of rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" provided evidence that

attachment does not depend on hunger satisfaction.

At birth, the human brain is set up to be

attracted to novelty

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states?

attraction to and withdrawal from stimulation

Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no one showed __________ attachment to their mothers.

avoidant

Describe Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory as it applies to the development of infant and toddler personality.

basic trust and autonomy grow out of warm, sensitive parenting and reasonable expectations for impulse control starting in the second year. If children emerge from the first few years without sufficient trust in caregivers and without a healthy sense of individuality, the seeds are sown for adjustment problems.

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is

basic trust versus mistrust.

At birth, the __________ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure

brain

Garrett, age 2 months, is an enthusiastic eater who nurses vigorously and gains weight quickly. Garrett's mom, Christine, is concerned that Garrett might be at risk of being permanently overweight. You can advise Christine that

breastfeeding for the first six months is associated with a leaner body build through early childhood

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

easy

According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in

effortful control

Evan covers his eyes when the Wicked Witch of the West appears on the screen while he is watching The Wizard of Oz. Evan is using

emotional self-regulation

Many grandparent caregivers report feeling

emotionally drained and depressed

Ahmed, age 2, gives his favorite stuffed toy to his little brother when his brother falls down and starts to cry. Ahmed is displaying

empathy

Children whose parents __________ typically do well in delaying gratification

encourage selective and sustained attention

Consistently, the short 5-HTTLPR genotype combined with maladaptive parenting leads to

externalizing problems, including defiance and aggression

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is presented alone enough times, without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, __________ occurs

extinction

Cross-cultural research demonstrates that

fathers' warmth contributes greatly to children's long-term favorable development.

Beginning in early childhood, capacitity for effortful control predicts

favorable development and adjustment in cultures as diverse as China and the United States.

Which of the following responses is very difficult to classically condition in young babies?

fear

In Rothbart's model of temperament,

fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to frustration.

As early as 3 months, infants prefer and more easily discriminate among __________ than __________.

female faces; male faces

In James Galloway and Esther Thelen's microgenetic study following babies from their first attempts until skill mastery, the infants

first explored the toys with their feet

An estimated 22 percent of U.S. children suffer from

food insecurity

Separation protest declines during which of Bowlby's phases?

formation of a reciprocal relationship

The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are the __________ lobes

frontal

Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that

fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life

Newborn babies respond with __________ to too much or too little stimulation.

generalized distress

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that

girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance

Prya has classically conditioned young Raj to suck when Prya touches Raj's stomach during feeding. If Prya repeatedly touches Raj's stomach without feeding him, Raj will

gradually stop sucking in response to having his stomach touched.

Six-month-old Luka's weight, height, and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms. Luka is withdrawn and apathetic. Luka's mother sometimes appears depressed and distant, at other times impatient and hostile. Luka most likely suffers from

growth faltering

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

guilt, shame, and pride

The newborn's capacity to imitate

has been demonstrated in many ethnic groups and cultures.

Throughout childhood and adolescence, girls

have a higher ratio of fat to muscle than boys

In the early months, infants

have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional stress.

Classical conditioning

helps infants anticipate what is about to happen next.

"Baby fat"

helps the infant maintain a constant body temperature.

In Wayne Dennis's study of infants in Iranian orphanages, only 15 percent of the orphans were walking alone by 3 to 4 years of age because

hey spent their days lying on their backs in cribs

A study of children who had spent their first eight months or more in Romanian institutions and were then adopted into Canadian homes found that the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the __________ their __________.

higher; cortisol levels

Studies using fMRI reveal that the right hemisphere is specialized for processing information in a(n) __________ manner.

holistic, integrative

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that,

identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures.

In a highly plastic cerebral cortex,

if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks it would have handled.

Emmett, age 4 months, looks and smiles more at video images of others than video images of himself. This discrimination reflects an

implicit sense of self-world differentiation

Fathers

in the United States devote just over 4 hours per workday to children.

Self-conscious emotions appear __________ of the __________ year.

in the middle; second

A study in which researchers made periodic home visits to several hundred low-income first-time mothers and their babies found that

inappropriate feeding practices were pervasive

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services advises

inclusion of breast milk in the baby's diet until at least 1 year

From 4 to 6 months into the second year, angry expressions __________ in __________.

increase; both frequency and intensity

In cultures where parent-child cosleeping is widespread,

infants often sleep in a cradle or hammock next to the parents' bed

In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. When she leaves, Richard reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. When his mother returns, Richard pays no attention to her. Richard is demonstrating __________ attachment.

insecure-avoidant

In the Strange Situation, Kimani seeks closeness to her mother and fails to explore. When her mother leaves, Kimani is distressed. When she returns, Kimani hits her. Kimani is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

insecure-resistant

Baby Ashley picks up her ball and says, "Ball!" Ashley's father responds with a big smile and an enthusiastic, "That's right! Ball!" In return, Ashley laughs. When Ashley is tired and crying, her father picks her up, rubs her back, and sings softly to her. Ashley and her father are engaged in

interactional synchrony

Lana understands that an object's shape is the same whether she sees it or touches it, that the pattern of footsteps signals the approach of a person, and that breaking a glass causes a sharp, crashing sound. This understanding is called

intermodal perception

Self-conscious emotions

involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

is appropriate for infants and young children, who can move within limited range during testing

The social smile

is evoked by parent-child interaction

According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child

is irregular in daily routines.

Effortful control

is regarded as a major dimension of temperament

The rise in fear after 6 months

keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check

Bulous is 20 months old and was recently weaned. He has an unbalanced diet very low in protein. Bulous has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, a skin rash, and thinning hair. Bulous most likely has

kwashiorkor

According to research on social referencing, which of the following responses from Tanner's mom is the most likely to encourage him to get up and try again after he falls down while learning to walk?

laughter combined with saying "oopsie-daisy"

Compared with North American Caucasian infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be

less irritable

The overall stability of temperament is

low in infancy and toddlerhood

Zahara, age 3 months, is painfully thin. Her mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk, and the supply of formula is inadequate for bottle-feeding. Zahara is probably in danger of dying from

marasmus

Between 3 and 5 months, babies can

match faces with voices on the basis of lip-voice synchrony

One possible explanation for the high frequency of bedtime struggles in Western homes is that children

may feel stressed when they must fall asleep without assistance

Researchers using Gibson and Walk's visual cliff found that

most babies avoided the deep side of the cliff

A study of children who were transferred between birth and 3½ years from extremely deprived Romanian orphanages to adoptive families in Great Britain found that

most children were impaired in all domains of development, but those who were adopted before 6 months of age showed impressive cognitive catch-up

Results of Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research on the development of shyness and sociability found that

most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.

Research on the quality and extent of child care shows that

mother-child interaction is more favorable when children spend fewer hours in child care.

Which of the following depth cues is 3-week-old Adelaide most likely to be sensitive to?

motion

In low-SES families with many daily stresses, attachment generally

moves toward security.

Baby Paul's mother strokes his hair just before he eats. Now when Paul's mother strokes his hair, Paul begins to suck. The stroking is the __________, and the taste of milk is the __________.

neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, once a baby's nervous system makes the connection between two stimuli, the __________ stimulus produces __________.

neutral; the behavior by itself

Experience-expectant brain growth

occurs naturally, as caregivers engage babies in enjoyable daily routines

Which of the following facelike drawings is newborn Rori most likely to prefer?

one with the features arranged upright

Baby Calinda sucks on a bottle. The taste of the sweet liquid increases Calinda's sucking. This is an example of

operant conditioning

One way of understanding perceptual development is to think of it as a built-in tendency to seek

order

Reaching is largely controlled by

our sense of movement and location in space.

In families with several children,

parents' tendency to emphasize each child's unique qualities affects their parenting practices

When interacting with their babies, mothers devote more time to __________ and fathers devote more time to __________.

physical care; playful interaction

Which of the following is an activity associated with experience-expectant brain growth?

playing peekaboo

Damon is injected with a radioactive substance and then lies on an apparatus with a scanner that emits fine streams of X-rays, which detect increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism in areas of the brain as Damon processes particular stimuli. Damon's brain functioning is being measured using

position emission tomography (PET)

In which of Bowlby's phases do children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter the caregiver's goals?

preattachment

Newborn Sam's poorly coordinated swipes toward an object in front of him is called

prereaching

Peer sociability is

promoted by the early caregiver-child bond

In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents

provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices

When baby Rico whimpers and whines, his mother responds by ignoring him and refusing to pick him up. This decreases Rico's whining. The mother's behavior is an example of

punishment

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is dependent on the

quality of care giving.

Which of the following motor skills is believed to play the greatest role in infant cognitive development?

reaching

Around 2 months, babies

realize that a moving rod whose center is hidden behind a box is a complete rod rather than two rod pieces

The ethological theory of attachment

recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival

Once habituation occurs, a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level, an increase called

recovery

Five-month-old Raenelle can be expected to __________ when an object is moved beyond her reach.

reduce her efforts

Laughter

reflects faster processing of information than smiling

In operant conditioning, a(n) __________ increases the occurrence of a response.

reinforcer

Experience-dependent brain growth

relies on specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures

Self-conscious emotions

require adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.

Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a __________ smile for a friendly stranger

reserved, muted

In the Strange Situation, Juan uses his mother as a secure base. When she leaves the room, Juan cries for a few minutes. When she returns, Juan seeks contact with her and then begins to explore toys once again. Juan is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

secure

Newborn Uli displays a stronger rooting reflex in response to an adult's finger touching her cheek than to her own hand touching her cheek. This finding demonstrates that Uli has the beginnings of

self-awareness

When a 1-month-old kitten is put in the dark and kept there during the fourth week of life and beyond, damage to visual centers of the brain is severe and permanent. This example provides evidence of

sensitive periods in brain development

Jazmin, age 18 months, cries and climbs on her mother when she attempts to leave Jazmin with a babysitter. Jazmin is displaying

separation anxiety

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing

shame

Studies indicate that children who possess the __________ 5-HTTLPR gene show increased irritability when their mothers' anxiety about parenting increases.

short

In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers

should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar setting.

Ariana showed signs of growth faltering. An observant nurse intervened early, helping Ariana's parents with their own life challenges, encouraging sensitive caregiving, and coaching the family through Ariana's feeding problems. Ariana will probably

show quick catch-up growth

Brendon reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli. He could be classified as a(n) __________

shy

The best estimate of a child's physical maturity is

skeletal age

Nearly 2.4 million U.S. children live with their grandparents but apart from parents, in so-called

skipped-generation families

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Alice would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

slow-to-warm-up

Baby Emma is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her dad. When he looks concerned, Emma cries. When he smiles and says, "You did it!" she tries again. Emma is using

social referencing

Between 6 and 8 months, infants

start to "screen out" sounds not used in their native tongue

Neurons

store and transmit information

When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, she begins to cry and struggles to get down. Louisa is exhibiting

stranger anxiety

Osita is a 4-year-old Ethiopian boy. He survived kwashiorkor and was recently adopted by a Canadian couple. Osita will probably

suffer from lasting damage to the brain, heart, or other organs.

When Samer was born, stimulation in his brain resulted in a massive overabundance of synapses. Neurons that were seldom stimulated soon lost their synapses. This process is known as

synaptic pruning

Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil's descriptions refer to

temperament

Results from the groundbreaking longitudinal study on temperament conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess showed that

temperament can increase a child's chances of experiencing psychological problems.

Young infants can be classically conditioned most easily when

the association between two stimuli has survival value

Habituation research reveals that size and shape constancy are present as early as

the first week of life.

Between birth and 2 years,

the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes substantially

By the end of the first year, a baby's ability to manipulate objects greatly expands with the development of

the pincer grasp

Cross-cultural research indicates that

the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture

Four-month-old Kaitlyn reaches for a toy. She grabs it by closing her fingers against her palm. Kaitlyn is using

the ulnar grasp

Nicole is considering sending her 8-month-old son Austin to a new academic learning center where infants are trained with letter and number flash cards. You can advise Nicole that

this program could overwhelm Austin and cause him to withdraw, thereby threatening his interest in learning.

At 2 to 3 months of age, infants

thoroughly explore the internal features of a pattern

Twenty-two-year-old Daniel is overly dependent on his girlfriend. Daniel continually doubts his ability to meet new challenges. According to psychosocial theory, Daniel may not have fully mastered the tasks of __________ and __________ during infancy and childhood.

trust; autonomy

In a large study of children with injuries to the cerebral cortex that occurred around the time of birth or in the first six months of life, researchers found that

undamaged areas—in either the left or the right hemisphere—took over vocabulary and grammatical skills by age 5.

The prefrontal cortex

undergoes especially rapid pruning of synapses during the preschool and school years

Imani, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother sits on the floor, Imani ventures a few feet away from her for a few minutes at a time, and then returns to her for emotional support. Imani is

using his mother as a secure base.

Development of the social smile

varies substantially with culture

For most people, the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is largely responsible for

verbal abilities

The heritability of attachment is

virtually nil

For exploring the environment, humans depend on __________ more than any other sense.

vision

Emotional self-regulation requires

voluntary, effortful management of emotions

Which of the following motor skills typically develops first?

walking alone

Research reveals that at-risk infants

whose parents have adequate time and patience to care for them fare quite well in attachment security

Newly walking babies

will careen over uneven surfaces without making necessary postural adjustments

Which of the following is an activity associated with experience-dependent brain growth?

writing a poem

__________ refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation.

Habituation

Baby Jane has begun to develop a sense of trust. She expects that her mother will respond when signaled. But Jane does not protest when separated from her mother. In which of Bowlby's phases does Jane best fit?

"attachment in the making"

Describe Bowlby's four phases of attachment.

1. Preattachment phase (birth to 6 weeks). Built-in signals—grasping, smiling, crying, and gazing into the adult's eyes—help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans, who comfort them. Babies of this age recognize their own mother's smell, voice, and face. But they are not yet attached to her, since they do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult. 2. "Attachment in the making" phase (6 weeks to 6-8 months). During this phase, infants respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger. As infants learn that their own actions affect the behavior of those around them, they begin to develop a sense of trust—the expectation that the caregiver will respond when signaled—but they still do not protest when separated from her. 3. "Clear-cut" attachment phase (6-8 months to 18 months-2 years). Now attachment to the familiar caregiver is evident. Babies display separation anxiety, becoming upset when their trusted caregiver leaves. However, separation anxiety does not always occur; it depends on infant temperament and the current situation. But in many cultures, separation anxiety increases between 6 and 15 months, suggesting that infants have developed a clear understanding that the caregiver continues to exist when not in view. Besides protesting the parent's departure, older infants and toddlers try hard to maintain her presence. They approach, follow, and climb on her in preference to others. And they use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore. 4. Formation of a reciprocal relationship (18 months to 2 years and on). By the end of the second year, rapid growth in representation and language enables toddlers to understand some of the factors that influence the parent's coming and going and to predict her return. As a result, separation protest declines. Now children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter her goals.

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age __________, with solid foods added at --------

2 years; 6 months

Color vision is adultlike by

4 months

Which of the following statements demonstrates the cephalocaudal trend?

At birth, the head takes up one-fourth of total body length, the legs only one-third.

__________ babies tend to receive overstimulating, intensive care

Avoidant

Which of the following statements about pattern perception is true?

Because of their poor vision, very young babies cannot resolve the small features in complex patterns.

__________ arise because our two eyes have slightly different views of the visual field.

Binocular depth cues

Which of the following statements about changes in body size over the first two years of life is true?

By the end of the second year, a typical infant's height is about 36 inches.

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional self-regulation?

Compared with North Americans, Japanese and Chinese adults discourage the expression of strong emotion in babies.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?

During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.

__________ boosts older infants' attention to an object's surface features.

Experience

Which of the following children is most likely to be above North American growth norms?

Freddy, an African-American boy

__________ are responsible for coating neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath.

Glial cells

__________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.

Goodness of fit

Drawing on cross-cultural research on attachment, which of the following infants is most likely to display an insecure-avoidant attachment?

Gretchen, who is from Germany

Which of the following children, when placed in front of a mirror, is most likely to respond to the appearance of a red dot on his or her nose by touching or rubbing his or her nose?

Jayla, a 21-month-old girl

__________ is related to positive sibling interaction.

Maternal warmth toward both children

__________ fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own.

Mirror neurons

__________ adult-infant coordination, in which interactional synchrony occurs, is the best predictor of attachment security.

Moderate

Which of the following statements about attachment is supported by research?

Mothers of resistant infants are often unresponsive to infant signals

__________ improves the efficiency of message transfer.

Myelination

__________ preference assesses infants' __________.

Novelty; recent memory

Which of the following statements about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern child development research is true?

One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development.

Research indicates that around 7 to 9 months, infants

Research indicates that around 7 to 9 months, infants

Which of the following statements about observations of children conducted in the home or laboratory is true?

Researchers can better control children's experiences in the lab.

__________ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups

Sensitive caregiving

Alexia was born with cataracts in both eyes. What can you tell her parents about when she should have corrective surgery?

The longer cataract surgery is postponed beyond infancy, the less complete Alexia's recovery in visual skills

Which of the following statements about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care is true?

The relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences

Sharon's 46-year-old husband suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. What information about brain plasticity can you provide to Sharon?

Though far more limited than in early childhood, reorganization in the brain can occur in adulthood

__________ percent of infants' total caloric intake is devoted to growth

Twenty-five

Observation of which of the following children is likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term prediction of temperament?

Tyson, age 4

Which of the following statements about grandparents who are primary caregivers is true?

Warm grandparent-grandchild bonds help protect children from worsening adjustment problems, even under conditions of great hardship.

Perception studies demonstrate that

Western babies lose their ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms by 12 months of age

In cultures where mothers carry their infants on their hips or in slings for most of the day,

babies have rich opportunities to explore with their hands

Job loss, a failing marriage, financial difficulties, or parental psychological problems

can undermine attachment indirectly by interfering with parental sensitivity.

Dynamic systems theory shows us why motor development

cannot be genetically determined.

As long as negative environmental influences such as poor nutrition or illness are not severe,

children and adolescents typically show catch-up growth once conditions improve

Infants' emotional expressions are

closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others

In classical conditioning, if learning occurs, the neutral stimulus is then called a(n)

conditioned stimulus

According to Bowlby, out of their experiences during the four attachment phases, children

construct enduring an affectionate tie to the caregiver that they can use as a secure base in the parent's absence.

The cerebral cortex

contains the greatest number of neurons and synapses in the brain

Mounting evidence indicates that __________ determines whether attachment security is linked to later development

continuity of caregiving

Baby Alfredo looks more intensely at a checkerboard with large black and white squares rather than one with smaller gray and white squares. Alfredo is demonstrating

contrast sensitivity

In a face perception study involving both human and monkey pairs, 9-month-old infants

did not show a novelty preference when viewing the monkey pair

Eleanor and James Gibson describe their theory as __________ because over time a baby detects finer and finer invariant features among stimuli.

differentiation

Parents who __________ tend to have securely attached infants and to behave sensitively toward them.

discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance

In the Strange Situation, Antwan ignores his mother and displays and odd, frozen posture. He does not cry when his mother leaves the room. When she returns, Antwan looks away when she is holding him. Antwan is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

disorganized/disoriented

Infants raised in Israeli kibbutzim

display far greater stranger anxiety than their city-reared counterparts.

Newborn Will is likely to show greater activation in the left hemisphere while

displaying a positive state of arousal

The Attachment Q-Sort

does not differentiate between types of insecurity

Research on the Aka hunters and gatherers of Central Africa reveals that a strong father-infant relationship is

due in great part to an unusually cooperative and intimate marital relationship.

Baby Isaac combined his skills of kicking, rocking on all fours, and reaching in order to crawl. This is an example of

dynamic systems of action