MCBRIDE CH.13
11. Some researchers conduct experiments that contain a true independent variable and age as a subject variable, making them ______. a. factorial designs b. quasi-experiments c. placebo experiments d. qualitative studies
A
15. Experiments are ______ in cognitive research. a. very common b. not possible c. not common d. hard to conduct
A
16. A study testing effects of suggestive retrieval techniques on false memories for having committed a crime is a ______ type of study. a. cognitive b. developmental c. biological d. social
A
23. The interaction effect tests the effect of one independent variable for each level of another independent variable to determine how the independent variables interact to affect the ______ variable. a. dependent b. independent c. confounding d. control
A
31. Simple effects tests are statistical tests conducted to characterize a(n) ______ when one is found in an ______. a. interaction effect; ANOVA b. main effect; ANOVA c. interaction effect; ANCOVA d. main effect; ANCOVA
A
33. Many experiments conducted by researchers are factorial designs, meaning they contain more than ______ independent variable. a. one b. two c. three d. four
A
34. One advantage of a factorial design is that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple ______ variables in one experiment. a. independent b. dependent c. confounding d. experimental
A
6. Main effects compare ______ means and interaction effects compare ______ means. a. level; condition b. condition; level c. independent variable; dependent variable d. dependent variable; independent variable
A
9. Main effects test the separate effects of a(n) ______ on a(n) ______. a. IV; DV b. DV; IV c. DV; DV d. IV; IV
A
1. In a factorial design, there is/are at least ______ independent variable(s). a. one b. two c. three d. four
B
12. Researchers were interested in how memory for the location of objects is influenced by the similarity of objects and whether this relationship is the same for different age groups. This type of study is most likely ______. a. cognitive b. developmental c. biological d. social
B
18. Testing the combined effects of the ______ variables is the unique feature of factorial designs. a. dependent b. independent c. confounding d. context
B
19. Without including multiple ______ variables in a single experiment, we would not be able to detect the different effects a factor might have on behavior in different situations. a. dependent b. independent c. confounding d. context
B
2. A(n) ______ test is often used to analyze data in a factorial design. a. t- b. ANOVA c. FACT d. descriptive
B
21. The levels of the independent variable are the different conditions that are part of the ______ variable. a. dependent b. independent c. confounding d. context
B
22. An ANOVA is an analysis of variance test used for designs with ______ or more sample means. a. two b. three c. four d. five
B
28. A statistical test conducted to characterize an interaction effect when one is found in an ANOVA is called ______ test. a. complex effects b. simple effects c. order effects d. interaction effect
B
29. Interactions between ______ variables can reveal interesting effects of the variables beyond what is seen in the main effects of each variable. a. dependent b. independent c. confounding d. control
B
30. Factorial experiments can provide researchers with ______ information about behavior. a. flawed b. much more c. no d. bogus
B
35. Testing the combined effects of the independent variables is a unique feature of ______. a. quasi-experimental studies b. factorial designs c. experimental studies d. placebo studies
B
4. When the effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of another independent variable, this is called a(n) ______. a. main effect b. interaction effect c. ANOVA d. dependent variable
B
5. Simple effects tests are used to describe ______. a. main effects b. interaction effects c. nonsignificant results d. marginal means
B
13. A study comparing the brain activity and behavioral responses to appetizing food for children and adults is most likely a ______ type of study. a. cognitive b. developmental c. biological d. social
C
17. An experiment or quasi-experiment that includes more than one independent variable is called a ______. a. quasi-experiment b. true experiment c. factorial design d. dependent design
C
24. To determine the overall means for a level of an independent variable, the researcher ______ the means for the cells in the columns and the rows of a diagram of the factorial design. a. multiplies b. divides c. averages d. subtracts
C
25. Main effects are determined by ______ means for the rows and comparing means for the columns in a diagram of the factorial design data. a. dividing b. subtracting c. comparing d. multiplying
C
27. Graphs are useful in determining the type of interaction that occurred and should be followed up with additional statistical tests to determine exactly where the differences between the conditions in the interaction are in order to best describe ______. a. main effect b. order effect c. interaction effect d. primary effect
C
3. A test for an interaction effect compares means for ______. a. all the conditions in the experiment b. the levels of one independent variable against the levels of another independent variable c. the levels of one independent variable averaged across the levels of the other independent variables d. the levels of one independent variable against the levels of a dependent variable
C
37. Bill is studying how individuals' ability to concentrate is affected by both music type (pop vs. classical) and volume (soft vs. loud). If he finds that music type influences concentration, this will be referred to as ______. a. interaction b. factorial effect c. main effect d. absence of interaction effect
C
38. In order to evaluate interaction effects, researchers should ______. a. graph the main effects b. compute scores from each independent variable separately c. graph the simple main effects d. graph the integration effects
C
7. The primary advantages of a ______ design over simpler experiments are that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple independent variables in one experiment and can also examine the effects of the interactions of those independent variables on the dependent variable. a. random b. independent c. factorial d. matched
C
8. If a ______ is created, an interaction can be seen in nonparallel lines. a. bar graph b. scatterplot c. line graph d. pie graph
C
10. A graph is often best to examine whether the effects of a(n) ______ depend on the levels of other ______. a. IV; DV b. DV; IV c. DV; DV d. IV; IV
D
14. The Zimbardo (1973) experiment, where a randomly assigned role as a prisoner or guard in a mock prison affected participants' behavior, is an example of a ______ type of study. a. cognitive b. developmental c. biological d. social
D
20. An interaction effect occurs when the effect of ______ depends on the levels of ______. a. one dependent variable; an independent variable b. one independent variable; a dependent variable c. one dependent variable; another dependent variable d. one independent variable; another independent variable
D
26. To examine the ______, the researcher must consider the differences between the factorial design diagram's rows or columns. a. order effect b. main effect c. primary effect d. interaction effect
D
32. Wesselmann et al. (2009) used the Cyberball exclusion game to evaluate effects of exclusion on emotion in their ______ type of study. a. cognitive b. developmental c. biological d. social
D
36. Silvers et al. (2014) study interested in comparing the brain activity and behavioral responses to foods found that there were ______ of age and trial type of cravings. a. simple effects b. main effects c. interaction effects d. no interaction effects
D
39. The average mean scores for each level of an independent variable is the ______. a. ANOVA test b. interaction effects c. main effects d. marginal means
D
1. An interaction effect can be tested in all experiments.
F
10. In factorial designs, the comparison of the mean scores for the levels of one independent variable is the test of the interaction effect of that independent variable.
F
11. The Silvers et al. (2014) examined brain activity using an fMRI scan while participants viewed food in different conditions in their social study.
F
12. A significant interaction cannot occur unless there also exists at least one main effect.
F
3. Hardly any of the experiments conducted by researchers are factorial designs.
F
5. Graphs are not useful in determining the type of interaction that occurred and should be followed up with additional statistical tests to determine exactly where the differences between the conditions in the interaction are in order to best describe the interaction effect.
F
13. In the Bub et al. (2013) study it was hypothesized that knowing what action is appropriate for an object (e.g., holding a mug in your hand) can affect your identification of the object.
T
2. Experiments are very common in cognitive research.
T
4. When the effect of one independent variable (e.g., treatment type) depends on the levels of another independent variable (e.g., short or long outing), this is called an interaction effect.
T
6. Interactions between independent variables can reveal interesting effects of the variables beyond what is seen in the main effects of each variable.
T
7. The main effect is one type of effect tested in an analysis of variance (ANOVA).
T
8. The primary advantages of a factorial design over simpler experiments are that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple independent variables in one experiment and can also examine the combined effects of those independent variables on the dependent variable.
T
9. Testing the combined effects of the independent variables is the unique feature of factorial designs.
T