CHP 21

________ release produces a decrease in both the heart rate and force of contraction through the stimulation of muscarinic receptors on nodal cells and contractile cells. A) Dopamine B) Acetylcholine C) Serotonin D) Norepinephrine E) Cholecystokinin

B) Acetylcholine

Which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the heart rate? A) activation of the parasympathetic nervous system B) acetylcholine stimulation of nodal cells and contractile cells C) activation of the sympathetic nervous system D) decreased blood concentration of carbon dioxide and increased blood pressure E) decreased blood concentration of oxygen and increased blood pressure

C) activation of the sympathetic nervous system

There are many interconnections between the arterial branches of the coronary circulation, which function to maintain a constant blood supply to the muscle of the heart. These connections are called ________. A) syncytium B) intercalation C) anastomoses D) prolapse E) autorhythmicity

C) anastomoses

Which of the following drains the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empties directly into the right atrium? A) middle cardiac vein B) great cardiac vein C) anterior cardiac veins D) small cardiac vein E) posterior veins of left ventricle

C) anterior cardiac veins

The diaphragm is attached to the inferior, rounded tip of the heart, called the ________, which points laterally. A) base B) inferior border C) apex D) diaphragmatic surface E) left border

C) apex

The exchange vessels in the cardiovascular system are called ________. A) veins B) arteries C) capillaries D) venules E) arterioles

C) capillaries

One of the major differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle is that cardiac muscle ________. A) is striated B) has myosin and actin C) lacks triads D) needs Ca2+ to contract E) has a very large sarcoplasmic reticulum

C) lacks triads

Which vessel gives rise to a circumflex branch and an anterior interventricular branch? A) left marginal branch B) coronary sinus C) left coronary artery D) posterior descending artery E) right coronary artery

C) left coronary artery

The moderator band is located in the ________. A) left ventricle B) right atrium C) right ventricle D) left atrium E) interatrial sulcus

C) right ventricle

Cardiac muscle cells differ from skeletal muscle fibers in that the cardiocytes are uniquely interconnected by (the) ________. A) sarcoplasmic reticulum B) Z discs C) gap junctions D) intercalated discs E) T tubules

D) intercalated discs

Which features are described as prominent muscular ridges that extend along the inner surface of the right auricle and across the adjacent anterior wall of the right atrium? A) chordae tendineae B) foramina ovale C) papillary muscles D) pectinate muscles E) trabeculae carneae

D) pectinate muscles

Valves of the heart open and close due to ________. A) contraction of papillary muscles B) timing sequences C) electrical signals D) pressure changes E) None of the answers are correct.

D) pressure changes

The fibrous skeleton of the heart functions to ________. A) provide elasticity that helps return the heart to its original shape after each contraction B) physically isolating the atrial muscle cells from the ventricular muscle cells C) help distribute the force of contraction of the heart D) reinforcing the heart valves E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Which event occurs during ventricular systole? A) Chordae tendineae are loose. B) Semilunar valves are closed. C) The left ventricle is dilated. D) Papillary muscles are relaxed. E) Atrioventricular valves are closed.

E) Atrioventricular valves are closed.

Which event typically occurs during the first phase of ventricular systole? A) Semilunar valves are closed. B) All chambers are relaxed. C) Atrioventricular valves are open. D) Semilunar valves are open. E) Atrioventricular valves are closed.

E) Atrioventricular valves are closed.

Which of the following is TRUE of the coronary arteries? A) They drain into the right atrium inferior to the opening of the inferior vena cava. B) Together they supply a small portion of the cardiac muscle with oxygen. C) They originate at the base of the aorta and are the first branches off this vessel. D) They open and close in pulsation with the contraction and relaxation of the heart ventricles. E) Blood pressure in these vessels are the lowest found anywhere in the systemic circuit.

They originate at the base of the aorta and are the first branches off this vessel.

________ is the term used to indicate a heart rate that is slower than normal. A) Cardiac tamponade B) Bradycardia C) Angina D) Tachycardia E) Coronary ischemia

B) Bradycardia

The left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circuit through the ________. A) mitral valve B) pulmonary veins C) pulmonary arteries D) aorta E) venae cavae

D) aorta

Which of the following is a feature that is unique to the left atrium? A) bicuspid valve B) fossa ovalis C) tricuspid valve D) foramen ovale E) conus arteriosus

A) bicuspid valve

The period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next is a single ________. A) cardiac cycle B) arrhythmia C) diastole D) intermodal pathway E) systole

A) cardiac cycle

Which feature marks the border between the atria and the ventricles? A) coronary sulcus B) interatrial groove C) posterior interventricular sulcus D) anterior interventricular sulcus E) atrial appendage

A) coronary sulcus

Which of the following is a function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart? A) distributes the forces of contraction B) provides instructions for cardiac muscle cells to contract C) maintains the energy reserves in the form of glycogen and lipid inclusions D) provides full range mobility to the valves of the heart E) physically connects the atrial muscle cells to the ventricular muscle cells

A) distributes the forces of contraction

The extensive connective tissue network, which encircles the bases of the pulmonary trunk and aorta and the valves of the heart, is called the ________ of the heart. A) fibrous skeleton B) endocardium C) intercalated network D) pericardium E) pulmonary epicardium

A) fibrous skeleton

Which structures are responsible for creating a direct electrical connection between cardiac muscle cells? A) gap junctions B) maculae adherens C) intercalated discs D) desmosomes E) fascia adherens

A) gap junctions

The right ventricle ________. A) has thinner muscular walls than does the left ventricle B) receives blood from the left atrium through the tricuspid valve C) pumps blood out of the heart to the systemic circuit D) pumps blood out of the heart through the aortic semilunar valve E) is connected to the pulmonary veins

A) has thinner muscular walls than does the left ventricle

Structures in the heart that carry electrical signals from the SA node to the AV node are called ________. A) internodal pathways B) bundle branches C) Purkinje fibers D) chordae tendineae E) moderator bands

A) internodal pathways

Which of the following associations is correct? A) mitral valve—atrioventricular B) pulmonary valve—atrioventricular C) aortic valve—chordae tendineae D) tricuspid valve—semilunar valve E) pulmonary valve—chordae tendineae

A) mitral valve—atrioventricular

The outermost layer of the serous pericardium is termed the ________. A) parietal pericardium B) fibrous pericardium C) visceral pericardium D) endocardium E) epicardium

A) parietal pericardium

Which coronary vein receives blood from the posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle? A) small cardiac vein B) middle cardiac vein C) coronary sinus D) anterior cardiac vein E) posterior vein of left ventricle

A) small cardiac vein

The ________ are a series of irregular muscular folds formed on the internal surface of the ventricles. A) trabeculae carneae B) papillary muscles C) chordae tendineae D) moderator bands E) pectinate muscles

A) trabeculae carneae

Which event typically occurs at the start of a cardiac cycle? A) Ventricular blood pressure drops until reverse blood flow pushes the cusps of the semilunar valves together. B) Atrial contraction forces a small amount of blood into the relaxed ventricles. C) The semilunar valves open and blood is ejected. D) Ventricular contraction pushes the atrioventricular valves closed. E) The atrioventricular valves opens and the ventricles fill passively.

B) Atrial contraction forces a small amount of blood into the relaxed ventricles.

________ are individual cardiac muscle cells, which are relatively small, averaging 10-20 µm in diameter and 50-100 µm in length. A) Fibrocytes B) Cardiocytes C) Myelocytes D) Chondrocytes E) Osteocytes

B) Cardiocytes

Which of the following associations is correct? A) baroreceptors—sensitivity to dissolved gas concentrations B) acetylcholine—muscarinic receptors on nodal cells and contractile cells C) parasympathetic nervous system—cardiac nerves D) norepinephrine—alpha receptors on nodal cells and contractile cells E) sympathetic nervous system—vagus nerves

B) acetylcholine—muscarinic receptors on nodal cells and contractile cells

Cardiac muscle cells obtain energy almost exclusively through ________. A) anaerobic pathways B) aerobic respiration C) glycolysis D) the Krebs cycle E) protein reserves

B) aerobic respiration

The broad, superior portion of the heart is the ________. A) apex B) base C) sternocostal surface D) pulmonary surface E) anterior surface

B) base

Which of the following is a major component of the conduction system located in the interventricular septum, and extends toward the apex of the heart? A) SA node B) bundle branches C) AV node D) Purkinje fibers E) intermodal pathways

B) bundle branches

Which element of the fibrous pericardium binds the base of the heart to the mediastinum? A) reticular fibers B) collagen fibers C) skeletal muscle D) elastic fibers E) cartilage

B) collagen fibers

The superior end of the right ventricle, which tapers to a smooth-walled pouch and ends at the pulmonary valve is called (the) ________. A) auricle B) conus arteriosus C) aortic sinus D) ligamentum arteriosum E) fossa ovalis

B) conus arteriosus

Which is the deepest and innermost layer of the heart wall? A) parietal layer of the epicardium B) endocardium C) myocardium D) fibrous pericardium E) visceral layer of the epicardium

B) endocardium

Papillary muscles of the right ventricle receive a signal to contract from (the) ________. A) left and right bundle branches B) moderator band C) AV node D) Purkinje fibers E) atrioventricular bundles

B) moderator band

Prominent muscular ridges, which extend along the inner surface of the right auricle, across the adjacent anterior wall of the right atrium are called ________. A) moderator bands B) pectinate muscles C) trabeculae carneae D) papillary muscles E) chordae tendineae

B) pectinate muscles

The ________ carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs. A) arterial circle of Willis B) pulmonary circuit C) infundibular circuit D) systemic circuit E) hepatic portal circuit

B) pulmonary circuit

If the cusps of an atrioventricular valve are damaged or functionally impaired so that they do not close completely during the normal point in the cardiac cycle, blood may flow backwards. This is called ________. A) ischemia B) regurgitation C) thrombosis D) automaticity E) nodal depolarization

B) regurgitation

Intrinsic heart rate may be influenced or modified by ________. A) either the SA node or the AV node only, but no other factors B) the autonomic nervous system C) the somatomotor cortex D) hormones secreted by the lungs E) enzymes released from the kidney

B) the autonomic nervous system

Which chamber of the heart can generate the greatest pressure? A) the left atrium B) the left ventricle C) the right atrium D) the right ventricle E) Both ventricles create greater pressures equally and simultaneously than do the atria.

B) the left ventricle

The visceral pericardium is also called the ________. A) endocardium B) parietal pericardium C) epicardium D) myocardium E) fibrous pericardium

C) epicardium

Blood leaves the right ventricle through the ________ valve to reach the capillaries supplying the lungs. A) aortic B) mitral C) pulmonary D) tricuspid E) bicuspid

C) pulmonary

The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the ________. A) coronary arteries B) venae cavae C) pulmonary veins D) descending aorta E) pulmonary arteries

C) pulmonary veins

Which structure makes up a large percentage of the sternocostal surface of the heart? A) right atrium B) left atrium C) right ventricle D) left ventricle E) pulmonary trunk

C) right ventricle

Because cardiac muscles are mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another, cardiac muscle tissue functions like a single enormous muscle cell. For this reason, it is called a functional ________. A) sulcus B) inclusion C) syncytium D) intercalation E) triad

C) syncytium

Blood that occurs to and from all of the tissues of the body, with the EXCEPTION of the lungs, is transported in the ________. A) infundibular circuit B) pulmonary circuit C) systemic circuit D) hepatic portal circuit E) arterial circle of Willis

C) systemic circuit

The phase of the cardiac cycle during which each chamber contracts and pumps blood into another heart chamber, or into an arterial trunk, is called ________. A) diastole B) thrombosis C) systole D) relaxation E) ischemia

C) systole

The inherent ability of cardiac muscle tissue to contract in the absence of neural or hormonal stimulation is called ________. A) threshold B) systole C) diastole D) autorhythmicity E) a cardiac pacemaker

D) autorhythmicity

Externally, the posterior and inferior portions of the left ventricle form the ________. A) sternocostal surface B) right border C) left border D) diaphragmatic surface E) superior border

D) diaphragmatic surface

During one cardiac cycle, the ventricles spend most of their time in ________. A) systole B) contraction C) fibrillation D) diastole E) depolarization

D) diastole

The intercalated disc of cardiac muscle cells possess a specialized form of adhering junction termed a(n) ________. A) desmosome B) macula adherens C) gap junction D) fascia adherens E) CAM

D) fascia adherens

Which of the following is a unique feature of the right ventricle? A) mitral valve B) papillary muscles C) aorta D) pulmonary trunk E) trabeculae carneae

D) pulmonary trunk

Which branch(es) of the right coronary artery extends toward the apex along the anterior surface of the right ventricle and continues across the posterior surface of the heart? A) circumflex branch B) posterior interventricular branch C) atrial branches D) right marginal branch E) anterior interventricular branch

D) right marginal branch

The ________ of the heart includes the bases of the major vessels. A) right border B) inferior border C) left border D) superior border E) diaphragmatic surface

D) superior border

Oxygen-poor blood travels from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the ________ valve. A) bicuspid B) aortic C) mitral D) tricuspid E) pulmonary

D) tricuspid

Which of the following is TRUE regarding contractions of the heart? A) The ventricles contract first, followed by the atria. B) The contractions do not occur in any specific or precise sequence each time. C) Cardiac muscle tissue contracts under neural stimulation. D) The rate of cardiac contractions are established by the conducting fibers. E) Cardiac contractions are coordinated by specialized conducting cells, cardiac muscle cells that are incapable of undergoing powerful contractions.

E) Cardiac contractions are coordinated by specialized conducting cells, cardiac muscle cells that are incapable of undergoing powerful contractions.

The rapidly depolarizing cells, called pacemaker cells, are found in the ________, which is embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium. A) right bundle branch B) AV node C) left bundle branch D) intermodal pathways E) SA node

E) SA node

Blood exiting the left ventricle must pass through the ________ valve. A) mitral B) pulmonary C) tricuspid D) bicuspid E) aortic

E) aortic

The expansible portion of an atrium is called a(n) ________ because it reminded early anatomists of the external ear. A) atrial sinus B) coronary sulcus C) atrial apex D) interatrial groove E) auricle

E) auricle

Which of the following structures is a large, thin-walled vein that lies in the posterior portion of the coronary sulcus? A) posterior veins of left ventricle B) middle veins of left ventricle C) aortic sinus D) great cardiac vein E) coronary sinus

E) coronary sinus

The sinoatrial node, or cardiac pacemaker, is ________. A) electrically active nodal tissue located in the wall of the left ventricle B) embedded in the anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum C) able to cause the atria and ventricles to contract simultaneously D) able to cause the cardiac muscle to begin to contract at the apex E) embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava

E) embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava

Which structure delivers venous blood from the tissues and organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and from the lower limbs? A) coronary veins B) pulmonary trunk C) superior vena cava D) fossa ovalis E) inferior vena cava

E) inferior vena cava

The primary function of the pericardial fluid is to provide ________ between the pericardial membranes. A) friction B) impulse stimulation C) pressure D) perforation E) lubrication

E) lubrication

Which structure receives blood from the systemic circuit? A) left ventricle B) pulmonary veins C) right ventricle D) left atrium E) right atrium

E) right atrium

During the late stages of ventricular diastole, the ________. A) atria are contracting B) AV valves are closed C) ventricles are contracting D) pressure in the ventricles does not change E) the ventricles are filling

E) the ventricles are filling

Answer: Left common carotid artery

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label A. A) Left subclavian artery B) Ascending aorta C) Brachiocephalic trunk D) Pulmonary trunk E) Left common carotid artery

C) Pulmonary artery

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label A. A) Pulmonary vein B) Left subclavian artery C) Pulmonary artery D) Aortic arch E) Brachiocephalic trunk

A) Brachiocephalic trunk

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B. A) Brachiocephalic trunk B) Pulmonary trunk C) Left common carotid artery D) Pulmonary artery E) Left subclavian artery

D) Pulmonary veins

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B. A) Left common carotid arteries B) Pulmonary arteries C) Left subclavian artery D) Pulmonary veins E) Venae cavae

D) Ascending aorta

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label C. A) Pulmonary artery B) Inferior vena cava C) Pulmonary vein D) Ascending aorta E) Superior vena cava

C) Superior vena cava

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label D. A) Pulmonary trunk B) Brachiocephalic trunk C) Superior vena cava D) Pulmonary vein E) Inferior vena cava

A) Coronary sinus

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label E. A) Coronary sinus B) Descending aorta C) Pulmonary artery D) Inferior vena cava E) Pulmonary vein

E) Ventricle

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label F. A) Atrium B) Aortic arch C) Auricle D) Coronary sinus E) Ventricle

E) Atrium

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label F. A) Coronary sulcus B) Interventricular sulcus C) Ventricle D) Ligamentum arteriosum E) Atrium

B) Ventricle

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label H. A) Auricle B) Ventricle C) Coronary sulcus D) Atrium E) Interventricular sulcus

B) Inferior vena cava

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label I. A) Descending aorta B) Inferior vena cava C) Brachiocephalic trunk D) Superior vena cava E) Pulmonary trunk

A) Auricle

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label K. A) Auricle B) Interventricular sulcus C) Pectinate muscle D) Ventricle E) Coronary sulcus

C) Pulmonary trunk

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label L. A) Aorta B) Superior vena cava C) Pulmonary trunk D) Pulmonary vein E) Brachiocephalic trunk

B) Arch of aorta

Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label N. A) Brachiocephalic trunk B) Arch of aorta C) Pulmonary trunk D) Left subclavian artery E) Common carotid artery