cholinergic

The roles of the Sympathetic Division are.

The Fight or Flight system. Causes exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment.

Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors.

The Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors are activated by both Acetylcholine and nicotine.

Parasympathetic Division is the D Division and Sympathetic Division is the E division.

The Parasympathetic 3 D's are: Digestion, Defacation, and Diuresis (aka urination). The Sympathetic 4 E's are: Exercise, Excitement, Emergency, and Embarrassment.

Anticholinergics affect the eyes in 2 ways.

1. Anticholinergics cause Mydriasis. Mydriasis is the relaxation of sphincter pupillae (aka circular muscles). 2. Anticholinergics can cause Cycloplegia. Cycloplegia is the relaxation of ciliary muscles. Loss of accommodation.

The 2 Neurotransmitters of the Autonomic Nervous System are.

1. Cholinergic fibers. These are the fibers that release the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (or ACh). Their preganglionic axons are in the Autonomic nervous system. Their postganglionic axons are at the effector synapse. 2. Adrenergic fibers. These are the fibers that release the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine (or NE).

The 2 Autonomic Nervous System Receptors for Neurotransmitters.

1. Cholinergic receptors which are for Acetylcholine neurotransmitter. 2. Adrenergic receptors which are for Norepinephrine neurotransmitter.

Cholinergics affect the eyes in 2 ways.

1. Cholinergics cause Miosis. Miosis is the contraction of Sphincter pupillae (aka circular muscle) of the iris. 2. Cholinergics also cause contraction of ciliary muscles for near vision.

The 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System are.

1. The Parasympathetic division. 2. The Sympathetic division. Have dual innervation (both supply the Autonomic Nervous system). ~ All visceral organs (aka internal organs) are served by both divisions, but cause opposite effects. The dynamic antagonism between the two divisions maintains homeostasis. They differ in their Sites of origin, Relative lengths of their fibers, and Location of ganglia.

Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists (aka Cholinergics).

A Cholinergic is a term that refers to any compound that can increase the levels of acetylcholine or choline in the brain. Cholinergic drugs produce the same effects as acetylcholine.

Autonomic Nervous System

A system of motor neurons that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. Ensures optimal support of body activities. Shunts (pushes) blood to needy areas. Slows Heart Rate, adjusts Blood Pressure, temperature, and gastric secretions. Operates by subconscious control (without your awareness). Is also called involuntary nervous system or general visceral motor system. Maintains homeostasis of the body. (such as Heart rate, breathing rate, body temp., digestive process, urinary functions, etc.). Is subdivided into the Sympathetic division and Parasympathetic division.

Adverse Effects are a result of overstimulation of the Parasympathetic nervous system.

Adverse Effects of Overstimulation of the PSNS in the following... In the Cardiovascular System... Effects are Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, and conduction abnormalities. In the Central Nervous System... Effects are Headache, dizziness, convulsions, and ataxia (or loss of full body movement). In the G.I.... Effects are Abdominal cramps, increased secretions, nausea, and vomiting. In the Respiratory system... Effects are Increased bronchial secretions and bronchospasm. In other locations... Effects are Lacrimation, Sweating, salivation, and miosis.

Anticholinergics are the Antidote for Cholinergic effects.

Atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist is used for treatment of overdose of.. Cholinergic overdose, Cholinesterase inhibitor insecticides, Some mushroom poisoning. Ipratropium is an Anticholinergic used for rhinorrhea (aka runny nose) and as a bronchodilator. Scopolamine is an anticholinergic that is similar to atropine. It is a Central Nervous System depressant, relaxation and sleep. And is used for motion sickness. Cogentin is an anticholinergic used for Parkinsons Disease, and for dystonic reactions (aka muscle contractions).

Anticholinergics Antagonize the Peripheral Nervous System.

An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the receptor site within the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Anticholinergics inhibit parasympathetic nerve impulses by selectively blocking the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptors. Anticholinergics Inhibits nerve transmission at Acetylcholine receptors. When Acetylcholine is blocked, the Peripheral Nervous System is inhibited and the Sympathetic Nervous System is able to take over.

Side Effects of Anticholinergics.

Anticholinergic Side Effects (mnemonic). Hot as a hare. Increased body temperature. Blind as a bat. mydriasis (dilated pupils). Dry as a bone. dry mouth, dry eyes, decreased sweat, urinary retention, and dry mucosa. Red as a beet. flushed face. Mad as a hatter. delirium.

The effects of Cholinergic Drugs

Cholinergic Agents cause S.L.U.D.G.E. S = Salivation. L = Lacrimation. U = Urinary incontinence. D = Diarrhea. G = Gastrointestinal cramps. E = Emesis (vomit).

Cholinergic Drug Effects

Cholinergic Drugs Stimulate the intestine and bladder causing... Increased gastric secretions. Increased gastrointestinal motility. Increased urinary frequency. Cholinergic Drugs Stimulate the Pupils causing... Constriction (miosis), and Reduced intraocular pressure. Cholinergic drug effects also Increase salivation and sweating.

Cholinergics

Cholinergic Drugs are called Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists. The Autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of both sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) divisions. The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) arises from the thoracic and lumbar with short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers. The drugs that stimulate the Sympathetic Nervous System are called ADRENERGICS. The Peripheral Nervous System arises from the cranial and sacral regions with long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers. The drugs that stimulate this system are CHOLINERGICS.

Cholinergic Drugs

Cholinergic Drugs stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. The Parasympathetic Nervous System is the opposing system to the sympathetic nervous system. These drugs are also known as cholinergics, cholinergic agonists or parasympathomimetics. Cholinergic Drugs mimic effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Cholinergic an Anticholinergic drugs effects on the lungs.

Cholinergic drugs cause bronchoconstriction and increase bronchial secretions. Anticholinergic drugs cause bronchodilator and decrease bronchial secretions.

How Cholinergics and Anticholinergics affect the Urinary bladder.

Cholinergics cause urinary incontinence (or loss of bladder control) by contracting muscles and relaxing the sphincter. Anticholinergics cause Urinary retention (full bladder) by relaxing muscles and contracting the sphincter.

Cholinergic and Anticholinergic actions on the heart.

Cholinergics decrease heart rate (aka Bradycardia). Anticholinergics increase heart rate (aka Tachycardia).

Cholinergics in the Parasympathetic nervous system does the following.

Constricts (narrows) the pupil. Stimulate flow of saliva from the salivary glands. Slows heartbeat. Constricts bronchi in the lungs. Stimulates peristalsis (or involuntary contraction and relaxation) and secretions in the intestines. Stimulates digestion in the stomach. Stimulates release of bile from the liver. (bile is fluid that aids in digestion). Contracts (or tightens) the bladder.

Adrenergics in the Sympathetic Nervous system does the following.

Dialates the pupil. Inhibits the flow of saliva from Salivary glands. Accelerates the heartbeat. Dialates bronchi in the lungs. Inhibits digestion in the stomach. Inhibits peristalsis (involuntary contraction/relaxation) in the intestine. Stimulates glucose release from the liver for energy. Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline release from the kidneys. Relaxes the bladder.

Why Use Direct-Acting Cholinergic Drugs?

Direct acting cholinergic drugs treat Glaucoma, and Atony (aka Neurogenic bladder or urinary overflow). Direct acting cholinergic drugs are used for Glaucoma. They reduce intraocular pressure by increasing drainage. Direct acting cholinergic Drugs used to treat Glaucoma are Carbachol and Pilocarpine. Direct acting cholinergic drugs are used for Atony and Neurogenic Bladder. They increase postsurgical atony of the bladder and GI tract allowing them to empty. The direct acting cholinergic drug used to treat Atony and Neurogenic bladder is Bethanechol.

Indirect acting cholinergic agonists.

Drugs that Inhibit acetylcholinesterase from breaking down acetylcholine. 1. Physostigmine. 2. Neostigmine. 3. Edrophonium. 4. Parathion. 5. Isofluorate.

Effects of Anticholinergics.

Effects of Anticholinergics in the Central Nervous System are decreased muscle rigidity and tremors. Used for treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Effects of Anticholinergics in the Eye are pupil dilation. Used for exams or surgery. Effects of Anticholinergics in the Salivary and lacrimal glands are Decreased secretions. Used in Cold medications. Effects of Anticholinergics in the Lungs, are lower bronchial secretions, dilate bronchial airways, and decrease airway resistance. Used for COPD and asthma. Effects of Anticholinergics in the Gastrointestinal are relaxed smooth muscle tone of G.I. tract, decrease gastric secretions, decrease motility and peristalsis. Used for Peptic ulcer disease and irritable bowel disease. Effects of Anticholinergics in the Genitourinary system are antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle. Used for Overactive bladder and incontinence.

Effects of Cholinergics.

Effects of Cholinergics in the Central Nervous System are enhanced cognitive function, arousal, attention, and memory. Used for treatment of Alzheimers disease and dementia. Effects of Cholinergics in the Eye are pupil constriction. Used for treatment of glaucoma. Effects of Cholinergics in the Gastrointestinal are smooth muscle stimulant. Used for Post op abdominal distention or paralytic ileus (aka paralysis of the intestine). Effects of Cholinergics in the Genitourinary system are urinary bladder stimulant. Used for post op or postpartum urinary retention. Effects of Cholinergics in the Musculoskeletal (indirect acting cholinergics), improves muscle tone and strength. Used for Myastenis gravis.

Why Use Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Drugs?

In Myasthenia gravis, indirect acting cholinergic drugs help with skeletal muscle contraction and inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine. These drugs are Pyridostigmine and Physostigmine. Physostigmine is also used as an antidote for anticholinergic poisoning (atropine). Using Indirect acting cholinergic drugs in Alzheimer's Disease Prevents cognitive deterioration and increases concentrations of acetylcholine in the brain. These drugs are Donepezil (Aricept) (Not a cure and may take up to 6 weeks to work).

Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs effects on the Exocrine glands.

In the Exocrine glands, Cholinergic drugs increase sweat, saliva, lacrimal, bronchial, and intestinal secretions. In the Exocrine glands, Anticholinergic drugs decrease all secretions.

Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs effects on the Gastrointestinal System.

In the Gastrointestinal Tract, Cholinergic drugs increase peristalsis, increase secretions, and relax the sphincter causing diarrhea. In the Gastrointestinal Tract, Anticholinergic drugs decrease peristalsis, decrease secretions, and contracts sphincter muscle causing constipation.

Indirect Acting Cholinergics (aka Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists)

Indirect Acting Cholinergics. Are also known as Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists. Are Irreversible. Synthetic organophosphates bind to Acetylcholinesterase. They result in long lasting increases in Acetylcholine which is extremely toxic. Many developed by the military as nerve agents, known as Isofluorate. Many used as insecticides, known as Parathion.

The 2 types of Cholinergic Drugs are Direct and Indirect acting Cholinergics.

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists Inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine. This results in more Acetylcholine available at the receptors. Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are reversible and irreversible. They cause skeletal muscle contractions (fasciculations), and are used for diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis. Used to reverse neuromuscular blocking agents. Alzheimers Disease patients have a loss of cholinergic neurons. Indirect acting cholinergics are also used to reverse anticholinergic poisoning (antidote) such as Oranophosphates which are used as insecticides, a component of nerve gas.

What is Myastenis Gravis?

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes a weakness in the skeletal muscles which are responsible for breathing and moving parts of the body, including the arms and legs. It is caused by an error in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles. The normal communication between the nerve and muscle is interrupted at the neuromuscular junction. Impulses travel down a motor nerve. Nerve endings release the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine travels from the nerve ending and binds to Acetylcholine receptors on the muscle. The binding of Acetylcholine to its receptor activates the muscle and causes a muscle contraction. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease because the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign organisms, mistakenly attacks itself. The antibodies block, alter, or destroy the receptors for Acetylcholine which prevents the muscle from contracting.

Nicotinic Receptors.

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors are located on the Sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cells at the Neuromuscular Junction, the adrenal medulla, and in the Central nervous system. All postganglionic neurons (the sympathetic and parasympathetic) use the Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors. Hormone-producing cells of adrenal medulla use Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors. The effects of Acetylcholine on the nicotinic receptors is always excitatory. Nicotinic Receptors opens ion channels, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell.

Cholinergics cause S.L.U.D.G.E

S- Salivation. L- Lacrimation (or tears). U- Urination. D- Defecation (or Diarrhea). G- Gastric motility (or cramps). E- Emesis (or vomit).

Cholinergic drugs act in one of two ways.

Some Cholinergic drugs directly mimic the effect of acetylcholine, these are called Direct Acting Cholinergics. Other Cholinergic drugs block the effects of acetylcholinesterase and increase Acetylcholine. These are called Indirect Acting Cholinergics. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that destroys naturally occurring acetylcholine. By blocking the enzyme, the naturally occurring acetylcholine has a longer action in the body.

Cholinergic receptors bind Acetylcholine neurotransmitter.

The 2 types of cholinergic receptors are. 1. Muscarinic receptor which is activated by the mushroom poison muscarine. 2. Nicotinic receptor which responds to nicotine.

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous system effects on the pupil.

The iris contains the 2 muscles in the eye). 1. Sphincter papillae (aka circular muscle) is the muscle in the middle region of the iris. 2. Dilator papillae is the muscle in the outside region. In Pupil constriction, the Parasympathetic nervous system causes Sphincter pupillae muscle to contract, so Pupil size decreases. In Pupil dilation, The Sympathetic nervous system causes the Dilator pupillae muscle to contract, so pupil size increases.

The 2 different types of Acetylcholine receptors are Muscarinic and Nicotinic.

The muscarinic cholinergic receptor is a G protein coupled receptor (so it uses a 2nd messenger system). Muscarinic receptors are further classified into M1-M5 subtypes. The effects of Acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors can be either excitatory or inhibitory, this depends on the receptor type on the target organ.

The Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor.

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a ligand gated ion channel (ionotropic). It allows the movement of positively charged ions from the synaptic cleft into the cytoplasm of the neuron. This receptor is activated by the binding of two acetylcholine molecules. It is one of the main mediators of neurotransmission.

The roles of the Parasympathetic Division are.

To promote maintenance activities and conserve the bodys energy, (aka rest and digest). To direct digestion, diuresis, and defecation (aka diarrhea). For example, a person that is relaxing and reading after a meal with have low Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates. They will have high Gastrointestinal tract activity. Pupils will be constricted (aka narrowed) in order for lenses to accommodate for close vision.