chp 13

Which one of the following alternatives best describes differences between children with a mastery orientation and children with learned helplessness?

Children with a mastery orientation set high goals and seek challenges. Children with learned helplessness underestimate their ability and set low goals.

Eight-month-old Gabriel reaches for one of his mother's long, dangly earrings and gets quite upset when she won't let him grab it. Gabriel's behavior reflects which one of the following principles?

Children's behavior is often goal-directed.

A high school auto mechanics teacher wants to increase his female students' self-efficacy for mastering simple car maintenance procedures. He can best do this by:

Having the students watch other girls successfully change the oil and the air filter`

Three of the following homes should promote self-regulation in the children that live there. Which home is least likely to promote self-regulation?

Twelve-year-old Mark's parents let him do whatever he wants as long as he tells them where he's going.

which of the following statements best describes vicarious reinforcemeny

Watching someone else receive reinforcement for a behavior

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to help children become more self-regulating?

When assigning a lengthy research project, Mr. Barnett advises his students to break the project down into a number of smaller tasks and then to give themselves a treat after they complete each one.

Eileen is reluctant to go out for the school soccer team. Her parents want to enhance her self-confidence about becoming a successful soccer player. Keeping the concept of attributions in mind, the best thing the parents can say to Eileen is:

"You have some natural athletic ability, and practice will make you even better."

Curtis works hard at school because he knows it will lead to good grades, praise from his mother, and money from his father. It is clear that ________ are effective with Curtis.

...

Three of the following students show warning signs of being at risk. Which student is least likely to be at risk?

Barbara is so busy with student government, cheerleading, and varsity sports that her grades have gone from As to Cs and Ds.

Which one of the following children clearly has a performance goal rather than a mastery goal?

Bart practices the song he will need to sing in his audition for the school choir.

Listed below are four reasons why children might not want to take their schoolwork seriously or to try very hard to succeed at classroom tasks. Which one of these reasons is consistent with the concept of self-efficacy?

Carol doesn't think she has the ability to do the work successfully.

The four children below are all learning how to play the piano. Which one of them best illustrates the role of value in motivation?

Beth thinks her teacher asks her to play pieces that are too hard for her.

Three of the following may partly explain why many youngsters have less intrinsic motivation to master school subject matter as they get older. Which one is not a likely explanation?

By its very nature, advanced academic subject matter evokes little or no situational interest.

Other things being equal, which one of the following goals is most likely to be effective in motivating a 10-year-old to study academic subject matter?

Mastering the week's spelling words

Catalina is talking about her experiences in pottery class. "At first I had a really hard time getting the clay centered on the wheel. Then I'd finally get it centered, but the pot would collapse when I tried to pull the walls up. (She laughs.) It was really frustrating, but I just kept practicing over and over. I am doing better now than I did at the beginning of the semester." From her comments, it is clear that Catalan has a:

Mastery goal

Tim and Sally are seventh graders at a school science fair. They both receive As on their science projects. Considering gender differences in children's attributions, how are the two students likely to explain their good grades?

Tim will think, "I got an A because I'm really good in science." Sally will think, "I got an A because I worked really hard on my project."

When Scott was first learning how to write, he wrote quickly and sloppily, without regard for how his papers looked. But his teachers praised him regularly for writing carefully and legibly, and eventually he began to pride himself on his neat and careful handwriting. This transition can best be described as:

Development of internalized motivation

Three of the following strategies are likely to help students at risk stay in school. Which one is unlikely to do so?

Discourage them from participating in extracurricular activities so they can focus on getting their grades up.

which of the following is displaying the extrinsic motivation

Elbert wants to become a professional football player so others will admire him

Mr. Rawlins is faculty advisor for the high school service club. He attends every meeting but typically sits in the back of the room and says very little. He offers advice only if club members request it or if he thinks the club's planned activities are in some way inappropriate. In taking this approach, Mr. Rawlins is most likely to:

Enhance club members' sense of self-determination

Good grades are reinforcing to some children but not to others. Someone explaining this fact from an operant conditioning perspective would say that good grades are most likely to be reinforcers to children who:

Have previously associated grades with other reinforcers

Three of the following statements are consistent with the textbook's recommendations regarding the effective use of reinforcement to motivate children. Which statement does not reflect the textbook's recommendations?

Use concrete reinforcers even when children are intrinsically motivated to learn.

When 12-year-old Jonathan goes out for the middle school cross-country team, he discovers that he's the slowest runner on the team. After three weeks of daily practice with the team, his speed and endurance improve little if at all. Given what we know about the development of value in children's motivation, we can reasonably guess that Jonathan will:

Value cross-country running less than he has previously

Three of the following concepts reflect some degree of intrinsic motivation. Which one does not?

Vicarious reinforcement

sam is at the mall with his friends. the others boys are playing video games but sam is just watching. although sam knows that playing video games is fun, he wants to save up his money to buy a computer. its clear then that sam

can delay gratification

The basic idea underlying operant conditioning is that:

Children's behaviors are affected by the consequences that follow them.

Which one of the following children definitely has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal?

Claude studies science so he can understand what makes things "tick."

Three of the following definitely show self-regulation as psychologists define the term. Which one does not necessarily involve self-regulation?

Completing an in-class assignment

Students have just done well on what was obviously an easy assignment. If their teacher praises them for their success, they are likely to:

Conclude that they have low ability

Below are four instances of negative feedback. Other things being equal, which statement is most likely to promotehigh self-efficacy?

"I know you have the ability to write a better essay than this, Janet. Let me give you some suggestions about what you might do differently next time."

The four statements below all involve evaluating a student's essay. Which one is most likely to preserve the student'ssense of self-determination?

"In evaluating your essay, let's apply the four criteria you and your classmates identified last week for critiquing written work."

A student who has developed learned helplessness about his or her spelling ability is most likely to say which one of the following?

"No matter how much I study words, I can't remember how to spell them."

Which one of the following teacher statements reflects an entity view of ability?

"Phoebe is one of the brightest students I know."

Which one of the following statements is most consistent with the textbook's recommendation for describing classroom rules and procedures?

"When you write your compositions, remember that I can read what you've written more easily and can give you more useful feedback if you write clearly."

Three of the following statements describe developmental trends in self-regulation that researchers have observed. Which statement is not necessarily consistent with researchers' findings?

Absent-mindedness largely disappears.

Which one of the following teenagers has situational interest rather than personal interest?

Adam finds the Guinness Book of World Records on the shelf and is intrigued by the strange people it describes.

Which one of the following examples illustrates vicarious reinforcement?

Alice notices that her friend Ellen gets extra attention from the teacher when she acts helpless. Alice begins to act helpless as well.

Only one of the following definitely illustrates high self-efficacy. Which one?

Amy knows she is a good singer.

Which one of the following adolescents is displaying intrinsic motivation?

Annette loves to play the viola and so practices for at least an hour every day.

Bill's behaviors in Ms. Kennedy's class are really distracting to other students. For example, he whispers to the boy beside him when Ms. Kennedy is giving directions on how to do an assignment. He flings paper clips at a girl across the room. He makes strange grunting noises that a few classmates find amusing. Ms. Kennedy glares at him or admonishes him whenever he behaves in a distracting way, yet his inappropriate behaviors are increasing rather than decreasing. Which one of the following interpretations best explains why Bill's behaviors are increasing?

Ms. Kennedy is reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors.

If you wanted to encourage kindergartners to delay gratification, you would be most likely to:

Occasionally remind them that they will get a bigger reward by waiting a couple of hours

Three of the following teaching strategies should promote intrinsic motivation in the classroom. Which one will not?

Reminding students how important their grades will be when they apply to college

Which one of the following is the best example of a student attributing success to an internal factor?

Sue Ellen has just gotten a good grade on her geography test. She is proud that she did so well and glad that she studied hard.

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer?

glass of water

Three of the following statements accurately describe ethnic group differences in motivation. Which statement is false?

On average, children in African American families are given more autonomy than children in other ethnic groups.

Which of the following statements most clearly illustrates self-efficacy?

Misha believes he can do well in his chemistry class if he studies hard.

Enrique is talking about his experiences in painting class. "At first I had a hard time keeping the paint from running a lot. But the other kids had trouble too, so I didn't feel too bad. Pretty soon I was making some of the best paintings in class. I am better than all of the other boys and most of the girls. The teacher says I am quite talented at painting." From his comments, it is clear that Enrique has a:

Performance goal

A middle school teacher wants to motivate his students to learn classroom subject matter. Considering the age range of the youngsters in his classes, which one of the following strategies is most likely to be effective?

Incorporate small-group work into each week's lessons.

Fourteen-year-old David rarely turns in his homework and often skips school, and so he is earning Ds and Fs in most of his classes. Yet he expresses his sincere desire to go to college and "make something of myself." This apparent inconsistency between his poor academic performance, on the one hand, and his strong interest in going to college, on the other, can probably best be explained by:

Insufficiently developed self-regulation skills

In which one of the following situations is a youngster attributing failure to a stable and uncontrollable factor?

Kami tells herself that she is getting low grades in math because, like her mom, she just isn't any good at math.

Which one of the following students is most likely to have a sense of self-determination?

Lorenzo has chosen to write a report about tornadoes and wants to be a storm chaser when he grows up.

Which one of the following is the best example of a youngster with a core goal?

Miriam has always tried hard to do well in school.

Three of the following teaching strategies should help children become more self-regulating. Which one will not?

Mr. D'Angelo asks a teacher aide to keep a close eye on Darlene and, when necessary, to remind her to stay on task.

Which one of the following teachers is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation in his or her students?

Ms. Benedetti describes events in history so vividly that her students are captivated during the entire lesson.

Three of the following strategies should promote children's motivation in the classroom. With the textbook's discussion of motivation in mind, choose the strategy that is least likely to motivate youngsters to learn and achieve.

Ms. Carmichael says, "I'm sorry you didn't do well on the exam. Better luck next time."

In previous years, 11-year-old Polly didn't do very well in school because of an undiagnosed hearing impairment that often made it difficult to understand what her teacher and classmates were saying in class. She now wears a hearing aid that enables her to hear human voices normally. Yet even when her sixth-grade teachers are certain she has the ability to complete an assigned classroom task, Polly is reluctant to do it, saying "I can't!" or simply procrastinating so much that it is impossible to complete the task in the allotted time. Simple efforts to motivate Polly, such as promising her free time to play her favorite video game on the class computer, rarely entice her into trying very hard. Which one of the following is the most likely explanation for Polly's apparent lack of motivation?

Polly's has a low self-efficacy for accomplishing classroom tasks.

Which one of the following children exhibits personal interest rather than situational interest?

Riley can't wait to find out what's in the big cardboard box his teacher has brought to school today.

Three of the following children have social goals. Which one does not necessarily have a social goal?

Robert is eager to learn everything he can about terrorists and their personalities.

Primary reinforcers are stimuli or events that:

Satisfy biologically built-in needs

Several students in Mr. Samber's class have trouble keeping themselves on task during independent seatwork assignments. Mr. Samber gives each of these students a piece of paper on which they are to make a check mark every time they find themselves doing something other than their assignment during seatwork time. Mr. Samber is applying which one of the following concepts?

Self-monitoring

Tim often comes to school wearing sandals instead of sneakers on days that he has physical education. He is getting angry with himself regarding his chronic forgetfulness about appropriate footwear. His teacher suggests that he treat himself to an hour of television at home only on days when he has remembered to wear sneakers. Tim's teacher is suggesting that Tim use:

Self-reinforcement

Which one of the following children is most likely to be attributing something to an internal and uncontrollable factor?

Seven-year-old Burt can't remember his basic addition facts even though he practices them every night. "The other kids know them by heart," he moans.

Virginia is 6 years old. Georgia is 16 years old. Both girls like figure skating, but neither is a very good skater. Given developmental trends in attributions, we can predict that Virginia is more likely than Georgia to believe that:

She can become an excellent skater if she continues to work at it.

When 14-year-old Valerie discovers that she's gotten an A on yesterday's assignment, she expresses pride to her teacher and explains that she worked very hard on it. On the way home from school, however, she tells her friends that she didn't put much effort into the assignment at all and so was lucky to get a high grade. How can we best explain Valerie's conflicting statements?

She knows that her teacher values hard work but that her friends do not, and she tailors her attributions accordingly.

Which one of the following descriptions best reflects how educators typically define students who are at risk of dropping out of school?

Students unlikely to acquire minimum academic skills

Sixteen-year-old Denzel is complaining about a lengthy research paper his English teacher has just assigned. "Honestly, I'd like to do a good job on this paper. But the timing is the pits. It's the beginning of baseball season, and the coach is counting on me to be back-up pitcher, so I really need to practice. I'm also trying to get my dad's old car in shape so I can use it when I get my license next month." Denzel's comments best reflect which one of the following principles?

Youngsters often need to juggle multiple goals.

which is not a good example of self regulation

a child keep track of the number of times he's gone to the pencil sharpener in a day

Karen often finds the material in her anatomy class confusing and difficult to understand, yet she continues to work hard at mastering it because she knows it will be important for her future career in medicine. If you consider the four steps through which internalized motivation proceeds, then Karen is at least at the ________ step in the process.

identification

Liam believes that a person's ability can increase through hard work and persistence. Liam holds an ________ view of ability.

incremental

Fifteen-year-old Aneesh loves building models of antique cars from kits he buys at the local hobby shop. He prides himself on his close attention to detail and meticulous workmanship. Without any assistance or encouragement from his parents, he makes sure to put every piece in its proper location, wipes off any excess glue so that all surfaces are clean and smooth, carefully applies the decals in the exact spots they need to be, and so on. "I'm a really careful guy," he says, "and my work reflects on my skill as a model builder." If we apply the four steps that characterize internalized motivation to Aneesh's self-regulation in model-building, we would say that he is at the ________ step.

integration

In adolescence, ________ is increasingly replaced by ________ as a basis for choosing activities.

intrinsic appeal; future usefulness

A police officer visits Ms. Duhaime's preschool class one morning to talk about safety precautions at home and on the street. The children listen quietly and attentively while the officer speaks. At the end of the visit, the officer and teacher agree that the children's good behavior warrants some kind of reinforcement. Given what we know about effective reinforcers at different age levels, their best choice would be:

plastic toy police "badges" handed out just before the officer leaves

Ms. Smythe keeps Eric after school whenever he swears in class. Even though Eric has been kept after school each day for the past 3 weeks, his swearing has increased rather than decreased. Given what we know about the effects of punishment on behavior. Ms. Smythe should probably conclude that

staying after school is reinforcing for Eric