Cht. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation Test

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins

The pulmonary trunk carries __________ blood __________ the lung.

deoxygenated; to

The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?

elastic

Arteries have a structure in their middle and internal vessel walls that veins lack, called a/an __________.

elastic membrane

What feature distinguishes this type of capillary from a continuous capillary?

fenestrations

Compared to arteries, veins

have thinner walls

Which of the following conditions is least likely to lead to renin release? increased sympathetic activity vasospasm of the renal arteries renal artery thrombus circulatory shock hypertension

hypertension

In arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers associated with the tunica intima is called the

internal elastic membrane

Which of the following is not a cardiovascular modification present during fetal development? ligamentum arteriosum foramen ovale ductus venosus ductus arteriosus They are all present in the fetus.

ligamentum arteriosum

The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the tunica.

media

In response to hemorrhage, there is

mobilization of the venous reserve.

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

net osmotic pressure

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the

osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased blood volume. cardiac output. parasympathetic innervation. peripheral resistance. force of cardiac contraction.

parasympathetic innervation

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure drops.

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

proteins in the blood the non-diffusible proteins in the plasma exert the colloid osmotic pressure, which pulls fluid into the capillary.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.

reduces; increases

Elevated levels of the natriuretic peptide hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased

salt and water loss through the kidneys.

Atherosclerosis has been associated with high blood pressure. What is it called when a person has a blood pressure of 158/99?

stage 1 hypertension

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because

starvation prevents the liver from producing enough protein to maintain BCOP.

Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery?

stroke

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of arterial plaque. When plaque first begins to form, on which part of the blood vessel do the monocytes bind after taking in cholesterol-rich lipoproteins?

the endothelial lining

The unidirectional flow of blood in venules and medium-sized veins is maintained by __________.

the presence of valves

Of the following, which is an elastic artery? the brachial the subclavian the ulnar the external carotid the femoral

the subclavian

Which part of the blood vessel wall is dominated by smooth muscle?

the tunica media

What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply?

veins

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called

veins.

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

venous because the hydrostatic pressure of blood (which favors filtration out of the capillary) is lowest in the venous end of the capillary

Which of the following equations shows the correct relation between blood flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (R)? F = R/P F = P + R P = (F × R) × 4 F = P/R F = P - R

F = P/R

Which type of capillary is characterized by pores that penetrate the endothelial lining and is found in the intestinal tract and kidneys?

Fenestrated

What does the formula F = P/R mean? (Note: F = flow; P = pressure; R = resistance.)

Increasing P and decreasing R increases F.

Which of the following congenital heart problems is a result of normal fetal circulation remaining open past birth? Choose the best answer. Transposition of the great vessels Tetralogy of Fallot Ventricular septal defect Patent foramen ovale

Patent foramen ovale

What are the two major factors affecting blood flow rates?

Pressure and resistance

Stenosis is a permanent narrowing of an artery, as with arteriosclerosis. What could occur with stenosis of a renal artery?

Renin secretion will increase.

What type of capillaries have large gaps, allow a free exchange of water and solutes, and are found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?

Sinusoidal

Where in the body would you find fenestrated capillaries?

Small intestine and kidneys

Which of the following is a result of blood leaving the right ventricle and directly entering the aorta? Choose the best answer. Transposition of the great vessels Ventricular septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus Tetralogy of Fallot

Transposition of the great vessels

Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?

Tunica media

Which of the following vascular layers contains the thick encasing by smooth muscle that gives arteries their round appearance?

Tunica media

Resistance caused by the irregular, swirling movements of blood at high flow rates or over uneven surfaces is called __________.

Turbulence

Which of the following congenital heart problems does not usually involve an open shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary trunk? Choose the best answer. Tetralogy of Fallot Patent ductus arteriosus Ventricular septal defect Transposition of the great vessels

Ventricular septal defect

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

blood pressure

Vascular resistance is the friction force that opposes blood flow in a blood vessel. What two factors are the most important in generating friction between blood and the walls of a vessel?

blood vessel diameter and length

What structure do RBCs move through single-file?

capillary

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

capillary; interstitial fluid

Arteriosclerosis

(sklerosis, hardness) is a thickening and toughening of arterial walls.

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.

100

If the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is 90 mm Hg, what is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

100 mm Hg

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) with a blood hydrostatic pressure of 40 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg. Then determine if filtration or reabsorption occurs. NFP = ________ and results in a fluid ________.

15 mm Hg; filtration

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?

34 mm Hg HPc (35 mm Hg) - HPI (1 mm Hg) = 34 mm Hg, which is the net hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is much higher at the arterial end of the capillary, thus favoring filtration.

What is the correct order for the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit, starting at the aorta? 1. venules 5. medium veins 2. arterioles 6. large veins 3. capillaries 7. muscular arteries 4. elastic arteries

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

Excess plasma lipids in the form of cholesterol contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques within blood vessel walls. Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of such plaques? turbulent blood flow around the plaque increased pressure due to a loss of elasticity in the vessel wall more resistance to flow due to a decrease in blood vessel diameter All of the above are likely consequences of plaques.

All of the above are likely consequences of plaques.

Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise? a rise in sympathetic activity extensive vasodilation increase in venous return

All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.

All of these changes in the cardiovascular system are commonly seen in aging EXCEPT __________. decrease in cardiac output decrease in valve efficiency decrease in hematocrit All of the listed responses are correct

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following cardiovascular changes occur at birth? Due to pressure increasing in the left atrium, the foramen ovale closes. With the infant's first breath, the pulmonary vessels expand. Rising oxygen levels causes the ductus arteriosus to constrict, closing off the connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta. All of these changes occur at birth.

All of these changes occur at birth.

An endothelium that appears pleated or rippled is characteristic of which of the following?

Arteries

The greatest resistance to blood flow occurs in which of the following vessels?

Arterioles

Which of the following do(es) NOT contribute to total peripheral resistance? Blood pressure Vessel length and diameter Turbulence Blood viscosity

Blood pressure

Atherosclerotic plaques in their early stages can be reduced through life style changes. Which of the following life style changes would NOT be effective? losing weight not smoking reducing stress all of the above would be effective

all of the above would be effective

Hemorrhage triggers an increase in heart rate release of the venous reserve an increase in erythropoiesis all of these responses EXCEPT __________.

an increase in urine production

Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________.

an inhibitor of angiotensin II

When renin is released from the kidney,

angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.

Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to

arterial pressure.

A(n) ________ is a direct connection between an arteriole and a venule.

arteriovenus anastomosis

Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits

both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.

Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output except

increased blood concentration of glucose

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone). increased levels of angiotensin II. increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). increased blood volume. increased levels of aldosterone.

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).