Circulatory & Respiratory System

List two structural differences and two functional differences between erythrocytes(RBC) and leukocytes(WBC)

- There is no nucleus in RBC, but a nucleus in WBC. - There is one type of RBC, but several types of WBC - There is a high number of RBC in circualtion, but a low number of WBC in circulation

*The presence of carbon dioxide in the blood makes the blood more blank.*

-acidic

Breathing occurs because of difference between the blank inside the lungs and outside the body.

-air pressure

Oxygen molecules diffuse form the air into the blank, air sacs within the lungs

-alveoli

The contractions of the heart, initiated by the sinoatrial node, cause the right and left blank to contract first.

-artria

During inhalation, the blank at the base of the ribs blank.

-diaphragm -contracts

The first step in clotting the congregation of blank at the damaged site

-platelets

The blank loop transports blood from the left side of the heart to body tissues and then to the right side of the heart.

-systemic circulation

The large veins called blank carry oxygen-poor blood form the body into the blank of the heart

-venae cavae -otrium

How would a defect of the mitral valve affect circulation? (CS)

A defect would delay circulation to the pulmonary artery because of the decreased amount of oxegenated blood that gets sent form the heart to the body.

Sinoatrial Node & Atrioventricular Node Relationship (CS)

A group of specialized heart-muscle cells located in the right atrium. These muscle cells spontaneously initiate their own electrical impulse and contract. The AV node is located in the septum between the atria. The AV node relays the electrical impulse to the muscle cells that make up the ventricles.

*Tricuspid valve...*

AV valve on the right side of the heart

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

Air enters the lungs, the oxygen in the air crosses the thin alveolar membranes and the capillary walls and dissolves into the blood by diffusion. Majority of the oxygen transported in the the blood is bound to the hemoglobin.

Explain why a person with type AB blood can donate blood only to a person with the same blood type

All other blood types contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies but people with type AB blood have red blood cells with A and B antigens, mixing anti-A or anti-B antibodies with their blood will be dangerous to them.

Alveoli & Inspiration Relationship (RS)

Alveoli are microscopic balloon-shaped structures located at the end of the respiratory tree. They expand during inhalation, taking in oxygen, and shrink during exhalation, expelling carbon dioxide. These tiny air sacs are the site where gas exchange between inspired air and the blood takes place. (During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity increases in volume. This decreases the intraalveolar pressure so that air flows into the lungs. Inspiration draws air into the lungs.)

Artery & Vein Relationship (CS)

Arteries are large, muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart, which stretches as pressurized blood enters from the heart. Blood flows through capillaries that merge to from larger vesicles called venules, which several turn unite to form a vein-- a large blood vessel that carries blood to the heart.

Trace the flow of blood through the heart... (CS)

Blood comes into the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle, and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle, and out to the body's tissues through the aorta.

Respiratory system...

Brings oxygen into the body and gets rid of carbon dioxide.

In the lungs, is carbon dioxide more concentrated in the alveoli or in the blood? (RS)

Carbon dioxide is more concentrated in the blood. This causes carbon dioxide to flow from the blood to the lungs and out of the body.

Platelets

Cell fragments needed to form blood clots

GAS EXCHANGE! (RS)

During gas exchange oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream. At the same time carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the lungs. This happens in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are located in the walls of the alveoli.

Ventricle & Atrium Relationship (CS)

Each side of the heart is divided into an upper and lower chamber. The upper chamber is called an atrium, and each lower chamber is called a ventricle. Ventricles contract blood and Atrium's collect blood.

Phagocyte

Engulfs microorganisms

Erythrocyte & Hemoglobin Relationship

Erythrocytes are the most abundant cells in the blood, they transport oxygen to tissues and deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs. Hemoglobin, the main oxygen-carrying protein, is the most abundant protein in erythrocytes

Expiration & Larynx Relationship (RS)

Expiration is the process of releasing air from the lungs. Vocal sounds are produced when air is expired past the vocal cords in the larynx. (When the lungs exhale, the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out.)

Platelet & Fibrin Relationship

Fibrin begins to form a net like substance across the opening of the cut in the blood vessel. This net traps and collects platelets and blood cells. This forms the blood clot that stops the bleeding. As the part of the clot that is on the surface dries out, it forms a scab.

Oxygen deficiency is called hypoxia. Suggest two possible causes of inadequate delivery of oxygen to body tissues. (RS)

Impaired blood circulation defective hemoglobin(sickle cell), damaged lungs, heart, or diaphragm(emphysema), fluid in the alveoli (pneumonia), and living at a very high altitude.

Trachea

Is an air passageway

How might dietary iron affect the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood?

Lack of dietary iron will stop the synthesis of hemoglobin because iron is required to synthesize the protein. Hemoglobin carries oxygen, so without the hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood would reduce.

Leukocyte & Phagocyte Relationship

Leukocytes are another word for white blood cells and they help defend the body from disease. Phagocytes are a type of leukocyte that engulf invading microorganisms.

Platelets a. are formed in lymph nodes b. are involved with blood clotting c. produce hemoglobin d. are whole cells

Mature red blood cells a. live for several years b. are the largest cells in the blood c. promote clotting d. do not have a nucleus

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? (RS)

Most carbon dioxide (about 70%) is transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

Does the exchange of carbon dioxide depend on the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and the blood? (RS)

No, carbon dioxide and oxygen are two different gases and have two different concentration gradients.

Describe the role of platelets in blood clotting

Platelets will cluster together at the site of the wound to act as a plug, sealing blood vessels in a process called clotting to prevent excess blood from leaving your body.

Pulmonary Circulation & Systemic Circulation Relationship (CS)

Pulmonary C: In which blood travels between the heart and lungs; Systemic C: In which the blood travels between the heart and all other body tissues.

Body systems include

Respiratory system and circulatory system

Describe the antibody-antigen interactions that would occur if an Rh- person with type B blood received blood form an Rh+ person with type Ab blood.

The antibody-antigen interaction that would occur is agglutination, this will lead to blocked vessels in the Rh- person. (Agglutination: process occurs if antigen is mixed with it's corresponding antibody)

Circulatory System

The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to tissues/cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.

*What drives the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide from a blood cell to an alveolus?* (RS)

The concentration gradients, The alveolus had a high concentraion of oxygen meanwhile the blood had a high level og carbon dioxide.

If the aortic valve could not close completely, would the diastolic pressure(pressure when at rest) or the systolic pressure(pressure when contracting) be affected the most? (CS)

The diastolic pressure(pressure when at rest) would be affected the most because if blood flowed back into the left ventricle after contraction, less blood would remain in the arteries, reducing the blood pressure when the heart is relaxed.

Epiglottis & Trachea Relationship (RS)

The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food and water from entering the trachea and lungs. It stays open during breathing, allowing air into the larynx.

white blood cells (leukocytes)

The largest blood cells; also known as leukocytes

Describe the function of the lymphatic system... (CS)

The lymphatic system returns fluids that were collected in the tissues back to the bloodstream. It also traps foreign particles, microorganisms, and other tissue debris.

Describe how the skeleton is involved with expiration. (RS)

The muscles between the ribs relax during expiration permitting the ribs to fall. The thoracic cavity will then decrease in volume. Vice versa for inspiration.

Plasma

The portion of blood containing metabolites, wastes, salts, proteins, and water

Fibrin

The sticky protein threads that function in blood clotting

Antigen & Antibody Relationship

The surface proteins on a red blood cell or an invading pathogen are called antigens. Antibodies are proteins that react to a specific type of invader, inactive, or destroy toxins.

Bronchi & Bronchioles Relationship (RS)

The trachea branches into two bronchi, each of which leads to a lung. Bronchi branch into smaller tubed called bronchioles.

Explain why type O blood can be donated in a blood transfusion regardless of the recipient's blood type.

Type O blood doesn't have any antigens, if it did, the antigens could be harmful to the recipient of the transfusion, but since it doesn't have antigens, type O blood is harmless.

*Atrioventricular valve...*

Valves located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side of the heart, prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting. And relays elctrical impulses.

Is the nasal cavity a part of the respiratory system? (RS)

Yes, the nose allows air to enter the body, then filters debris and warms and moistens the air.

What happens during inhalation? a. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, and the rib cage moves upward an outward b. The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, and the rib cage moves upward and outward c. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, and the rib cage moves downward and inward d. The diaphragm and the rib cage return to their normal resting positions

a. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, and the rib cage moves upward an outward

If a blood vessel has valves, it probably is a. a vein b. an artery c. a capillary d. mutated

a. a vein

Which type of cell contains proteins that are important for oxygen transport? a. erythrocytes b. leukocytes with nuclei c. platelets d. alveolar cells

a. erythrocytes

Blood vessels such as...

arteries, veins, and capillaries

Platelets are required for the formation of a. lymph b. blood clots c. red blood cells d. antibodies

b. blood clots

Exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and body tissues occurs across... a. arterioles b. capillaries c. arteries d. veins

b. capillaries

What determines whether carbon dioxide is absorbed or released by blood? a. air pressure within alveoli b. concentration gradients c. phagocytes d. relative amounts of hemoglobin

b. concentration gradients

Which compartment of the heart would receive blood flowing in the wrong direction through a defective mitral valve? a. right atrium b. left atrium c. right ventricle d. left ventricle

b. left atrium

Hemoglobin contains four atoms of iron that bind reversibly with a. carbonic acid b. oxygen c. bicarbonate ions d. water

b. oxygen

The lymphatic system is important for the normal function of the body because it... a. carries newly formed blood to the cardiovascular system b. returns excess intercellular fluid to the cardiovascular system c. provides an alternate route for blood during strenuous exercise d. carries oxygen to the lymph nodes.

b. returns excess intercellular fluid to the cardiovascular system

The natural pacemaker of the heart is the a. aorta b. sinoatrial node c. left atrium d. superior vena cava

b. sinoatrial node

Which of the following is most important to the heartbeat? a. aortic valve b. sinoatrial node c. lymph node d. tricuspid valve

b. sinoatrial node

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood cause a. the breathing rate to decrease b. the breathing rate to increase c. nerve cells in the cerebrum to increase activity d. oxygen levels in the blood to increase and then decrease

b. the breathing rate to increase

Lymph tissues include all of the following EXCEPT a. lymph nodes b. the spleen c. blood vessels d. tonsils

b. the spleen

*Inspiration occurs when* a. the diaphragm pushed upward b. thoracic volume increases c. blood pressure increases d. thoracic pressure increases

b. thoracic volume increases

The bronchi consists of...

bronchioles and alvoeli

A person with type B blood can receive type a. AB blood b. AB or B blood c. O or B blood d. A blood

c. O or B blood

Which of the following is NOT a component of blood? a. platelets b. leukocytes c. alveolar cells d. red blood cells

c. alveolar cells

Which of the following characteristics is unique to the pulmonary circulation? a. capillaries that exchange gases with the surrounding tissue b. arteries that carry blood away from the heart c. an artery that originates at the right ventricle d. an artery that originates at the right atrium

c. an artery that originates at the right ventricle

Immediately before entering alveoli, inspired air passes through a. veins b. the trachea c. bronchioles d. bronchi

c. bronchioles

The respiratory control center in the brain is most sensitive to the concentration of a. oxygen b. carbon dioxide in the lungs c. carbon dioxide in the blood d. carbon dioxide in the cells

c. carbon dioxide in the blood

The exchange of gases occurs at an alveolus depends on a. elevated blood pressure b. mucus carrying dissolved oxygen c. concentration gradients d. bronchioles closing during expiration

c. concentration gradients

The lyphatic system a. transports blood back to the heart b. has veins c. connects with systemic circulation d. all of the above

c. connects with systemic circulation (capillaries loose water, lymphatic systems put fluids back into the bloodstream)

Phagocytes a. carry hemoglobin b. synthesize erythrocytes c. engulf microorganisms. d. produce antibodies

c. engulf microorganisms

The diaphragm a. divides the heart into a right and left side b. covers the aortic valve when it is closed c. is important for breathing d. none of the above

c. is important for breathing

Arteries that carry blood with a high concentration of carbon dioxide a. the cardiovascular system b. the circulatory system c. pulmonary circulation d. all of the above

c. pulmonary circulation

The rate of breathing is controlled by cells within a. a specialized node located in the bronchus b. the diaphragm c. the brain d. stretch receptors located between he ribs

c. the brain

If someone is receiving a blood transfusion, which of the following is most important to know? a. the number of erythrocytes in the donated blood b. if the father of the blood donor is Rh+ c. the donor's blood type d. if the blood recipient has eaten within the last six hours

c. the donor's blood type

Hemoglobin

carries oxygen in blood

The artriole...

conducts blood into capillaries

The cardiovascular system transports a. oxygen b. nutrients c. hormones d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood a. bound to the hemoglobin b. plasma c. as bicarbonate ions d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Cilia that line the walls of air passageways a. move the inspired air to the alveoli b. move the expired air to the nasal cavity c. moisten the expired air d. clean the inspired air

d. clean the inspired air

The structure that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea is called the a. pharynx b. larynx c. alveolus d. epiglottis

d. epiglottis

When oxygen is carried by the blood, it is bonded to a. platelets b. antibodies c. plasma d. hemoglobin

d. hemoglobin

*The pulmonary circulation loop carries blood to the* a. kidneys b. liver c. intestines d. lungs

d. lungs (pulmonary circulation carries blood between heart and lungs.)

During its circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle, what percentage of the blood enters the pulmonary circulation? a. 25% b. 50% c. 100% d. none of the above.

d. none of the above.

Excess fluids and proteins in the body are returned to the bloodstream by a. the heart b. arteries c. the respiratory system d. the lymphatic system

d. the lymphatic system

Which of the following is found in veins but not in arteries? a. smooth muscle cells b. endothelial cells c. connective tissue d. valves

d. valves

Lymph node

filters components of lymph

Circulatory system includes the...

heart and blood vessels

Respiratory system includes the...

pharynx, trachea, larynx, and bronchi

Mitral valve

prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium

Semilunar valve

prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles

*The left ventricle...*

pumps blood into the systemic circulation

Erythocytes

red blood cells, carry oxygen and protein called hemoglobin

The heart includes...

ventricles and atria

Larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords; produces sounds for communication