child psychology- exam 2

what emotions are present at 4-8 months

anger

what emotions does a newborn possess

distress, contentment

When infants master the pincer movement, they can

feed themselves

Doctors worldwide recommend that mothers exclusively breast-feed for the first:

few months

what emotions are present at 4 months:

full responsive smiles

what we know about smell and taste in infants know 2

functioning at birth, related to family and cultural preferences,

gross motor vs fine motor

gross motor: physical abilities using large body parts and movements such as walking jumping, fine motor: physical ability using small body parts especially hands and fingers like writing drawing grasping

Self-righting refers to the:

inborn born drive to remedy a developmental deflict

emotions 18 months

self awareness, pride shame embarrassment

he term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is:

sensitive period

Antisocial behavior involves:

actions that are not deliberately harmful

characteristics of high quality day care know 5

adequaate attention to each infant, encouragement of language and sensorimotor development, attention to health and safety, professional caregivers, warm and responsive caregivers

In general terms, the Gibsons' concept of _____ emphasizes the idea that an individual perceives an object in terms of its function or use to the individual.

affordances

The six outer layers of the brain are referred to as:

cortex

When does the sense of hearing develop?

during the third trimester

The New York Longitudinal Study identified the groups of infant temperament as being:

easy, difficult, slow to warm up, hard to classify

The development of language skills is a(n) _____ brain function

experience expectant

why is the relationship of pruning important

experiences shape the babes brain and pruning eliminates unused connections loss of dendrites increases brain power

The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called:

fast mapping

emotions 9-14 months

fear of social events

emotions 12 months

fear of unexpected sights and sounds

According to the text, children who have had early experiences of extensive stress may suffer permanent impairment of part of their

hippocampus

Some aspects of language learning may be best explained by one theory at one age and other aspects by another theory at another age. This concept refers to the:

hybird theory

difference between sensation and perception

sensation is physically sensing our environment by using the 5 senses, perception is the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets an sensation. ex: thinking a baby will like a teddy bear that smells like vanilla, thinking of cookies and can taste and smell them even though they aren't physically there

what emotions are present at 3 months

laughter curosisty

how many hours does the average newborn sleep

15-17

By 24 months, most children are about ____ percent of their adult height

50

. At what age do infants begin to use vowel and consonant sounds repetitively?

6-10 months

what age is object permanence found in children

8 months stage 4

Most infants begin to crawl between:

8-10 months

Based on research cited in the text, which statement is TRUE?

Mothers who are unemployed, and the only caregivers to infants, are the most likely to become depressed.

How do people become fixated in a Freudian stage?

Their normal developmental urges are somehow frustrated due to conflict

kwashiorkor

a disease of chronic malnutrition in which a protein defiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases

marasmus

a disease of severe protein calorie malnutrition during early infancy in which growth stops, body tissue wastes away and the infant eventually dies

According to the text, temperament involves:

a genetic predisposition in emotions, activity, and self-regulation.

stranger situation

a lab procedure that measures attachment by evoking infants reactions to the stress of various adults coming and going in an unfamiliar playroom

things that could prevent malnutrition know 5

a parents education, breast feeding, electricity, immunization, water piping etc

Five-year-old Jada looks up at the clouds in the sky and asks, "Mommy, do the Care Bears live up there?" This is an example of:

animism

oung children tend to have trouble with words that

arent associated with anything that can be seen

Vygotsky proposed that an important role of language is to:

assist with cognitive development

Static reasoning refers to a(n):

assumption that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which it is currently encountered.

When does a child's appetite decrease in childhood?

between 2-6

experience expectant

brain is expecting and being primed for an environmental experience: example: brain expects to exposed to visual images in order for visual system to develop

protein calorie malnutrition

condition in which a person in a worst case scenario can die because they did not consume enough food of any kind

The development of the _______________________ in the brain reflects experiences that infants remember.

connections between neurons and dendrites

synchrony

coordinated, smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

What is the primary reason childhood mortality has declined over the decades

improvements have been made to public health

disorganized attachment

infant has inconsistant reactions to the caregivers departure and return, happy when they leave and fearful when they come back

theory 1 of language name and explain

infants need to be taught, parents are expert teachers help them teach children to speak

Which statement is supported by subsequent research

infants reach sensorimotor stage quicker than piaget thought

theory 3 of language name and explain

infants teach themselves, language too complex to be mastered through step by step conditioning, all babies are eager to learn

what is an synapse

intersection between nuerons

A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes his or her foster parent is:

kinship care

Which of the following is crucial for the overall expression and regulation of emotions?

limbic system

If people who had a history of maltreatment earlier in childhood were not maltreated after age 5, they:

lingering emotional problems

According to the text, current research evaluating Head Start children found that academic benefits faded by first grade. One possible explanation is that:

many of the children in the comparison group are now enrolled in some other early childhood program

In an experiment, 3-month-old infants could remember one week later to kick their legs to make a crib mobile move, but many could not remember to do it two weeks later. This research indicates that:

memory is fragile earlier in life

Neurons that fire together become more closely and quickly connected. If a toddler (1½ years old) gets angry right away when a teasing older sibling approaches him, how is this emotional response explained in your text?

memory of past experience play a role in emotional reactions

Explicit memory refers to

memory that is conscious and easy to retrieve on demand and usually involves words.

order of language know 5

newborn: reflexes like crying, 2-6 months: cooing to voices, geasures, 10- 12 months: imitation, intent listening, 12- 18 months: first words holophrases, 18-24: two word sentences

what we know about vision in infants know 3

newborns focus between 4 to 8 inches, focus on edges of faces more, can't really tell if something is a little different

what we know about hearing in infants know 3

noises startle babies, prefer rhythmic sounds, prefer female voices

The awareness that objects or people continue to exist when they are no longer in sight is called:

object permance

When asked what she had for dinner, Samantha replies, "I eated pizza!" Her exclamation would be best described as an example of what aspect of language development in early childhood?

over regulation

Five-year-old Marisol becomes furious after minor incidents with her peers. According to the research on neural activity in newborn mice, her inability to deal with normal stress may be related to the _______ of stress hormones in her brain during infancy.

overproduction

insecure resistant attachment

pattern of attachment in which anxiety or uncertainty are evident, infant gets very upset at separation, but when they return both resists and seeks contact when they come back they are clingy

insecure attachment

pattern of attachment in which infant avoids connection with the caregiver does not care if caregiver is in the room or not

After a head injury, 15-year-old Caroline begins to have temper tantrums, to cry easily, and to behave impulsively. This is most unusual behavior for her. Most likely her _________ was injured.

prefrontal cortex

which area of the brain assists in planning, self control, and regulation

prefrontal cortex

What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?

preoperational intelligence

Emotions that require social-awareness are:

pride shame and embarrsement

Piaget's first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence are calle

primary circular reactions

difference between primary, secondary, and tertiarty circular reactions

primary: involve infants response to its own body: secondary: involve infants response to objects and people, tertiary: creative with actions, and ideas.

goodness of fit

produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context

facts about breastfeeding know 7

promotes bonding, nutritious, free, fights infections, breast milk can be donated, can be painful, can lead to post partum depression if you can't do it

experience dependent

refers to additional skills developed over a lifetime that the brain doesn't expect

Which of the following early education approaches focuses on the artistic, creative drive in each child, and is reported to provide a "science-rich context"?

reggio emila

Dr. Beyer explains to his class that the difference between primary and secondary circular reactions is that:

secondary circular reactions involve the infant responding to people and objects.

which sense is least developed at birth

sight

The term "holophrase" refers to:

single word that is understood to express a complete thought.

theory 2 of language name and explain

social impluses foster infant language, infants communicate because humans have evolved as social beings, the emotional messages of speech are the focus of early communication

The language theory that believes social communication to be the crucial starting point of language learning is called:

social pragmetic theory

what emotions are present at 6 weeks

social smile

does emotion developmental go along with cognitive development if yes explain

social smiles: activates and prunes the brain, stress impairs the brain particularly in areas associated with emotions, brain maturation helps infants ability to differentiate emotions

he brain's development controls many functions. The development in discrete areas of the brain with control over different functions of perception and cognition can be seen in

specialization in the areas of the cortex

describe stage 1 and 2 of piaget sensorimotor intelligence and what are they called

stage 1: reflexes, stage 2: first acquired adaptations called primary circular reactions

describe stage 3 and 4 of piaget sensorimotor intelligence and what are they called

stage 3:making interesting sights lasts. stage 4: new adaptation and anticipation, becoming more deliberate in responding to people and objects, called secondary circular reactions

describe stage 5 and 6 of piaget sensorimotor intelligence and what are they called

stage 5: new means through active experimentation, stage 6: new means through mental combinations example: before flushing the teddy bear hesitating because memory of toilet overflowing and mom getting mad, they are called territory circular reactions

Among each person's genetic predispositions are the traits of _____, defined as the "biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that is stable across time and situations."

temperament

The level of prevention aimed at reducing harm when a child has already been abused is:

teritary

Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this:

the Oedipus complex.

At night Brooks, age 4, is afraid of the sound of the train whistle and of going to bed without a light on. His excessive fears are likely the result of:

the development level of his prefrontal cortex

primary circular reactions involve

the infants own body

object permance

the realization that objects including people still exist when they are no longer seen

what we know about touch in babies know 2

they can tell u if they are in pain, can respond to specific touches

The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Because of its rapidity, but also because much of it is temporary, this growth is described as:

transient exuberance

When children develop folk psychology they are trying to respond to questions that revolve around:

what others think

theory of mind

what others think

pruning

when applied to brain development the process by which unused connections in the brain die

bionocular vision

when the right and left eyes are focused in a coordinated matter to see one image, babies sort of have this at 3 months