Circulation of Blood

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Aneurysm

Abnormal widening of arterial wall Promotes formation of thrombi that may obstruct blood flow to vital tissues Arterial walls may burst, resulting in life-threatening hemorrhaging

Pulse

Alternate expansion and recoil of the blood vessel wall

anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock

An acute type of allergic reaction called _____ results in _____ _____.

Neurogenic Shock

Caused by nerve condition that relaxes (dilates) blood vessels and thus reduces blood flow Occurs when sympathetic stimulation is disrupted

Blood pressure gradient

Causes blood to circulate; liquids can flow only from areas of high presssure to areas of low pressure

septic shock

Complications of septicemia may result in _____ _____.

Ischemia

Decreased blood supply to a tissue

Hypovolemic Shock

Drop in blood volume that causes blood pressure (and blood flow) to drop Often caused by hemorrhage or loss of interstitial fluid, causing blood plasma to drain out of the vessels

Fetal circulation

Refers to circulation before birth

Anaphylactic Shock

Results from an acute allergic reaction Causes the same kind of blood vessel dilation that occurs in neurogenic shock

Septic Shock

Results from complications of septicemia Toxins dilate blood vessels, inducing shock

complications of toxins in the blood

Septic shock is caused by:

Precapillary sphincters

Smooth muscle cells that guard the entrance to capillaries

Tunica media

Smooth muscle, thick in arteries and thin in veins; some elastic tissue; important in blood pressure regulation

capillaries

The _____ function as exchange vessels

left ventricle

The aorta carries blood out of the:

Gangrene

Necrosis that has progressed to decay

Tunica externa

Outer layer of fibrous connective elastic tissue (heavy in veins)

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart and toward capillaries

Capillaries

Carry blood from the arterioles to the venules; microscopic vessels

blood volume, strength of heart contractions, heart rate, blood viscosity (thickness)

4 factors that influence BP

Veins

Carry blood toward the heart and away from capillaries

Aneurysm

A section of an artery that has become abnormally widened

increases, decreases

A stronger heartbeat _____ pressure, weaker heartbeat _____ pressure

toxic shock syndrome

A type of septic shock that results from staphylococcal infections that begin in the vagina of menstruating women and spread to the blood is _____ _____ _____.

arteries, veins

Blood pressure is highest in the _____ and lowest in the _____.

pulmonary veins

Blood returns from the lungs during pulmonary circulation via the:

thickness of blood

Blood viscosity

Cardiogenic shock

Caused by heart failure

Systemic circulation

Carries blood throughout the body

Pulmonary circulation

Carries blood to and from the lungs

Varicose veins (varices)

Englarged veins in which blood pools Treatments include supporting affected veins and surgical removal of veins

Circulatory shock

Failure of the circulatory system to deliver oxygen to the tissues adequately, results in cell impairment

Capillaries

Function as exchange vessels

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening of arteries caused by calcification of fatty deposits on arterial walls Reduces flow of blood, possibly causing ischemia that may progress to necrosis (or gangrene) May be corrected by vasodilators (vessel-relaxing drugs) or angioplasty (mechanical widening of vessels), or surgical replacement

condition of low blood volume

Hypovolemia means "__________"

a drop in blood volume

Hypovolemic shock is caused by:

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

If the foramen ovale fails to close at birth this occurs, creating a lack of oxygen

increases, decreases

Increased heart rate _____ pressure, decreased heart rate _____ pressure

Central venous pressure

Influences pressure in large peripheral veins

Tunica intima

Inner layer of of endothelial cells; only layer in capillaries

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke

Ischemia of brain tissue caused by embolism or hemorrhage

decreases, increases

Less-than-normal viscosity _____ pressure, greater-than-normal viscosity _____ pressure

Atherosclerosis

Lipids and other matter block arteries

shunting blood from the right atrium directly into the left atrium

The foramen ovale serves the fetal circulation by:

tunica intima

The innermost coat of an artery that comes into direct cotact with blood is called the:

more

The larger the blood volume, the _____ pressure is exerted on vessel walls

sinuses

The largest veins, often called _____, are the superior and inferior vena cava.

diastolic blood pressure

The minimum arterial pressure during each cardiac cycle is known as the _____ _____ _____.

ductus venosus

The structure used to bypass the liver in the fetal circulation is the:

ductus arteriosus

The structure used to connect the aorta and pulmonary artery in the fetal circulation is the:

right atrium

The superior vena cava returns blood to the:

hemodynamics

The term _____ refers to the set of processes that influence the flow of blood.

9

There are _____ major pulse points

arteries, vein

There are two small umbilical _____ and a single, much larger umbilical _____.

True

True or False: A device called a sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressures in clinical situations

False; HTN

True or False: A stroke is often the result of low blood pressure

False; increase, decrease

True or False: A stronger heartbeat tends to decrease blood pressure, and a weaker heartbeat tends to increase it.

False; highest in arteries, lowest in veins

True or False: Blood pressure is highest in the veins and lowest in the arteries.

True

True or False: Both the strength and the rate of heartbeat affect cardiac output and blood pressure.

False; decreases

True or False: If blood becomes less viscous than normal, blood pressure increases

False; it would decrease

True or False: If the blood pressure in the arteries were to decrease so that it became equal to the average pressure in the arterioles, circulation would increase.

True

True or False: Loud, tapping, Korotkoff sounds suddenly begin when the cuff pressure measured by the mercury column equals the systolic pressure

False; reduces

True or False: Massive hemorrhage increases blood pressure

True

True or False: The diameter of the arterioles helps determine how much blood drains out of arteries into the arterioles

False; blood pressure gradient

True or False: The difference between two blood pressures is reffered to as blood pressure deficit.

False; artery

True or False: The pulse is a vein expanding and then recoiling

False; contraction

True or False: The systolic pressure is the maximum arterial pressure during each cardiac cycle.

False; right

True or False: The venous blood pressure within the left atrium is called the central venous pressure

Hepatic portal circulation

Unique blood route through the liver Assists with homeostasis of blood glucose levels Stores glycogen and detoxifies the blood

placenta, umbilical arteries and veins, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, and foramen ovale

Unique structures of the fetal circulation

Thrombophlebitis

Vein inflammation accommpanied by clot formation May result in fatal pulmonary embolism

* A strongly beating heart * An adequate arterial blood pressure * Valves in the veins * Pumping action of skeletal muscles as they contract * Changing pressures in the chest cavity caused by breathing

Venous return of blood to the heart depends on 5 mechanisms

Cardiogenic shock

_____ _____ results from any type of heart failure.

Neurogenic shock

_____ _____ results from widespread dilation of blood vessels caused by an imbalance in autonomic stimulation of smooth muscles in vessel walls.

90%

_____% of HTN cases are primary essential (idiopathic)

ischemia

decreased blood supply to a tissue

peripheral resistance

resistance to blood flow Affected by many factors, including the vasomotor mechanism (vessel muscle contraction and relaxation)

Necrosis

tissue death

gangrene

tissue that has become necrotic and begins to decay

septicemia

toxins in blood resulting from infection

Hemorrhoids

varicose veins in the rectum

Hepatic portal vein

vein in liver that exists between two capillary beds


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